四川荣县MS4.7、MS4.3、MS4.9地震房屋震害特征和人员伤亡分析

根据四川荣县M_S4.7、M_S4.3、M_S4.9地震现场灾害调查资料,分析房屋震害特征和人员伤亡情况,结果表明震区房屋破坏类型主要为砖混结构、砖木结构和土木结构,其中砖木结构和土木结构受损比较严重,人员伤亡主要由房屋损坏导致;造成此现象的原因主要是该地区房屋建造年代久远,房屋结构不合理、抗震性能差,短时间地震频发造成震害累积,再加上民众防震减灾意识薄弱等。     

2013年木里、盐源交界地震震中区建筑物抗震性能分析

2013年11月22日,木里、盐源交界处先后发生Ms3.4、Ms 4.1及Ms3.7级地震,地震造成当地自建房屋破坏,震中区建筑类型主要为土木结构、夯土墙结构及木结构。本文在现场调查的基础上,对不同类型建筑物的破坏特征进行了分析,给出了地震烈度图,分析了建筑物破坏原因,指出土木结构及夯土墙结构是农村自建房屋中抗震最不利建筑,木结构房屋抗震性能相对较好。房屋抗震性能不佳是此次地震震害较重的主要原因。     

2019年2月2日新疆塔城MS5.2地震房屋震害特点与发震构造

2019年2月2日新疆塔城市发生M_S5.2地震，根据现场震害调查确定本次地震极震区烈度为Ⅵ度。地震造成震中附近20世纪八、九十年代建造的个别土木结构房屋出现中等程度以上破坏，少数轻微破坏(含旧裂缝加宽)，多数基本完好；其他结构类型房屋多数基本完好。本次地震震级小、有感范围广，震区土木结构房屋缺少抗震措施、年久失修、地基处理不当是造成房屋出现破坏的主要原因。综合分析等震线分布及深部构造特征，初步判定本次地震发震构造为塔克台断裂向塔城盆地迁移、扩展的隐伏断裂。     

2017年8月9日精河6.6级地震烈度分布与房屋震害特征分析

通过对2017年8月9日精河6.6级地震灾区内共计355个调查点的实地调查,确定了此次地震的烈度分布。灾区最高烈度为Ⅷ度（8度）,灾区面积15623km²,灾区总人口487696人,其中,受灾人口133695人,地震共造成36人受伤;对各烈度区内不同结构类型房屋的震害现象进行了整理,分析了不同结构类型房屋的抗震能力与震害原因,结果显示,土木结构房屋倒塌及屋檐塌落是导致人员受伤的主要原因;砖木结构房屋缺乏抗震设施,破坏形式多样;砖混结构房屋在高烈度区破坏较重;框架结构房屋主体完好但填充墙普遍出现破坏。安居富民房屋抗震性能良好。     

2021年5月22日青海玛多7.4级地震震害特征与地震烈度分布

2021年5月22日青海玛多7.4级地震对青海省果洛藏族自治州、海西蒙古族藏族自治州、玉树藏族自治州以及四川省甘孜藏族自治州造成了不同程度的破坏。此次地震的突出特点是灾情重,伤亡轻,无人员死亡,房屋倒塌333间,多为老旧无人居住的土木结构和砖木结构农村辅助用房和牲畜棚圈,13000多间房屋存在不同程度的损坏,道路、桥梁等基础设施破坏严重。本文通过对此次地震现场55个灾害调查点的震害调查与资料分析,得到了2021年玛多7.4级地震烈度分布情况,并对震害特征及原因进行了分析,地广人稀是造成本次地震震害特点的最主要原因。     

四川筠连M_S4.9地震震害特征及致灾因素分析

根据四川筠连M_S4.9地震现场震害调查资料,总结震区各类房屋震害特征及典型地震地质震害情况,结合区域地质构造环境、震源机制解和余震序列,初步探讨震害分布特征及破坏机理。研究结果表明,震区多数房屋为砖混结构,其整体破坏情况较砖木和土木结构房屋重;震区地震地质灾害受高差、坡度和岩性影响较强。震害破坏程度较重的主要因素包括:房屋结构不合理、抗震性能低;场地地基软弱或存在临空面,不均匀沉降现象突出;地质构造环境复杂,震害"上、下盘效应"明显;短时间段内地震频发,震害累积效应显著;人文地理环境限制,屋顶蓄水增强荷载不均匀现象。     

