基于摩擦学的顶置凸轮轴式配气机构改进设计

分析了某顶置凸轮轴式配气机构凸轮与摇臂之间的作用力,计算了凸轮与摇臂之间的接触点的综合曲率半径变化和凸轮与摇臂之间的动态局部接触应力;计算了凸轮与摇臂之间的动态润滑油膜厚度;分析了凸轮与摇臂之间润滑油卷入的特点.将凸轮轮廓型线改为非对称的设计,降低了凸轮与摇臂之间接触压力角,改善了润滑状态,解决了凸轮与摇臂之间早期擦伤问题.     

轮缘润滑对列车曲线通过动态响应影响分析*

为研究轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过性能的影响,建立重载列车-轨道三维耦合动力学模型,该模型主要包含重载列车系统模型、有砟轨道系统模型和考虑多点接触和复杂接触状态的轮轨滚动接触模型。利用该模型对比分析惰行工况和驱动工况下,轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过时轮轨动态相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：轮缘润滑对机车曲线通过时的轮轨动力相互作用影响显著,在机车轮对通过小半径圆曲线过程中,当存在轮缘润滑时,外侧轮缘位置处的轮轨纵向蠕滑力明显较无轮缘润滑时明显降低,轮对导向能力削弱;在惰行和牵引工况下通过圆曲线时,存在轮缘润滑的轮对冲角均明显增大;轮缘润滑对重载列车钩缓系统响应影响不大。     

Simulating cam and follower wear in valve train

ABSTRACT

The paper aims to predict the cam and follower wear in direct acting valve train considering the effects of operating conditions. A numerical approach has been developed using frictional and lubrication analysis which is applied in the cam/follower wear study. Loading and motion parameters have been determined from dynamic and kinematic analysis whereas the wear profiles are obtained by linear wear relation. The wear of cam/follower is largely dependent on the lubrication film thickness, normal loading/contact pressure and sliding velocity. At low camshaft speeds, the wear depth of cam/follower pair is higher whereas it decreases at higher speeds due to relatively thicker oil film. It is an original research work and is strongly believed that it would help to further improve the performance of engine valve train and would also provide an opportunity to control the operating conditions promoting wear.     

基于正交试验的大功率柴油机凸轮型线设计

凸轮型线的设计在配气机构设计中至关重要,而型线的设计主要在于工作段的设计。利用AVL EXCITE Timing Drive建立柴油机配气机构单阀系运动学模型,并在模型的基础上进行多项动力加速度凸轮型线的设计。设计单因素试验,分析了函数中各个参数对接触应力、跃度、润滑系数的影响规律。然后设计正交试验,获得满足动力学要求的参数组合,通过极差分析,得出了各参数对接触应力、跃度、润滑系数的影响显著性。研究结果表明:各参数对接触应力的影响显著性顺序为:c4>p>n>m;对跃度的影响显著性顺序为:n>p>m>c4;对润滑系数的影响显著性顺序为:c4>p>n>m。     

基于修正L-P模型的轮毂轴承载荷分布与弯曲疲劳寿命分析

以第三代轮毂轴承为研究对象,推导了弯矩作用下滚动体与内滚道、外滚道的接触变形与接触载荷,提出了更为准确的接触载荷分布计算模型,分析了不同工况下轮毂轴承内部接触载荷和接触角的周向分布规律。在轮毂轴承内部载荷分布的一次修正基础上,考虑不同位置角的滚道材料和滚动体的接触疲劳,利用乘积定律进行统计处理,得到了第三代轮毂轴承疲劳寿命的修正L-P模型。结合ISO281—2007寿命修正计算方法,针对润滑现象进行二次修正,得到了经过润滑修正的第三代轮毂轴承疲劳寿命模型。利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机进行了轴承的弯曲疲劳试验,试验结果显示,该疲劳寿命模型计算得到的理论值与试验值的误差在10%以内,验证了模型的正确性。     

