低温循环过程中SiCw／6061Al复合材料残余应力的变化规律

研究了低温循环过程中压铸态ＳｉＣｗ／６０６１Ａｌ复合材料残余应力的变化零乱低温循环的降温阶段,复合材料基体经历错配拉伸塑性变形过程在升温阶段基体国卸载过程。经过一次低温循环后,残余应力有所降低。如果进行两次低循环自理只有当第二次循环下降温度低于第一次时,才能再次降低复合材料残余应力。     

TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的内应力

利用X射线衍射技术测试了TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料Ti-6Al-4V 7％TiC(质量分数，下同)(T64)，Ti-3Al-2．5V 7％TiC(T32)和Ti-6Al-2．5Sn-4Zr-0．5Mo-1Nb-0．45Si 3％TiC(T650)的内应力。发现该复合材料在800℃左右存在一个应力性质转变点，即在800℃以上处理，钛基体感生残余拉应力，增强TiC颗粒感生残余压应力；在800℃以下处理，应力性质相反。并且内应力随处理温度升高而增加，由Eshelby模型得出，该转变点和钛合金基体的相变点有关。     

原位SiC颗粒增强MoSi_2基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能

本文研究了原位 ＳｉＣ颗粒增强 ＭｏＳｉ２基复合材料的组织结构和力学性能。结果表明：复合材料的组织为ｔ－ＭｏＳｉ２基体上均匀分布 β－ＳｉＣ等轴颗粒,数量很少的球形小孔隙主要分布在 ＳｉＣ颗粒内, ＳｉＣ颗粒尺寸为 ２－５ μｍ．复合材料界面为直接的原子结合,无非晶层存在．复合材料的室温维氏硬度、断裂韧性、抗压强度及高温流变应力明显高于单一ＭｏＳｉ２,随着ＳｉＣ体积分数的增加,维氏硬度、断裂韧性及高温流变应力提高,而抗压强度先增加后减少． ＳｉＣ体积分数从 １０％增加到 ４５％,ＫＩＣ从 ４．３４提高到 ５．７１ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２;与单一 ＭｏＳｉ２相比提高了 ２５％－４６％; １４００℃时,σ０．２从 ２０％ＳｉＣ的 ２３０提高到 ４５％ＳｉＣ的 ２８５ ＭＰａ,比单一 ＭｏＳｉ２提高了 ９８％－１４６％．     

热残余应变对金属基复合材料拉、压性能的影响

利用作者改进的等效夹杂理论定量研究了热残余应变对晶须增强金属基复合材料拉、压性能的影响，解释了非铸态复合材料拉、压性能存在差别的原因。对２０％ＳｉＣＷ／Ａｌ材料的拉、压性能和断口的ＳＥＭ观察表明，本文理论合理反映了晶须增强金属基复合材料的塑性强化规律，说明热残余应变是影响晶须增强金属基复合材料的重要因素，为该类材料的性能预报和优化设计提供了理论方法．     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。     

热残余应变对金属基复合材料拉,压性能的影响

利用作者改进的等效夹杂理论定量了研究了热残余应变对晶须增强金属基复合材料拉、压性能的影响，解释了非铸态复合材料拉、压性能存在差别的原因，对２０％ＳｉＣ２／Ａｌ材料的拉、压性能和断口的ＳＥＭ观察表明，本文理论合理反映了晶须增强金属基复合材料的塑性强化规律，说明热残余应变是影响晶须增强金属基属复合材料的重要因素，为该为材料的性能预报和优化设计提供了理论方法。     

颗粒增强Al－4％Mg复合材料中显微孔隙的分析

探讨了Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＣ、ＳｉＯ２等三种颗粒增强Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料凝固组织中显微孔隙的形成规律．结果表明：前者显微孔隙是由Ａｌ２Ｏ３颗粒加入导致熔体粘度增加、颗粒堵塞枝晶间的补缩流动通道以及颗粒与基体合金的热膨胀系数的差异三种因素所引起；第二种材料由于气孔易在ＳｉＣ颗粒表面形核，或者ＳｉＣ颗粒与基体结合较弱，使得该复合材料比前者易形成显微孔隙；第三种复合材料，是由于ＳｉＯ２颗粒与基体间发生了界面反应，一定量的Ｓｉ溶入了基体，增大了基体的凝固潜热，从而提高了基体合金凝固时的补缩流动能力，所以ＳｉＯ２ｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料的凝固组织比同样条件下Ａｌ２Ｏ３ｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ和ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ－４％Ｍｇ复合材料致密。     

