手术室专科护士胜任力模型的构建

目的构建科学、合理、适合我国国情的手术室专科护士胜任力模型,为手术室专科护士的选拔、培训、评价提供参考。方法在半结构访谈及问卷调查的基础上,初步构建手术室专科护士胜任力指标,运用德尔菲法对30名手术室相关领域专家进行函询。结果专家的积极系数、权威程度及协调程度满足德尔菲法研究标准;构建的手术室专科护士胜任力模型包含专业知识、专业能力、专业态度、个人特质4个维度,22项胜任力及行为指标,并确定各指标的权重。结论手术室专科护士胜任力模型结果可靠,可作为手术室专科护士选拔、培训、考核的参考标准。     

耳鼻喉科新护士准入岗位胜任力考核评价指标的构建

目的构建耳鼻喉科新护士准入岗位胜任力考核评价指标,为新护士规范化培训的效果评价提供参考。方法课题组初拟耳鼻喉科新护士准入岗位胜任力考核评价指标体系,采用德尔菲法对33名专家进行2轮函询。结果 2轮函询专家的积极系数分别为100%和84.8%,2轮专家权威系数分别为0.82、0.88,一、二、三级指标的协调系数为0.29、0.26和0.22(均P0.05),最后形成了7个一级指标,25个二级指标,6个三级指标的考核评价体系。结论构建的耳鼻喉科新护士准入岗位胜任力考核评价指标具有科学性、可操作性,可作为评价新护士培训效果、修订培训计划的参考工具。     

基层医院低年资护士岗位胜任力评价指标的构建

目的构建基层医院低年资护士岗位胜任力的评价指标。方法通过文献资料法、理论分析法、质性研究等方法构建含4个一级指标、18个二级指标及36个三级指标基层医院低年资护士岗位胜任力评价指标初稿,运用Delphi法向15名专家进行2轮函询。结果专家的权威系数为0.880,协调系数为0.363~0.451,最终确定基层医院低年资护士岗位胜任力评价体系包括一级指标3条、二级指标13条、三级指标37条。结论本评价指标构建过程规范,可用于基层医院低年资护士岗位胜任力评价,后一步将对本指标体系进行信效度验证。     

儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力评价指标体系的构建

目的构建能全面反映儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力的指标体系,用于评价人员的专业胜任力,以促进护理管理规范化。方法通过查阅文献、半结构式访谈及德尔菲(Delphi)专家函询法构建儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力体系,应用AHP层次分析法确定一、二级指标权重,专家赋值评价分配法确定三级指标权重。结果儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力评价指标体系包含一级指标4项(专业知识、专业能力、专业技术和综合素质)、二级指标10项、三级指标40项。专家积极度为100%,专家权威程度Cr=0.86,专家意见协调程度一~三级指标分别为W=0.507、0.335、0.231;各级指标均值3.5分,标准差均1.0;变异系数均0.25;一级指标权重0.23~0.27,二级指标权重0.0432~0.1608,三级指标权重0.0039~0.0836。结论儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力评价指标体系中各级指标专家意见集中,指标权重良好,经进一步验证后可用于儿科护理人员岗位胜任能力评价。     

介入专科护士核心能力评价指标的初步构建

目的初步构建介入专科护士核心能力评价指标,旨在为介入专科护士的培养、考核、评价与管理提供参考。方法采用德尔菲法对18名专家进行2轮函询,并确定介入专科护士核心能力指标及权重。结果2轮函询专家的积极性分别为100%、88.89%;专家的权威系数为0.90;一、二、三级指标的协调系数分别为0.357、0.401、0.436(均P0.01)。最终确立的评价指标包括理论知识能力、实践操作能力、批判性思维能力、人际交往能力、护理临床管理能力、科研学习能力、指导能力7项一级指标,23项二级指标,56项三级指标。结论介入专科护士核心能力评价指标的专家意见集中,可信度高,可为介入专科护士的培养、考核、评价与管理提供参考。     

