儿童脑白质病86例MR影像分析

目的探讨儿童脑白质病ＭＲ影像学特征,为临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法对８６例具有完整临床及颅脑ＭＲＩ影像资料进行分析研究。结果８６例儿童脑白质异常分为５类：①脱髓鞘病变４０例;②髓鞘形成不良性疾病８例;③髓鞘发育延迟７例;④脑室周围白质软化症１４例;⑤不明原因脑白质异常１７例。ＭＲＩ表现为脑深部白质片状长Ｔ２信号改变。结论ＭＲＩ能清晰显示脑白质的异常,有助于提高儿童脑白质病的诊断水平。     

脑干脑炎的MRI诊断

目的探讨脑干脑炎的ＭＲＩ表现特点及诊断价值。方法回顾分析２０例脑干脑炎ＭＲＩ表现。结果脑干脑炎ＭＲＩ表现为桥脑、中脑及延髓对称性长Ｔ１、长Ｔ２信号改变,脑干病变以桥脑和中脑多见,延髓少见。按病变部位可将脑干脑炎分为二类：一类为单纯脑干炎症（６例）,另一类为脑干炎症同时伴有大脑半球白质及深部核团（特别是丘脑）等部位病变（１４例）。结论ＭＲＩ可以准确而可靠地反映脑干脑炎的病变性质、部位及程度,是诊断脑干脑炎的首选检查法。     

小儿肝母细胞瘤的影像诊断(附14例分析)

目的：描述肝母细胞瘤的影像学表现。材料和方法：回顾性分析 １４例经手术及穿刺病理证实的肝母细胞瘤患者,分析其临床实验室检查及影像学表现。 １４例均行超声检查, ３例行 ＣＴ检查, １１例行 ＭＲ检查。患者继往无肝炎及肝硬化史。血浆ＡＦＰ水平１３例（１１／１３）升高,１例（１／１３）正常。结果：超声检查肿瘤回声不均匀,中低混合性回声为主,２例（２／１４）夹杂斑片状强回声;ＣＴ平扫见边界清楚、不均匀低密度肿块,单发或多结节融合状,２例（２／１４）可见多发斑片状钙化;ＭＲＩ Ｔ１ＷＩ肿块信号低于肝实质, Ｔ２ＷＩ肿块信号高于肝实质,８例（８／１４）中心部坏死长 Ｔ１长 Ｔ２信号, ６例（６／１４）可见出血Ｔ１ＷＩ、Ｔ２ＷＩ高信号。结论：①初生至３岁前出现并急剧增大的肝脏肿大、右上腹包块,进行性全身衰竭者,应首先考虑肝母细胞瘤的可能;②肝母细胞瘤ＡＦＰ测定常明显增高;③肿块内斑片状钙化对于肝母细胞瘤诊断有重要意义。     

脊椎化脓性骨髓炎MRI诊断：附5例报告

回顾性分析了５例脊椎化脓性骨髓炎ＭＲＩ表现，可归纳为：（１）相邻两个椎体正常松质骨内骨髓信号被长Ｔ１，长Ｔ２的炎性组织或Ｔ１ＷＩ，Ｔ２ＷＩ均呈低信号的骨质增生硬化所取代，椎体骨皮质不同程度破坏，椎体高度改变轻微。（２）椎间盘形态及信号异常；（３）椎旁和椎管内不同程度软组织肿胀，积脓。手术发现骨质破坏的范围较ＭＲＩ图像上显示的信号异常范围窄，本组ＭＲＩ表现特征与国外两组报道相似。单从ＭＲＩ影像出发，     

MRI 脑室四周白质高信号的表现及临床意义

目的 探讨脑室四周白质高信号的表现及临床意义。方法 对３７例血压正常与６３例高血压的受检者行颅脑ＭＲＩＳＥＴ２ＷＩ与ＦＬＡＩＲ序列检查并作对比观察;对高血压组中２０例兼作ＣＡＴ检查者,与ＭＲＩ影像作对比观察。结果 ＭＲＩ脑室四周白质高信号（ＷＭＨ）表现为脑室周围高信号及深部脑白质散在斑点状高信号（ＤＷＭＰＨ）。结论 脑室四周白质高信号有可能成为判断高血压预后的重要参考征象,ＦＬＡＩＲ序列扫描可较好     