SiC颗粒增强铜基复合材料热残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元方法建立轴对称模型分析了SiC颗粒尺寸、体积分数以及温度对铜基复合材料热残余应力的影响.结果表明,随温度的升高,残余应力很快增大;随SiC颗粒尺寸和体积分数的增大,残余应力均呈增大趋势.基体受残余拉应力,颗粒受残余压应力,在结合界面处存在最大残余拉应力.     

Fe-Mn-Si记忆合金激光熔覆层残余应力的数值模拟

为分析Fe-Mn-Si记忆合金熔覆涂层的应力分布情况,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件数值模拟该涂层的温度场及应力场。模拟结果表明,当激光熔覆涂层完全冷却后,其末端基体中间区域的横向残余应力表现为残余压应力;从基体中部向两侧移动,残余压应力逐渐变为残余拉应力;沿激光扫描方向,熔覆涂层的纵向残余应力依次为压应力→拉应力→压应力。     

真空压力浸渗制备CF/Al复合材料热收缩与残余应力数值模拟与实验研究

针对连续碳纤维增强铝基复合材料(CF/Al复合材料),采用细观力学数值模拟与热性能试验结合的方法,研究了真空压力浸渗制备过程中的热收缩行为和热残余应力分布。结果表明,复合材料的横向热收缩应变量远大于轴向热收缩应变量,且具有横观各向同性,纤维随机分布的单胞有限元模型能够准确地预测复合材料轴向与横向热收缩行为曲线;复合材料制备完成后纤维和基体合金分别处于压应力和拉应力状态,基体和纤维的横向残余应力均小于其轴向残余应力,且均表现出横观各向同性;基体合金在轴向残余拉应力作用下会出现不同程度的损伤现象,特别是纤维间距较小部位过高的残余应力会引发界面的局部失效,从而不利于发挥复合材料承载性能,减少纤维局部偏聚是进一步改善提高复合材料力学性能的重要技术手段。     

Thermal residual stresses and stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings of short fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｕｅｔｏｌａｒｇｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｃｏ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘａｎｄｓｐｅｃｉａｌｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌｓｈａｐｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ (ＴＲＳ) ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈ(ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ)ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｔｏｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｈａｖｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ…     

无相变合金淬火热应力演变机理的理论模型--(1)角端和边缘淬火热应力模型与淬火角端效应

淬火过程中率先引发塑性变形的动力是拉应力,此后拉应力和压应力交替引发塑性变形.拉应力可以诱发压应力的出现.在淬火试样表层可以出现压应力,这不同于传统观点认为淬火表层只能是拉应力的结论.淬火热应力与温度高低关系不大,主要由相对温差(即温度梯度)决定,相对温度高的部分会趋向发展成压应力状态,相对温度低的部分趋向发展成拉应力状态,这是淬火和快速加热产生热应力、塑性变形和残余应力的根本原因.建立了角端、边缘两种淬火热应力模型,提出了淬火角端效应,即在角端拉应力率先引发塑性变形并引起温度梯度、热应力、塑性变形等交替衰减的现象.     

Determination and Relaxation of Residual Stress in 2024 Al-30 vol.% Magnesium Borate Whisker Composites

Residual stresses in 30 vol.% magnesium borate whisker-reinforced 2024 aluminum matrix composites have been determined by a nanoindentation method which takes into consideration pile-up and sink-in effects on indentation contact depth. Owing to the thermal mismatch and the large difference in elasticity modulus between the Al matrix and MBO whiskers, tensile residual stress was introduced to Al matrix material during fabrication. It was found that the solution treatment reduced the tensile residual stress by producing interfacial component and dislocations in the composites. Cryogenic cooling released the stress via reversing the tensile residual stress to compression in the matrix, which was more effective than solution treatment to release the tension stress in the composites. The combination of the solution treatment and the cryogenic cooling provided the most effective procedure to release the residual stress in the composites, which reduced the tensile residual stress from 232.6 to 56.5 MPa, i.e., 76% reduction. Meanwhile, no cracks were observed in the composite when processed with such sudden thermal shocking.     