Characterisation of wear on a cam follower system in a diesel engine

This paper presents an investigation of the running in of the most important contact surfaces of a modern diesel cam follower system. The test equipment used consists of a commercially available cylinder head with an overhead camshaft and valve train system for six cylinders. The load on the contacting surfaces is varied by controlling the fuel injector pumps. The running in is investigated by analysing the changes in topography of the roller, pin and rocker arm of the fuel injector arm. Seven test series were conducted for 1, 10 and 100 h with a variation of the load and speed between a high and low level.The test time was not long enough to be able to see any changes in the surface topography of the roller or pin surfaces. However the wear on the roller bearing surface and the rocker arm bearing surface was significant. Here the surface peak heights are worn off and the surfaces are smoothed out. The observed changes in surface topography are related to the current lubrication regime and the wear is discussed in terms of the λ-value.     

Novel method of measuring tappet rotation and the effect of lubricant rheology

One of the main drivers for developing lubricant technology is engine durability. Researchers and scientists are using new technologies, materials and advanced lubricant formulations to reduce overall engine friction and wear. One of the main engine tribological components is the valve train. This is one of the most challenging components to lubricate effectively because of the higher contact loadings and accounts for 10–20% of the total engine friction loss. The two main factors affecting the performance of engine valve trains are wear and friction, and a wide range of mechanical configurations are used to improve these. For example, direct-acting overhead camshaft valve train configurations use a rotating tappet design. Normally, the tappet is slightly offset from the cams and the cam is slightly conical to match the domed tappet to facilitate tappet rotation for even wear and to reduce slippage. In this paper, a novel innovative technique has been described to monitor tappet rotation in a real production engine having a direct overhead cam–tappet arrangement. The monitoring technique was applied to a VW Tdi engine head, and tests were carried out under different operating conditions. Lubricant compositions, oil temperature, pressure and camshaft speeds on tappet rotation were measured and all are shown to have an effect. The balance of forces between the cam–tappet and tappet-bore was found to be interlinked and the design of the hydraulic lash adjuster had a significant effect.This unique tappet rotation monitoring system can be used on most of the direct overhead camshaft engines, with minor engine modifications, to measure lubricant and hardware effects under both motored and fired conditions.     

发动机配气机构中气门-气门导管摩擦副的润滑研究

根据气门-气门导管的润滑状况将润滑区域分为动力润滑区和弹流润滑区,两种润滑区域的计算采用了不同的网格;为了使数值计算快速收敛,对弹流区的雷诺方程进行了函数变换;根据气门的动力学、动力润滑和弹流润滑方程进行了数值求解,求得了气门相对于气门导管的平衡位置,并根据求得的最小油膜厚度和润滑区的有效粗糙度给出了气门-气门导管的润滑状态;最后根据气门-气门导管的润滑状态,提出了以接触区的最大接触应力作为限制气门-气门导管磨损的依据,并给出了气门-气门导管接触区应力的分布函数。     

发动机配气机构系统的动力学建模及仿真分析

针对发动机配气机构系统,在ADAMS／Engine软件中建立了其虚拟模型,在此基础上,对该机构进行了仿真分析,得到了气门的升程、速度、加速度和摇臂与挺柱的接触力等特性曲线,为配气机构动态性能的评价和优化提出了理论依据,从而为虚拟样机技术在新产品开发中的应用提供了有效方法。     

发动机配气机构系统的动力学建模及仿真分析

针对发动机配气机构系统,在ADAMS/Engine软件中建立了其虚拟模型,在此基础上,对该机构进行了仿真分析,得到了气门的升程、速度、加速度和摇臂与挺柱的接触力等特性曲线,为配气机构动态性能的评价和优化提出了理论依据,从而为虚拟样机技术在新产品开发中的应用提供了有效方法.     

