布风结构对埋管浅床内非均匀颗粒流化特性的影响

针对含内埋管的3维浅层流化床，以空气和非均匀铝矾土铸造砂颗粒为气相和固相开展冷态实验，采用压差变送器测量了5种不同开孔率布风板的床层压降，考察了开孔率、静床高度及流化仓室配风模式对非均匀颗粒流态化特征参数及流化质量的影响。结果表明，非均匀颗粒的床层压降特性曲线不存在明显的突变，流化过程分为固定床、半流态化和完全流态化三个阶段，各阶段分界点特征速度受开孔率影响不大。对于平均粒径为215μm的非均匀颗粒，床层压降标准差随开孔率的变化存在极小值，开孔率为0.79%的布风板流态化稳定性最高。配风模式对多仓室流化床局部床层压降有重要影响，采用等风速模式可有效降低仓室之间的压降差异，提高整体流化空间的均匀性。     

410t/h循环流化床锅炉燃烧调整试验

针对国内A电厂410 t/h循环流化床(CFB)锅炉灰渣含碳量偏高、运行稳定性较差等问题,对锅炉一次风量、返料风量、入炉煤粒度等主要运行参数进行优化调整,探索锅炉最佳运行参数组合。结果表明:入炉煤粒度偏细,中位径仅约为1 037.97μm,锅炉底渣中位径仅为375.64μm,表明入炉煤的成灰特性较好;炉膛上部灰浓度差压值高达约2.5 kPa,表明炉内细颗粒组分偏多,循环灰量受到一次风量的影响波动较大。为保证锅炉返料的稳定运行,控制穿过布风板的一次风量仅约为102 300 m3/h,远低于设计值183 000 m3/h,较同类型机组严重偏低。过低的一次流化风量使密相区燃烧缺氧严重,是引起灰渣含碳量偏高的主要原因。此外过低的一次风量,致使布风板阻力仅为2.1 kPa。与同类型锅炉布风板的阻力相比,布风板阻力偏小,造成锅炉局部流化不良、温度分布不均匀等。建议合理调节入炉煤粒度,控制其中位径在2 000～3 000μm,优化炉内灰浓度分布,提高一次运行风量,可有效提高锅炉燃烧效率。     

布风板对磷矿混合颗粒流化特性与还原反应的影响

针对现有窑法磷酸工艺中磷矿还原率低、热质传递差、结圈堵料等问题,将流态化技术应用于磷矿的还原反应。通过对布风板压降、操作弹性、流化质量、高温流态化还原磷矿反应的研究,考察了4种布风板的性能,并与固定床的热模实验结果进行了比较。实验结果表明:随着气速的增加,直孔布风板的压降以二次函数的形式增长,斜孔布风板则呈现一次函数的关系,且斜孔布风板的阻力损失与床层压降均高于直孔布风板;对于圆面斜孔布风板,曲线压力波动最小,流化质量最好;斜孔布风板的磷矿还原率均高于直孔布风板,说明斜孔孔道有利于磷矿的还原反应;在硅钙摩尔比为3.0、反应温度1 300℃时,圆面斜孔布风板的还原率可达98.26%,且流化床还原磷矿较固定床好。     

流化床冷模布风板数值模拟研究

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件包fluent,研究流化床反应器中的气流通过冷模布风板时压降过大的问题。采用正交数值模拟仿真实验对不同的开孔形式和不同的开孔直径进行研究,分析了流化床内的速度场、压力场,确定出:(1)布风板开孔直径越小,压降越大,但流化床内的速度场越容易达到稳定;(2)布风板中心处尽量不要开孔;(3)布风板开孔直径相同时,排列方式为等边三角形比正方形时压降更小。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气固两相流的数值模拟

应用欧拉双流体模型模拟了某化肥厂现运行的灰熔聚流化床煤气化炉(用ICC表示)内的气固两相流动行为,得出了所模拟ICC的合理流化气速与喷动气速的速度范围及匹配关系:流化气速不能太小,否则布风板区域会出现死区;流化气速也不能太大,否则将失去ICC的设计运行特点.当流化气速一定时,随喷动气速的增加,搅动混合增强,但过大的喷动气速会使床内的流动结构出现腾涌,不利于ICC的高效安全运行.     

外部流化床燃烧气化反应器的试验研究

针对循环流化床气化炉普遍存在的飞灰及底渣含碳量高、煤炭利用率低、气化效率不高等问题，研制了外部流化床燃烧气化反应器。通过冷态试验，研究了外部流化床燃烧气化反应器的布风板空板阻力和料层阻力与流化风量的关系，测定了飞灰在反应器内的停留时间，研究了外部流化床燃料气化反应器的输送特性。试验证明外部流化床燃烧气化反应器对于降低循环流化床气化炉飞灰和底含碳量是完全可行的。     

纳米颗粒聚团流化特性的数值模拟

基于气固两相流体动力学和流态化理论,建立气体纳米颗粒气固两相双流体模型.模型中采用了Jung&Gidaspow[1]测量的固相应力模量,并应用了王垚,金涌,魏飞[2]提出的聚团曳力系数计算模型.对纳米颗粒聚团的流化过程进行了数值模拟,得到纳米颗粒的流化特性.模拟得出的床层膨胀比与文献中实验的结果较为接近.     