A composite cylinder model for the prediction of residual stresses in gamma-titanium composites

An experimental study of the residual stress formation and evolution in γ-titanium-based composite material was completed for some important processing and heat treatment conditions. A concentric cylinder model based on Norton’s creep law with the coefficients replaced by new terms related to time and temperature was developed by a combination of viscoplasticity and thermoelastic analysis of concentric cylinder domains representative for the matrix and the fiber. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to measure average residual stresses at the neighborhood of Saphikon fibers. The composite was fabricated by hot isostatic pressing. The residual stress at the matrix decreased as the temperature of the heat treatment increased up to an optimum value, after which the residual stress started to build up despite the increase in the annealing temperature. This phenomenon was depicted through the numerical model as well as in the XRD.     

Changes in the misfit stresses in an Al/SiCp metal matrix composite under plastic strain

Results are presented from neutron diffraction measurement of the strains in each phase, matrix and reinforcement, of a metal matrix composite bar before and after deformation beyond the elastic limit by four-point bending. The strains in each phase have been converted to stress. A stress separation technique was then applied, and the contributing mechanisms separated and identified. In this way the changes in the different contributions owing to plastic deformation have been determined. It is found that, initially, the average phase stresses can be explained in terms of a combination of essentially hydrostatic phase average thermal misfit stresses in the matrix (tension) and particles (compression) combined with a parabolic macrostress from quenching. After plastic bending the change in axial macrostress is as expected for that for a monolithic bar, but unexpectedly the misfit stresses had relaxed to approximately zero in both the tensile and compressive plastically strained regions of the bar.     

T型焊接试件焊接残余应力分布的测定

为了掌握钢结构中焊接残余应力的具体分布状态,采用基于逆磁致伸缩效应原理的无损检测方法,利用磁测应力仪对T型焊接试件焊缝附近不同层深处的焊接残余应力进行了实际测量,得到了距焊件表面1、1.5和2 mm三个不同层深的焊接残余应力分布规律,并和基于有限元法的数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,焊缝附近区域残余应力较大,随着层深的增加,横向和纵向残余应力均由压应力逐渐过渡为拉应力,而纵向残余应力在远离焊缝中心的区域内,则改由拉应力过渡为压应力.     

Relaxation of residual stresses in 20%SiC_w/6061Al composite as-extruded at high temperature

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｍａｔｒｉｘｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｉｌｉ ｃｏｎｃａｒｂｉｄｅｗｈｉｓｋｅｒ (ＳｉＣｗ/Ａｌ)ａｓａｎｅｗｔｙｐｅｏｆｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｈａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｈｉｇｈｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ ,ｈｉｇｈｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｍｏｄｕｌｕｓ ,ｌｏｗｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ (ＣＴＥ)ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ ,ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｃａｎｂｅｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｉ…     

Residual stress measurements in fibre reinforced titanium alloy composites

The residual stresses in two Ti/SiC unidirectional composite panels with thick cladding were measured using two experimental methods. The variation of in-plane residual stresses in the cladding of the materials was measured by using a crack compliance method, and the average fibre stresses were inferred from the results. The applicability of a simple bending theory for the calculation of the residual stresses from curvature measurements was confirmed by a finite element analysis. Using a matrix etching method, the longitudinal fibre strains were measured from the relaxation of fibres upon dissolving the matrix in a part of the composite. The stresses in the fibre and the matrix were then calculated using a concentric cylinder model. By combining the results of both methods, the out-of-plane stresses were also determined, so that the full stress state in the reinforced section of the material could be obtained.     

预拉伸对铝合金焊接残余应力和变形的影响

在预拉伸应力作用下，进行了厚度为4mm的5A05铝合金试板的焊接，焊后残余应力及变形的测定结果表明．预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的纵向残余应力、纵向挠曲变形和平面变形。在弹性应力范由内，随着预应力的增大，试板的残余应力峰值、纵向挠曲变形及平面变形均逐渐减小。分析认为，预拉伸应力部分抵消了焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力，从而减小了压缩塑性变形，进而减小了冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力水平，相应地远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小。