新疆农牧区民居房屋结构类型与震害特征分析

自2000年1月至2019年12月新疆共发生5级以上破坏性地震93次,地震灾害损失十分严重。地震中房屋震害特征及其抗震性能差异与房屋的结构形式相关。通过搜集整理新疆境内历年典型破坏性地震民居房屋震害资料及房屋调研相关资料,结合房屋震害特征,依据房屋的建造年代、结构形式、有无构造措施、砌筑粘结剂强度、施工质量及材料强度等抗震性能影响因素将新疆民居房屋结构类型分为土木-木架-石木简易结构、砖木结构及砖混结构3大类,并细化为10小类。结合新疆历史破坏性地震房屋震害资料,对细化分类房屋的震害特征进行总结,分析影响各结构类型房屋抗震性能的原因。除房屋本身抗震性能因素外,场地工程地质条件、地震作用及其他自然灾害的累积叠加作用也是造成房屋破坏加重的主要因素。     

云南鲁甸6.5级地震灾害特点浅析

通过对2014年8月3日云南鲁甸6.5级地震震害开展实地调查,对灾区破坏情况进行总体介绍,并就各烈度区特征和建筑物震害、地震地质灾害、工程结构震害进行分析,初步得出本次地震的一些震害特点.一是灾区人口密度大,人员死亡较集中.人员死亡主要集中在Ⅷ和Ⅸ度区.二是地震振动强,灾区破坏严重.本次地震震源深度12km,极震区烈度高达Ⅸ度,震源破裂在11s内集中释放.三是抗震能力弱,房屋破坏严重.灾区属国家级贫困区,农村民居抗震能力弱,且多数民房坐落在河谷陡坡上,边坡效应加重房屋震害,重灾区砖木和土木房屋成片损毁、倒塌.四是灾区条件恶劣,救灾难度大.震区活动断裂密集发育、地质破碎疏松、地形崎岖不平,又恰值雨季,诱发极其严重次生地质灾害,导致人员伤亡,造成灾区大面积交通、通信、电力中断,救援物资与救援力量无法及时发挥作用.     

基于震害资料的川西农居地震易损性研究

基于汶川地震等6次典型破坏性地震的震害调查资料,采用基于震害数据调查的经验分析法得出了川西地区农居建筑基于地震烈度的地震易损性矩阵,并采用房屋震害矩阵曲线化分析方法转化计算得出该地区基于地震峰值加速度的地震易损性矩阵。通过分析该地区5类农居建筑的破坏概率和对易损性指数的计算分析,得出不同结构农居建筑的抗震性能排序和抗倒塌能力排序,即穿斗木结构的抗震性能最好,土木结构的抗震性能最差,其余结构类型的抗震性能顺序依次是未设防砖混结构、砖木结构、砖石结构。同时,穿斗木结构的抗倒塌性能最好,然后依次是未设防砖混结构和砖木结构,而土木结构和砖石结构是抗倒塌性能最差的2种结构类型。     

无人机遥感技术在新疆皮山地震灾情获取中的应用

2015年07月03日,新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区皮山县（37.6°N,78.2°E）发生M_S6.5级地震,震源深度10km。本文利用高性能无人机数据采集平台获取灾区高分辨率影像数据,结合地震现场震害调查建立建筑物震害遥感解译特征,采用人工目视解译完成了灾区6个0.01°×0.01°格网评估区房屋类型及损毁程度应急遥感调查,获取测区地震灾情信息。结果表明:测区内房屋结构类型主要包括土木、砖木、砖混结构;倒塌房屋主要为土木结构及个别老旧砖木结构房屋,倒塌和局部倒塌的土木结构房屋占评估区土木结构房屋总数的68%,倒塌和局部倒塌的砖木结构房屋占评估区砖木结构房屋总数的12%;测区砖混结构房屋局部倒塌1间,未倒塌228间,砖混结构显示出良好的抗震性能,对避免人员伤亡和减少经济损失起到重要作用。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Resistivity methods in geothermal prospecting in Iceland

Resistivity techniques have been used successfully to identify and delineate geothermal resources in Iceland. The most frequently used techniques include Schlumberger, central loop TEM and head-on profiling. Geothermal systems in Iceland are located both within and outsite the active volcanic regions. Outsite the active volcanic regions the temperature in the upper most kilometer of the geothermal systems is below 150° C whereas the temperature in the geothermal fields within the active volcanic regions exceeds 200° C. The resistivity of the rock in geothermal fields located outside the active volcanic regions ranges from about 10 m to some hundreds of m, and are characterized by considerably lower resistivity than of the surrounding rocks. Most of the geothermal systems within the active volcanic regions, show common resistivity structure with low resistivity of 1–5 m surrounding an inner core of higher resistivity. This increasing resistivity with depth is associated with a change in the conduction mechanism, from interface conduction to electrolyte conduction due to a change in alteration minerals at about 240° C. Examples of resistivity surveys of geothermal fields from both outsite and within the active volcanic regions are discussed.