有机硅单体合成的气固流化床的三维数值模拟

为了探索有机硅单体合成气固流化床内硅粉颗粒的流化特性,作者利用计算流体力学CFD软件,采用双欧拉气固两相流模型及SIMPLE算法,模拟了三维的气固流化床内硅粉颗粒的流化特性;分析了气泡生成、长大和破裂的过程,及不同床层高度的固体颗粒运动速度矢量图,不同床层高度处横截面颗粒体积分数变化。结果表明:三维模拟能直观的表现颗粒在流化床中的流化状态,为工业生产及应用提供了有效的依据。     

磷石膏颗粒湍动流化特性实验及模拟

针对磷石膏颗粒湍动流化体系曳力变化的问题,在实验的基础上,考虑非均匀结构对曳力的影响,引入修正因子φ修正Gidaspow曳力模型,对2D流化床进行了数值模拟研究。通过将Gidaspow模型在不同φ值下的模拟结果与实验结果进行对比,研究φ值的改变对模拟结果的影响规律及一定气速范围内磷石膏颗粒湍动流化体系曳力变化特性。结果表明,Gidaspow模型高估了实验体系曳力,对体系流化特性的预测效果较差;适当φ值的引入能明显提高Gidaspow模型对床层膨胀、压降及体系非均匀度的模拟精度。模拟结果反映出φ值越小,床层膨胀高度越低,床内颗粒浓度分布越不均匀,床层压降波动性越大。随着气速的升高(0.144~0.240 m/s),颗粒沿水平方向上的聚集程度加剧,φ值呈非线性减小(0.31~0.24)。流化体系的非均匀度随着气速增加而增大,颗粒浓度沿径向存在较大梯度,两侧边壁处附近出现环-核结构且流场分布对称性较差。     

UG-260/9.8-M2型CFB锅炉改造

通过对UG-260/9.8-M2型CFB锅炉进行分析,发现在调试、运行期间存在锅炉本体晃动较明显、床料流化不均、播煤不均,返料不畅等问题。为了解决这些问题,主要采取了以下措施:增加止晃装置膨胀间隙和数量、对布风板耐火材料重新浇筑、增加播煤风量、改造回料器进风管及风帽等。改造后的锅炉运行表明锅炉本体无明显晃动,炉膛内物料流化均匀,播煤均匀且返料正常。     

Design Impact on Airflow Patterns in Fluidization Units

The airflow behavior in a fluidization unit was integrally studied by means of experimental work and computational fluid dynamics simulation. The computational domain included the gas inlet pipe, plenum, perforated plate, fluidization chamber, and air outlet pipe. Different scenarios were simulated to allow distinguishing the best way to represent perforated‐plate distributors and elucidate the impact of the grid design on the fluidization performance. The simulated pressure drop across the distributor and the plenum flow pattern were in concordance with the experimental data. It was found that the distance between the peripheral holes and walls has a great impact on the airflow downstream the distributor.     

Influence of multiple gas inlet jets on fluidized bed hydrodynamics using Particle Image Velocimetry and Digital Image Analysis

A rectangular fluidized bed setup was developed to study the evolution of inlet gas jets located at the distributor. Experiments were conducted with varying distributor types and bed media to understand the motion of particles and jets in the grid-zone region of a fluidized bed. Particle Image Velocimetry and Digital Image Analysis were used to quantify the parameters that characterize these jets. A grid-zone phenomenological model was developed to compare these parameters with those available in the literature. It was determined from this study that jet penetration length behavior is consistently different for fluidization velocities below and above the minimum fluidization. For velocities above minimum fluidization, jet lengths were found to increase more rapidly with increase in orifice velocity than for operating conditions below minimum fluidization.     

分布板压降对流化状态的影响

本文分析了分布板压降对流化状态的影响.提出了避免床层发生局部死床和沟流的数学模型.划分了在床层中发生沟流、局部死床和完全流态化的区域.为分布板的合理设计提供了新的依据.     