康复专科护士核心能力评价指标构建

目的构建康复专科护士核心能力评价指标,为康复专科护士培养及评价提供参考。方法通过文献回顾、半结构访谈、德尔菲专家函询及层次分析法,确定康复专科护士核心能力评价指标及权重。结果康复专科护士核心能力评价指标包含4个一级指标,12个二级指标,63个三级指标。2轮专家函询问卷的有效回收率分别为100.00%、90.00%,专家权威系数为0.822,肯德尔协调系数分别为0.255、0.312(均P<0.01)。结论构建的康复专科护士核心能力评价指标具有可靠性和实用性,可为康复专科护士的培养和评价提供参考。     

心血管病专科护士胜任特征模型的构建

目的构建心血管病专科护士胜任特征模型,为心血管病专科护士的选拔、培训、考核提供依据。方法采用Delphi法对35名心血管病护理专家和医学专家进行2轮问卷函询,建立心血管病专科护士胜任特征模型。结果专家函询的权威系数为0.87,2轮函询问卷回收率分别为94.29%、96.97%,胜任特征族和胜任特征的协调系数分别为0.33、0.28。确定出知识族、技能族、角色能力族、个人特质族、动机族和价值观族6项胜任特征族和29项胜任特征的胜任特征模型。结论构建的心血管病专科护士胜任特征模型,专家意见集中,研究结果可信度高。     

临床护士信息安全素养评价指标体系的构建研究

目的 构建临床护士信息安全素养评价指标体系,为临床护士信息安全培训及考核评价提供参考。方法 以知信行理论为指导,通过文献研究、现场调研的方法初步拟定指标体系并编制专家函询问卷,邀请全国20名专家进行2轮德尔菲法专家函询,采用层次分析法确定各指标权重。结果 2轮函询问卷有效回收率均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.945、0.950,肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.179、0.193(均P<0.05)。最终确定的临床护士信息安全素养评价指标体系包括信息安全知识、信息安全意识及信息安全行为3项一级指标、12项二级指标、59项三级指标。结论 构建的临床护士信息安全素养评价指标体系内容全面、科学可靠,可为临床护士信息安全培训及考核评价提供客观的量化依据。     

康复科护理胜任力评价指标体系构建

目的构建一套科学、全面的康复科护士核心胜任力指标体系。方法通过查阅文献资料法、半结构式访谈法以及运用德尔菲专家函询法建立康复科护士核心能力体系,应用AHP层次分析法确定一、二级指标权重,专家赋值评价分配法确定三级指标的权重。结果第1轮、第2轮专家咨询的权威系数(Cr)分别为0.82、0.81,各指标协调系数(W)显著性检验均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。康复科的护理人员其核心能力体系主要由4项一级指标,10项二级指标以及40项三级指标构成。结论康复科护士胜任力体系中各级指标项目专家意见集中,研究结果可信度高。     

新护士岗位胜任力模型指标体系的构建

目的构建新护士岗位胜任力模型指标体系,为新护士岗位培训提供理论参考。方法通过回顾国内外文献、问卷调查、专家咨询等方法初步建立新护士岗位胜任力模型指标体系,选取30名专家运用Delphi法对该模型内容进行两轮问卷调查,针对初级模型指标项目提出意见和建议。结果两轮专家咨询问卷的有效回收率为93.10%~96.67%,专家的协调程度较高;专家权威系数为0.78~0.99;确定的新护士岗位胜任力模型指标体系包括2个一级指标(软技能、硬技能)、7个二级指标(人际关系、管理能力、自我管理能力、职业情操、职业礼仪、专业知识、专业技能)、40个三级指标(沟通交流、团队合作等)。结论初步构建的新护士岗位胜任力模型指标体系较为完整,此指标体系的构建较可靠,可作为医院选拔、培训新护士的指标。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.