中青年经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者个人掌控感现状及影响因素研究

目的 探讨中青年经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者个人掌控感现状及其影响因素.方法 采用一般资料调查表、个人掌控感量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表、一般自我效能量表对163例中青年PCI术后患者进行问卷调查.结果 中青年PCI术后患者个人掌控感得分(20.61±3.08)分,焦虑得分(8.69士1.91)分,抑郁得分(8.06±1.85)分,自我效能感得分为(2.55±0.34)分.多元逐步回归分析显示,文化程度、家庭人均月收入、冠心病病程、焦虑、抑郁及自我效能是中青年PCI术后患者个人掌控感的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 中青年PC1术后患者个人掌控感处于中等水平,应多关注文化程度低、家庭收入低及冠心病病程短的患者,临床医护人员可以通过加强对疾病的宣教指导,促进疾病二级预防和康复,提高自我效能,促进个人掌控感水平的提高.     

心房颤动患者射频消融术后运动恐惧的潜在剖面分析

目的 探究心房颤动（房颤）患者射频消融术后运动恐惧的特征差异,以期为临床开展精准干预提供参考。方法 选取上海市4所三级医院心内科门诊随访的475例房颤术后患者作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、心脏病患者运动恐惧量表、领悟社会支持量表进行调查。采用潜在剖面分析识别房颤患者射频消融术后运动恐惧特征的类别,采用有序多分类logistic回归进一步分析影响因素。结果 潜在剖面分析研究结果显示,房颤患者射频消融术后运动恐惧可分为低水平运动恐惧组（29.05%）、中等水平运动恐惧组（48.21%）和高水平运动恐惧组（22.74%）。三组年龄、文化程度、职业状态、居住方式、房颤病程、症状分级、领悟社会支持得分比较,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。有序多分类logistic回归分析结果显示,文化程度为小学及以下和房颤症状分级是患者运动恐惧的危险性因素;房颤病程＜3年和领悟社会支持是患者运动恐惧的保护性因素（均P<0.05）。结论 房颤患者射频消融术后运动恐惧水平存在显著异质性,医护人员可依据不同人群特征给予针对性干预策略,以降低其术后运动恐惧水平。     

射频消融术后心房颤动患者的危险因素与护理

目的 分析典型心房扑动(房扑)射频消融术后发生心房颤动(房颤)的危险因素及护理对策.方法 对56例典型房扑行射频消融术的患者进行随访,分析发生房颤的危险因素.结果 56例房扑患者全部消融成功,随访(14.0±12.2)个月,15例有房颤发作,其中3例进展为慢性房颤.术前有、无房颤病史者术后房颤发生率分别为7.5%、75.0%,后者显著高于前者(P＜0.01).房颤发作患者年龄(57.1±13.6)岁,无房颤发作患者(42.3±11.2)岁,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).消融前有房颤发作病史是射频消融术后发生房颤的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 应对消融术前有房颤发作病史患者进行针对性护理,降低术后发生房颤的危险.     

心内直视房颤射频消融术前危险因素与术后转律关系

目的 回顾性分析同期瓣膜置换术加房颤射频消融术患者术前危险因素与手术成功率之间的关系.方法 选取52例风湿性心脏病合并永久性房颤同期行瓣膜置换术加房颤射频消融术患者,术后随访半年以上,根据是否转为窦性心律分为转律组(SR)与房颤组(AF),采集并比较两组患者的围术期资料,单变量分析采取t检验或方差检验.差异有统计学意义的指标行logistic回归分析,计算优势比(OR)及95％可信区间(95％ CI).结果 最后一次随访中37例患者转为窦性心律,手术成功率约71.2％.单因素分析显示房颤病程、左心房内径、左心室舒张末期容积及主动脉阻断时间是术后房颤复发的危险因素,多因素分析显示房颤病程是术后房颤复发的独立危险因素.结论 瓣膜置换术同期行房颤射频消融术是治疗慢性房颤的有效方法.房颤病程短、左心房内径小的患者行房颤双极射频消融成功率高.     