Effect of distributors on Gas—Solid Fluidization

The efficient operation of a fluidized bed is very much dependent upon distributor performance, which in turn depends on its design parameters. The work reported here deals with the characteristics of such distributors as are commonly employed in laboratories, pilot plant and large scale operations. Specifically a porous plate distributor, two bubble cap distributors of different geometries and four Johnson screen distibutors of different percent open area have been investigated in a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square fluidized bed as a function of air fluidizing velocity and bed height. The pressure drop data for all the distributors have been correlated by a single equation with two unknown constants. The ratio of distributor pressure drop to bed pressure drop is found to increase rapidly with increase in fluidization velocity. The bed expansion ratio is found to increase with increase in excess fluidization velocity and distributor pressure drop but decreases with increase in bed height or weight.     

塔式鼓泡流化床内的涌渗流动特性

为强化气固接触,提出了一种新型塔式鼓泡循环床反应器,采用多个带有风帽的中间分布板、沿床层高度方向将反应器分隔成若干腔室,流化过程中形成一种特殊的涌渗（gushing）现象;依据连续拍照所得图像,基于快速傅里叶变换和小波包变换的方法,对床内压力脉动信号进行分析,研究涌渗产生和消亡条件,频率和能量大小,以期掌握涌渗的形成规律。结果表明,此反应器内流化数为3.47时涌渗产生明显,周期性寿命为1~2 s,频率分布于0.1~0.5 Hz区域;保持流化风速不变,改变反应器结构,加入一层中间分布板构成双腔室、调整下腔室高径比为3：1以及适当增大风帽开孔率时,涌渗主频明显,能量适中,涌渗效果得到优化。因此,塔式鼓泡流化床内的涌渗流动特性取决于流化风速以及塔式鼓泡床的几何结构。     

Effect of air distributor on the fluidization characteristics in conical gas fluidized beds

The effect of an air distributor on the fluidization characteristics of 1 mm glass beads has been determined in a conical gas fluidized bed (0.1 m-inlet diameter and 0.6 m in height) with an apex angle of 20‡. To determine the effect of distributor geometry, five different perforated distributors were employed (the opening fraction of 0.009–0.037, different hole size, and number). The differential bed pressure drop increases with increasing gas velocity, and it goes from zero to a maximum value with increasing or decreasing gas velocity. From the differential bed pressure drop profiles with the distributors having different opening fractions, demarcation velocities of the minimum and maximum velocities of the partial fluidization, full fluidization, partial defluidization and the full defluidization are determined. Also, bubble frequencies in the conical gas fluidized beds were measured by an optical probe. In the conical bed, the gas velocity at which the maximum bed pressure drop attained increases with increasing the opening fraction of distributors.     

利用套管结构实现液固均匀分布

基于分支管路原理和液固流态化的性质,提出了一种用于多管液固循环流化床的组合式液固分布器.利用建立的小型冷态试验装置,考察了管束中的颗粒循环速率和固含率.试验结果表明,在多管循环液固流化床下管箱安装组合式分布器可以实现固体颗粒在管束中的均匀分配.     

Fluidization of Group B particles with a rotating distributor

A novel rotating distributor fluidized bed is presented. The distributor is a rotating perforated plate, with 1% open-area ratio. This work evaluates the performance of this new design, considering pressure drop, Δp, and quality of fluidization. Bed fluidization was easily achieved with the proposed device, improving the solid mixing and the quality of fluidization.In order to examine the effect of the rotational speed of the distributor plate on the hydrodynamic behavior of the bed, minimum fluidization velocity, U_mf, and pressure fluctuations were analyzed. Experiments were conducted in the bubbling free regime in a 0.19 m i.d. fluidized bed, operating with Group B particles according to Geldart's classification. The pressure drop across the bed and the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations, σ_p, were used to find the minimum fluidization velocity, U_mf. A decrease in U_mf is observed when the rotational speed increases and a rise in the measured pressure drop was also found. Frequency analysis of pressure fluctuations shows that fluidization can be controlled by the adjustable rotational speed, at several excess gas velocities.Measurements with several initial static bed heights were taken, in order to analyze the influence of the initial bed mass inventory, over the effect of the distributor rotation on the bed hydrodynamics.     

列管反应器改进结构环形分布器内变质量流动的数值分析

环形分布器是实现载热体在列管式固定床反应器壳程均匀流动的重要部件。采用计算流体力学方法对丙烯氧化反应器壳程熔盐在改进结构型式(即椭圆扩张型进口,进口处两侧分别设置呈45°的导流挡板,挡板上均匀分布小孔,不均匀的开孔方式)的环形分布器内的变质量流动进行了模拟研究,分析了环形分布器内的速度及静压分布规律,并与传统型式环形分布器进行对比,并考察了出口分布孔数目及进口熔盐流量对均布效果的影响。通过计算发现,改进结构的分布器均布特性优于传统结构;优选24个分布孔能够满足流体均布的要求,且分布孔达到36,流体均布情况基本稳定;减小进口熔盐流速,进口区域速度及静压波动较小,减小了进口能量损耗,有利于流体均布。