用污水处理厂脱水污泥制备含炭吸附剂

以污水处理厂脱水污泥为原料，分别采用炭化法、物理活化法和化学活化法制备了含炭吸附剂。采用化学活化法制备的含炭吸附剂性能最好，热解温度为450℃时，含炭吸附剂的碘吸附值为313．9mg／g，吸附剂收率为64．36％。采用ZnCl2为活化剂，所制备的含炭吸附剂的性能优于H2SO4，KOH，H3PO4作为活化剂。经正交实验得出的最佳实验条件为：ZnCl2浓度3mol／L，干污泥与活化剂溶液质量比1：4．0，热解温度450℃，热解时间1．5h。制备含炭吸附剂的干污泥粒径以0．6～0．9mm为宜。组合活化剂的效果好于ZnCl2溶液，最佳的组合活化剂为ZnCl2＋H2SO4（体积比为3：1）。含炭吸附剂的孔径分布较宽，微孔所占比例较小，以中孔为主，比表面积较小。     

焦粉活性炭的制备及其应用

用废弃焦粉制备焦粉活性炭，通过正交实验考察了各种因素对焦粉活性炭性能的影响。实验结果表明：在活化时间80min、活化温度900℃、碱炭比（氢氧化钾与废弃焦粉的质量比）4、废弃焦粉粒径小于0．05mm的最佳条件下，制备的焦粉活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为304．8mg／g，产率为35．6％；废弃焦粉的活化是活化剂刻蚀其颗粒形成丰富孔结构的氧化还原反应过程；用最佳条件下制备的焦粉活性炭处理质量浓度为60mg／t．的模拟含Cr^6＋废水，在废水pH为3—4、焦粉活性炭加入量为4g/L、吸附时间为50min的条件下，Cr^6＋去除率达93．2％。     

Cu^2＋改性活性炭的制备及其去除废水中CN^-的研究

以活性炭为载体负载溶液中的Cu^2＋，Cu^2＋改性活性炭对溶液中CN^-的去除效果较好。cu。’改性活性炭的最佳制备条件：活性炭加入量为1g，质量浓度为5∥L的CuSO。溶液加入量为50mL，溶液pH为4，负载时间为5．0h.在此最佳条件下活性炭的最大Cu^2＋负载量为25．90mg（以每克活性炭计）。Cu^2＋改性后活性炭的CN^-去除率明显提高，由22．10％提高至94．07％。Cu^2＋改性活性炭吸附CN^-的最佳实验条件：溶液pH为12～13，吸附时间为9h。Cu^2＋改性活性炭对CN^-的饱和吸附量为22mg／g。Mg^2＋，K^＋，Ca^2＋，Cl^-，SO4^2-，CO3^2-，AsO3^-对Cu^2＋改性活性炭的CN^-去除率基本没有影响。Cu^2＋改性活性炭的动态吸附实验表明，开始一段时间流出液中CN^-含量几乎为零，远低于国家排放标准（0．5mg／L）。     

城市污泥制备水中重金属吸附剂及其吸附特性研究

本实验利用城市污水厂的脱水污泥,通过化学活化法制备活性炭.研究活化温度、活化时间、固液比和活化剂浓度等因素对制备污泥活性炭的影响,确定氯化锌法制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺为活化温度550 ℃、活化时间30 min、固液比1∶2、氯化剂浓度45％.将制备的污泥活性炭吸附Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子模拟废水,研究pH值、吸附时间、污泥投加量、温度等因素对吸附过程的影响.实验结果表明,剩余污泥对Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子都具有良好的吸附效果,在优化条件下,3种重金属离子去除率分别达到94％,76％,81％,吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2＋＞Cd2＋＞＋Cr6＋.     

氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂

采用氯化锌活化法制备了甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂，并考察了活化剂氯化锌溶液浓度、活化温度和活化时间对吸附剂吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明，氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为：活化温度800℃、氯化锌溶液质量浓度190g／L、活化时间60min。所得甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂的得率为30．3％，碘吸附值为1070mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值（以0．1g吸附剂吸附的亚甲基蓝体积计）为15．0mL，达到了GB／T13803．2—1999《木质净水用活性炭》一级品标准（碘吸附值1000mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值9mL）。     

颗粒状污泥活性炭流化床吸附处理含铜矿山废水

以城市污水处理厂活性污泥为原料，通过高温热解制备了颗粒状污泥活性炭吸附剂。在自制的流化床吸附装置上研究了该吸附剂对含铜矿山废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：在初始废水pH6、吸附剂加入量15g/L、废水循环流量6.0L/min、吸附时间120min的最佳吸附条件下，废水中Cu²⁺去除率达98.2%。     