松果体囊肿的MRI与临床表现分析

目的：探讨松果体囊肿的ＭＲＩ表现及其与临床症状的关系。资料与方法：收集３１例经ＭＲＩ诊断的松果体囊肿病例及相应的临床症状。１例经手术证实,其余经临床证实。结果：３１例松果体囊肿呈圆形或椭圆形,大小０．６－２．０ｍｃ,边界清楚,Ｔ１ＷＩ上３０例为低信号,１例为等信号。１８例有壁,为等信号,Ｔ２ＷＩ上为高于脑脊液信号。４例增强均示包膜强化。临床症状表现为头痛头昏,睡眠障碍。ＭＲＩ显示囊肿不同程度压迫中脑导水管,１例致重度脑积水。结论：松果体囊肿的发病机理是先天性异常或退行性病变所致。ＭＲＩ表现Ｔ２ＷＩ上高于脑室信号,增强见囊肿壁强化,临床症状与囊肿不同程度压迫中脑导水管有关,松果体囊肿不影响其功能。     

髓母细胞瘤的CT 与MRI 诊断

目的 分析髓母细胞瘤的ＣＴ与ＭＲＩ征象。方法 收集经手术与病理证实的髓母细胞瘤１２例,全部病例均有ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ资料。结果 肿瘤位于小脑蚓部９例,小脑半球３例。男性儿童占多数。ＣＴ平扫表现为病变呈团状,境界清楚,其中高密度占７５％,低密度占２５％,１６．７％见有点状钙化;８３．３％见有第四脑室变形、前移及幕上脑室扩张;增强扫描为中度强化。Ｔ１ＷＩ呈低信号或等信号,顺磁造影为中～明显强化。Ｔ２ＷＩ呈等     

椎间盘炎的MRI诊断(附10例报告)

目的：总结椎间盘炎的ＭＲＩ表现。方法：复习１０例经病理和临床证实的ＭＲＩ表现，其中５例是血源性感染，５例是手术后或椎间盘穿刺术后椎间盘炎。９例的病变部位在腰椎，１例在颈椎。所有病人都进行了Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ前后的Ｔ１ＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描。结果：ＭＲＩ表现包括：①椎间隙变窄，Ｔ２像呈高或低信号，Ｔ１像呈低或等信号。髓核内裂隙消失。②两个椎体的邻近部分由于充血和水肿而呈长Ｔ１长Ｔ２弛豫时间，终板侵蚀和终板下松质骨有小的脓肿。③椎旁软组织肿胀。④注射Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ后椎间隙和邻近的椎体信号强度明显增强。结论：ＭＲＩ对椎间盘炎的诊断非常有用，并且还能显示象蛛网膜炎这样严重的并发症     

儿童缺血缺氧性脑病后遗症的MRI研究

目的　探讨儿童缺血缺氧性脑病后遗症脑实质的ＭＲＩ表现。方法　搜集临床诊断为缺血缺氧性脑病的儿童患者７９ 例,对其行ＭＲＩ扫描。结果　根据儿童缺血缺氧性脑病后遗症的ＭＲＩ影像特点,将其分为：（１） 脑白质损伤为主：４７ 例;①脑室周围脑白质脱髓鞘、软化：２３ 例;②基底节豆状核、视丘神经元选择性损害：９ 例;③胼胝体受损变薄：１５ 例;（２） 脑灰质损害为主：１８ 例;（３）局部或多处脑软化：９ 例;（４）广泛脑损害：５ 例。结论　ＭＲＩ对儿童缺血缺氧性脑病损伤具有高度敏感性,是儿童缺血缺氧性脑病后遗症的最佳诊断工具。     

心肌心包肿瘤的影像学评价和探讨

目的 评价影像学对心肌心包肿瘤的应用及分析其影像学表现,材料与方法 经证实２８例除１例良性心包血管瘤外,其余均为恶笥,原发性８例,转移性１９例,临床表现为心脏堵塞症状与体征。２０例血性心包积液,进行胸部平片,超声心动图,心是图,ＣＴ直接增强扫找,ＭＲＩ检查,结果：（１）良性心包肿瘤ＭＲＩ清楚显示心包扁平肿物伴纤维包膜,界限清晰,Ｔ１ＷＩ,Ｔ２ＷＩ呈均匀中等信号,（２）恶性：ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ心包或心肌常     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.