心房颤动患者射频消融术后生活质量及其相关护理措施

目的通过观察房颤患者生活质量的变化来探讨射频消融术治疗心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)对患者生活质量的影响并总结其相关护理措施.方法70例AF患者接受经导管射频消融术,于消融术前和术后1,3,6个月用SF-36健康随访表评估患者生活质量.采用SPSS17.0统计软件处理数据结果70例AF患者射频消融术治疗术后1,3,6个月的生活质量评分与术前比较,躯体功能、躯体角色、社会功能、情感角色和精力有明显提高(P＜0.05),而肌体疼痛、心理健康和总的健康状况方面差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论AF患者接受导管射频消融术后可以改善生活质量.完善各项护理措施,可减少并发症,提高射频消融术的成功率.     

膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖现状及相关因素研究

目的 调查膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖情况,并分析其影响因素.方法 于2020年5月至2021年5月便利抽取膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者168例,采用一般资料调查表、护理依赖量表、自尊量表、创伤应激障碍量表平民版、个人掌控感量表进行调查,应用多元线性回归分析膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖影响因素.结果 膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖总分为(57.07±8.31)分.多元线性回归结果显示,年龄、文化程度、并存疾病、自尊水平、创伤后应激障碍以及个人掌控感是膀胱癌癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),可解释总变异的66.1％.结论 膀胱癌尿流改道腹壁造口患者护理依赖发生率较高.临床护理人员应结合患者年龄、文化程度、并存疾病、自尊水平、创伤后应激障碍程度以及个人掌控感,制定有效干预措施,降低患者护理依赖程度,提高其生活质量.     

老年乳腺癌患者掌控感现状的调查分析

目的探讨老年乳腺癌患者掌控感现状及其与焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系,为临床心理护理提供参考。方法采用一般资料调查问卷、生活掌控感量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表对123例老年乳腺癌患者进行问卷调查。结果老年乳腺癌患者掌控感总分(15.11±3.78)分,均分(2.16±0.54)分;家庭关系、文化程度、疾病认知是老年乳腺癌患者掌控感的影响因素;掌控感与焦虑、抑郁情绪呈负相关(均P0.01)。结论老年乳腺癌患者掌控感水平偏低,临床护理人员应多种举措并举促进其掌控感的发展。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者疾病不确定感的影响因素分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者疾病不确定感状况及其影响因素.方法 便利抽取52例稳定期COPD患者为研究对象,应用疾病不确定感量表、COPD生存质量测评表测量其疾病不确定感和生存质量,同时测定其肺功能.结果 COPD患者的整体疾病不确定感评分为76.30±7.01,生存质量评分为84.17±6.13;病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量与疾病不确定感有相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 COPD患者的疾病不确定感属于中等程度,其不确定感主要来自不明确性;COPD患者的病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量对疾病不确定感有一定影响.应采取针对性措施改善患者疾病不确定感,提高其生存质量.     

女性不孕症患者羞辱感的影响因素分析

目的 探讨女性不孕症患者羞辱感现状及其影响因素,为女性不孕症患者羞辱感干预研究提供参考.方法 采用一般资料调查问卷、女性不孕症患者羞辱感量表、自尊量表、社会支持评定量表、家庭关怀度指数问卷对245例女性不孕症患者进行调查.结果 女性不孕症患者的羞辱感得分(70.68±17.06)分.生育观、生育压力、自尊水平和是否愿意袒露不孕病情对自我羞辱感和感知到的羞辱得分有预测作用;自我羞辱感还受女性文化程度、社会支持水平的影响,感知到的羞辱还受家庭关怀度指数的影响(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 女性不孕症患者的羞辱感处于中等水平,且受多种因素影响.提高女性受教育水平,消除传统生育观影响,完善社会支持系统,提高家庭及社会支持水平,增强其自尊,对减轻女性不孕症患者的羞辱感有重要意义.     

射频消融心房颤动患者治疗依从性与社会支持的相关性研究

目的探讨行射频消融术心房颤动患者的治疗依从性状况及其影响因素,以及与社会支持的关系。方法采用自制治疗依从性问卷和社会支持评定量表对120例拟行射频消融治疗的心房颤动患者进行调查。结果心房颤动患者治疗依从性总分为(38.66±5.61)分;年龄、文化程度及医疗费用支付方式是依从性的影响因素;患者的社会支持总分为(36.93±5.76)分;社会支持与依从性呈显著正相关(r=0.384,P0.01)。结论行射频消融治疗的房颤患者治疗依从性不佳,尤其监测行为依从性差,社会支持处于中等水平。医护人员应重视射频消融治疗心房颤动患者的社会支持评估,引导良好依从性氛围的形成,以帮助患者恢复健康及提高临床疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.