豆渣对水中Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附

研究了新型生物吸附剂豆渣对水中Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附机制和吸附能力；分析了吸附时间、溶液pH、豆渣质量浓度和重金属离子质量浓度对重金属离子去除效果的影响。豆渣对Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。在Cd^2＋溶液和Zn^2＋溶液的pH分别为6．0和7．0、质量浓度为50mg／L、豆渣质量浓度为10．0g／L的条件下，吸附12h，Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的去除率分别为96．O％和89．4％。通过Langmuir吸附等温线模拟，得出豆渣对Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的最大吸附量分别为19．61mg／g和11．11mg／g。     

生物质吸附剂处理活性艳红X-3B废水

采用城市污水处理厂二沉池的剩余活性污泥为原料，以浓度为3mol／L的ZnCl2溶液浸泡污泥，采用水蒸气为活化气和保护气，在600℃下活化污泥3h，制备出性能良好的生物质吸附剂，其碘吸附值为388．95mg／g，比表面积为447．79m^2／g，平均孔径为4．39nm，孔体积为0．31cm^3／g，微孔体积为0．09cm^3/g。实验结果表明，用该生物质吸附剂处理活性艳红X-3B废水，在废水（10mL）中活性艳红X-3B质量浓度为300mg／L、生物质吸附剂加入量为0．20g、吸附时间为30min的条件下，废水脱色率可达99．7％。活性艳红X-3B在生物质吸附剂上的吸附行为遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律，同时也可用一级吸附动力学方程描述。     

黑藻对铅离子的生物吸附

研究了黑藻对Pb^2＋的生物吸附作用，考察了溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度、黑藻加入量和吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明，溶液pH在2．5～5．0时吸附效果最好，吸附20min基本达到平衡。在溶液pH为4．0、黑藻加入量为2g／L、吸附时间为60min、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度为100mg／L的条件下，黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附量为47．5mg／g。通过元素分析和等温吸附模型对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的机理进行了研究，发现黑藻吸附Pb“是阳离子交换过程，吸附符合Langmuir、Freundlich和D—R等温吸附模型。考察了Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的影响，结果表明，Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的存在不干扰黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附。     

一种利用污泥和废石墨制备活性吸附材料的方法

该发明涉及一种利用污泥和废石墨制备活性吸附材料的方法，其特征在于从城市污水处理厂取剩余污泥，干化、研磨、过筛后按固液质量比1：（2．5～4．5）加入氯化锌和硫酸溶液，静止放置20～24h，烘干20～24h，处理后的污泥加入废石墨，加入量为污泥总质量的3％～10％；然后放入热解炉中进行热解，利用氮气隔绝空气，氮气流量控制在0．4～0．5L／min，加热速率控制在10～15℃／min，热解温度为500～800℃，热解时间为1．5～2．5h；热解后的产物先用浓度为3mol／L的盐酸溶液漂洗，促使其中的氧化物充分溶解，同时洗脱杂质，     

Synthesis of chromium-containing pigments from chromium recovered from leather waste

Cobalt-chromite green and chrome-tin pink pigments have been prepared from chromium extracted from leather shavings produced as a waste product of the leather-tanning industry. The alkaline agent (NaOH, CaO, MgO, NH4OH) used in the extraction process influences the nature of the final product. The effect of the NH4OH:CaO ratio on the final product in the case of cobalt-chromite green was examined. The pigments obtained were characterized by FT-IR and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Colour measurements were compared with those recorded from materials prepared from pure Cr2O3. The leaching of Cr(VI) from the materials was examined by UV spectroscopy.     

Formation of recycled plastics from depolymerized monomers derived from waste fiber-reinforced plastics

To develop a new method for the chemical recycling of plastics, we examined the formation of recycled polymers from the recovered monomeric materials of solubilized waste fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under supercritical alcoholic conditions. Treatment of waste FRP with supercritical MeOH resulted in the formation of monomeric organic compounds that mainly contained dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and propylene glycol. The presence of these materials was confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses and they were mixed with new DMP and glycols in various ratios to form unsaturated polyesters. The polymerization progressed successfully for all mixing ratios of the recovered and new DMP. Hardness tests on these recycled polymers indicated that the polymer made from a 1:1 mixture of recovered and new dimethyl phthalate had almost the same level of hardness as the polymers made from new materials. We also examined the formation of recycled FRP by using glass fibers and monomeric materials recovered through the present depolymerization method. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的研究进展