N次谐波凸轮-挺柱副的润滑特性分析

将线接触弹流润滑理论应用于发动机配气机构，计算了某N次谐波凸轮-挺柱副润滑的稳态最小膜厚、膜厚比等参数，分析了凸轮．挺柱副稳态润滑在设计转速下随凸轮转角的变化特征，比较和讨论了发动机转速变化对润滑性能的影响。结果表明，凸轮桃尖区多为部分弹流润滑状态和边界润滑，工作段其它部分多为部分弹流、完全弹流和动力润滑状态。曲轴转速提高一般情况下对增加稳态最小膜厚有利，但由此导致的载荷波动量增加对最小膜厚的稳定性不利，从而使表面摩擦和磨损的可能性增加。     

考虑油膜润滑的轮毂轴承弯曲疲劳寿命预测与分析*

为精确分析预测某型轿车轮毂轴承的弯曲疲劳寿命,考虑轴承工作状态下游隙与油膜厚度的关系,以及温度对游隙和油膜厚度的影响,结合点接触弹流油膜厚度计算方法,精确计算其最小油膜厚度值;根据ISO提供的对Lundberg-Palmgren寿命模型修正方法,计算油膜参数和润滑剂黏度比,从而确定修正系数,建立改进的寿命模型。为了验证改进模型的正确性,使用旋转弯曲疲劳寿命试验机进行疲劳试验,试验结果在误差合理区间内,证明研究模型的可靠性。建立轮毂轴承载荷分布分析模型,讨论中心距对最大滚动体载荷的影响,研究轮毂轴承的疲劳寿命在不同纯弯矩载荷和不同车速下随中心距的变化规律。结果表明：弯矩载荷是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素,增加中心距可以延长轴承寿命;轴承润滑条件与轴承转速有关,在一定范围内,转速越高,其内部润滑越充分,使用寿命越长。     

Effects of dressed wheel topography on patterned surface textures and grinding force

The camshaft is a crucial component of an engine’s valve train. This paper devotes to the experimental studies of the performance of laser surface textured (LST) camshaft. The first part experiment was carried out on the block-on-ring tester to investigate the tribological behaviors of textured surface in line contact. The area density of the textured dimples was in the range 3–40% with depths 5–24 μm and diameter 70 μm. The friction coefficient and wear tracks were analyzed to confirm the optimum textured patterns. After that, the local LST cams (textured on the lifting region) were further tested in a single-cylinder diesel. It was found that after 300 h durability test at the rated speed and load, the total lifting loss of cams decreased nearly 34.4% in maximum. In addition, the performance of the engine was not affected evidently. The enhanced lubricity and local hardening were two mechanisms for highly promoting the anti-wear property of the LST cams.     

螺旋槽机械密封瞬态启动过程润滑特性

建立了螺旋槽机械密封瞬态启动过程润滑特性的计算模型,耦合求解了含流量因子、接触因子及质量守恒空化边界的雷诺方程、弹塑性粗糙峰接触方程及动力学方程,比较了不同运行工况及结构参数的润滑状态转变过程。结果表明：增速阶段流体承载力与液膜厚度不断增大,粗糙峰承载力逐渐减小至消失;相比较于流体动压润滑状态,混合摩擦状态的液膜刚度较大且振荡幅值明显,在到达脱开转速时刻有较大的轴向速度突变。受挤压效应影响,较小的启动加速度可以在低转速下进入流体润滑状态,较高的外压和较低的内压均有利于润滑状态的转变。随槽数的增加,脱开转速呈先增大后减小趋势,螺旋角与槽深的减小或槽坝比的增大均对润滑状态转变能力起促进作用。     

时变位姿下行星齿轮传动系统动应力计算模型及其参数影响研究

考虑行星轮系内部非惯性和机体时变位姿外部非惯性的综合影响,推导了任意时变位姿下带有机匣的行星轮系构件运动方程,计入时变啮合刚度、啮合误差、侧隙和啮入冲击,建立了时变位姿下行星齿轮传动系统级动力学模型,并采用精细积分时程法（Precision integration method,PIM）求解得到了动态啮合力序列。根据齿间载荷分配关系进一步得到单齿啮合力序列。最后结合修正Heywood公式与Hertz公式构建了时变位姿下行星齿轮传动系统齿根弯曲动应力和接触动应力计算模型,并研究了机体平飞、滚转和筋斗位姿参数对接触动应力、弯曲动应力的影响规律。结果表明：不同时变位姿参数对弯曲、接触动应力影响显著,且对不同齿轮副影响不同,即加剧了齿轮副间承载不均;筋斗运动角速度对动应力影响比平飞加速度、滚转角速度以及筋斗回转半径对其影响复杂;机匣对动应力影响随加速度增大而增加。研究成果为时变位姿下行星齿轮传动动应力计算与高可靠性设计提供了理论依据。     

Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in sliding and rolling line contacts

The contact behavior between cam and follower is greatly influenced by the kinematics and dynamics of the whole valve train system. This is the reason that both shape and thickness of the fluid film in the contact gap are mainly determined by applied loads and relative contact speeds as well as the curvatures of contacting elements. Most of the studies about lubricant film behavior between cam and follower have been performed without a consideration of transient effects in the contact gap. For the computational difficulties of transient effects, most contact conditions such as relative contacting speeds have been regarded as quasi-steady state during the whole operating cycle. In this work, in order to obtain stable convergence, a multigrid multi-level method is used for the computation of load capacity in the lubricant film. Nonlinear valve spring dynamics are also considered in the same way as Hanachi’s. From the computational results, transient EHL film thicknesses under the conditions of different contact geometries are computed for a pushrod type valve train system during an engine cycle. Several results show the squeeze film effect, which is generally not found with conventional EHL computations of the cam and follower contact. The results are also compared with those by the Dowson-Hamrock (D-H) formula, which does not consider the dynamic film effect. Without the dynamic film effect as in D-H’s formula, the minimum film thickness is highly dependent on the entraining lubricant velocity, whereas the minimum film thickness including the squeeze film effect is dependent on the applied load.     

基于接触应力及润滑特性分析的配气凸轮基圆半径计算

平底配气凸轮机构凸轮基圆半径的选择将直接影响凸轮机构的结构尺寸、接触应力和润滑性能。利用赫兹应力公式对平底配气凸轮机构接触应力进行分析,利用弹性流体润滑理论对其进行弹性流体动力润滑分析,得到了基圆半径与接触应力和润滑系数间的关系。结果表明：增大凸轮基圆半径可以降低凸轮接触应力,但却不一定能改善凸轮润滑情况;对于给定从动件运动规律的平底配气凸轮机构,利用赫兹应力公式和弹性流体润滑理论同时对基圆半径的取值范围进行约束,才能使配气凸轮同时满足接触应力和润滑要求,从而保证配气机构的可靠性和耐久性。     

基于CAD/CAE集成的发动机配气机构数值研究

通过建立发动机配气机构数值研究流程,将传统的经验设计理论与先进的专业软件应用结合起来,并将配气机构的设计、运动学分析、动力性分析、发动机换气过程优化、凸轮轴有限元分析以及配气机构对整机噪声和振动的影响等完全融合在一起,探讨了一种新颖的、基于CAD/CAE集成开发的发动机配气机构数值研究的思路和方法。     

浅析低噪声凸轮轴的型线设计

对一款具有配气机构异响问题的发动机进行NVH测试分析,确定产生异响部件为凸轮轴,在分析凸轮型线后,运用CAE仿真软件对凸轮型线进行重新优化设计,并根据CAE分析结果,制造优化型线的凸轮轴,达到了降低配气机构异响的设计目的。     

两级行星轮系分岔与混沌特性研究

建立了某设备两级行星齿轮传动系统非线性纯扭转动力学模型,模型在综合考虑时变啮合刚度、齿侧间隙与综合啮合误差等强非线性因素的基础上,推导出系统在广义坐标下的量纲一动力学方程,并采用数值积分方法对方程组进行求解,得到了系统的非线性动态响应结果,综合运用分岔图、相空间轨线和Poincáre截面研究了激励频率、啮合阻尼比对系统分岔与混沌特性的影响。结果表明：多级行星轮系在高速轻载工况下,由于齿侧间隙与时变啮合刚度等非线性因素的耦合作用使其具有丰富的非线性动力学特性;系统随激励频率的变化出现简谐运动、非简谐周期运动、拟周期运动和混沌运动等多种运动状态;系统通过Hopf分岔等多种途径由周期运动进入混沌运动;增大系统啮合阻尼比可使系统复杂运动状态区间缩小,稳定周期运动状态区间扩大。