简单介绍了炼油碱渣废水的来源及特点,综述了近年来炼油碱渣废水中硫化物的去除技术(包括沉淀技术、氧化技术、生物技术、超声波技术、电化学技术等)的研究进展。结合各技术的特点分析指出:以催化氧化为核心,以高效、经济、条件缓和为主要目标的组合工艺的优化与集成以及新型催化剂的研发,是炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的发展趋势。     

Bioethanol from sea lettuce with the use of crude enzymes derived from waste

The mid-gut gland of the scallop contains saccharification enzymes such as cellulase and amylase, and these enzymes have been disposed of together with the mid-gut gland after the removal of the adductor muscle, an edible part of the scallop. We used a drip from the mid-gut gland of the scallop, obtained by squeezing the gland, as an inexpensive enzyme mixture and tried to produce bioethanol from the glucans present in sea lettuce by the method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with the use of baker’s yeast. The ethanol concentration attained was as high as 7.2 g/L, which corresponded to ~37% of the conversion of glucans in sea lettuce in the solid-state SSF. Furthermore, we ascertained that the drip and sea lettuce contain nutrients that are indispensable for maintaining the yeast activity, and, thus, the SSF did not require any additional nutrients, such as yeast extract or peptone, the use of which increases the cost of fermentation to a high level.     

Evaluating the biogas potential of the dry fraction from pretreatment of food waste from households

At the waste handling company NSR, Helsingborg, Sweden, the food waste fraction of source separated municipal solid waste is pretreated to obtain a liquid fraction, which is used for biogas production, and a dry fraction, which is at present incinerated. This pretreatment and separation is performed to remove impurities, however also some of the organic material is removed. The possibility of realising the methane potential of the dry fraction through batch-wise dry anaerobic digestion was investigated. The anaerobic digestion technique used was a two-stage process consisting of a static leach bed reactor and a methane reactor. Treatment of the dry fraction alone and in a mixture with structural material was tested to investigate the effect on the porosity of the leach bed. A tracer experiment was carried out to investigate the liquid flow through the leach beds, and this method proved useful in demonstrating a more homogenous flow through the leach bed when structural material was added. Addition of structural material to the dry fraction was needed to achieve a functional digestion process. A methane yield of 98 m³/ton was obtained from the dry fraction mixed with structural material after 76 days of digestion. This was in the same range as obtained in the laboratory scale biochemical methane potential test, showing that it was possible to extract the organic content in the dry fraction in this type of dry digestion system for the production of methane.     

Removal of ammonium and phosphates from aqueous solutions by biochar produced from agricultural waste

The concern about protecting water quantity and quality is one of the most severe challenges of the twenty-first century since the demand for water resources grows as the population and its needs grow. Additionally, and as expected, most human activities produce wastewater containing undesirable contaminants. On the other hand, the generation of agricultural waste and its inappropriate disposal causes further problems. Current wastewater treatment methods involve a combination of physical and chemical processes, technologies, and operations to remove pollutants from effluents; adsorption is an excellent example of an effective method for wastewater treatment, and biochar is currently one of the most valuable adsorbents. This review focuses on new research about applying biochar produced from agricultural waste as a low-cost and environmentally friendly method for removing ammonium and phosphates from aqueous solutions.

     

用酚渣油制备酚渣油树脂

用酚渣油为原料，模拟酚醛树脂合成方法，对酚渣油的催化交联、松香改性等化学过程进行了研究，合成出性能良好、可用于制备涂料与胶粘剂的酚渣油树脂。试验结果表明，依照该工艺生产的酚渣油树脂，其主要技术指标达到制备涂料用酚醛树脂的标准，用酚渣油制备的涂料和胶粘剂的性能优于酚醛树脂。     

炼油厂废催化裂化催化剂的再生技术

对炼油厂重油催化裂化过程硅铝催化剂朱活的原因进行了分析研究,提出了回流浸取法再生催化剂的新工艺。采用该工艺处理后的催化剂含镍量可由０．８％降至０．２１％,活性恢复９５．７％,达到工业应用标准。     

Estimation of waste generation from floods

A framework of correlation for estimating the amount of waste generation from floods is developed. Flood waste data were collected from four recent typhoons in Taiwan. Parameters affecting the flood waste are analyzed. Population density, flooded area and amount of total rainfall are chosen as the correlating parameters for the model development, and regression diagnostics are performed to check the validity of the collected data. The simple linear model is shown to be incapable of correlating the flood waste data. An exponential model is proposed and shown to give acceptable correlation with the flood waste data spanning five orders of magnitude. The model can be useful in the planning of waste cleanup after floods.