美丽属海绵次生代谢产物及其生物活性

美丽属海绵Callyspongia sp.分布广泛,含有多种生物活性成分,如多炔、肽类、生物碱、脂肪酸、聚酮类、甾体等,其中许多化合物具有抗污浊、抗肿瘤和抗菌等多种生物活性.按化合物的结构类型简要介绍了近几十年来美丽属海绵化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展,为进一步的研究工作提供参考.     

南海海绵Haliclona sp.的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、凝胶等色谱分离方法进行分离纯化,采用理化常数及波谱学方法鉴定结构,研究了南海海绵Haliclona sp.的化学成分.结果从南海海绵Haliclona sp.中分离得到9个化合物,经鉴定分别为:正十六烷基甘油醚(Cetyl ethers of glycerol,1)、正十二烷酸(Dodecanoic acid,2)、2'-脱氧腺苷(2'-deoxyadenosin,3)、尿苷(Uridine,4)、2'-脱氧尿苷(2'-deoxyuridine,5)、2'-脱氧胸苷(2'-deoxythymidine,6)、a-乙基葡萄糖苷(a-ethyl glucoside,7)、对羟基苯乙胺(Tyramine,8)、异戊胺(Isopentylamine,9).化合物4、5、7和9为首次从该属中分离得到.     

海绵动物中的生物活性物质研究进展

由于海绵动物分布广泛、容易采集,并能合成出许多化学结构不同的天然产物,因此它已经成为具有生物活性海洋天然产物的主要来源之一。本文主要介绍近年来有关海绵动物中具有生物活性的天然产物研究进展。1　抗肿瘤(细胞毒)物质20世纪50年代,Bergmann及其同事从加勒比海海绵Cryptotebiacrypta中分离出一系列的阿拉伯糖核苷酸,这是潜在的肿瘤抑制剂。这个发现导致了一系列新的阿拉伯糖核苷的合成研究。其中阿糖胞苷(ara-C)在体内具有潜在的抗白血病的活性。阿糖胞苷通过转化成阿拉伯糖胞嘧啶三磷酸,掺入到细胞中DNA,并进一步抑制DNA聚合酶…     

软海绵属海绵Halichondria sp.甾体类化学成分研究

为了系统研究中国南海软海绵属海绵 Halichondria sp.的化学成分,文章采用多种色谱方法分离纯化,从其氯仿萃取部位中分离得到了9个甾体类化合物,依据理化性质、波谱数据和文献对照的方法鉴定其结构.其结构分别鉴定为:1)3β-羟基-5,8,22-麦角甾三烯-7-酮;2)3β,5α-二羟基-7,22-麦角甾二烯-6-酮;3)3β,5α,6β-胆甾三醇;4)3β,5α,9α-三羟基-7,22-胆甾二烯-6-酮;5)3β-羟基-5-胆甾烯-6-酮;6)5α,8α-环二氧-6,22-麦角甾二烯-3β-醇;7)5α,8α-环二氧-6-胆甾烯-3β-醇;8)7,22-麦角甾二烯-3β,5α,3β-三醇;9)胆甾醇.本研究结果不仅丰富了软海绵属海绵的化学成分研究,而且将为软海绵属海绵的化学分类及甾体类化合物的进一步研究提供有利的理论依据.     

中国海域污着生物中的海绵 Ⅰ

海绵的幼虫都营浮游生活,成体海绵则都营附着生活。本文仅讨论附着在码头、船舶和浮标等长期置于水下的物体上的;所谓污着性附着生物中的海绵。 我国海域包括热带、亚热带和温带,附着生物中的海绵种类很多。本文所用材料仅采自青岛、厦门、东山、香港、雷州、榆林、涠洲岛、白龙尾和西沙群岛,除作者采集的以外,还有国家海洋局第三海洋研究所委托鉴定的标本。许多标本严重损伤,有的采集不完整或仅有几个碎片,给鉴定工作带来许多困难。经作者整理,已鉴定27种,隶属于钙质海绵和寻常海绵两个纲的13科17属,其中有5个新种,除日本毛壶外,其余21种都是我国海域的首次记录。本文对有关各种作了观察和描述,并对一些相近的属和种作了概要的讨论。     

西沙海绵Plakortis simplex中的三个聚酮类成分研究

为了对海绵(Plakortis simplex)乙酸乙酯萃取物中的聚酮类化学成分进行研究,本文综合运用有机溶剂萃取、正相硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱(ODS)以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)等多种手段对海绵(Plakortis simplex)的弱极性化学成分进行分离纯化。通过MS和NMR波谱分析方法并结合文献对照,鉴定化合物的结构。从该海绵的乙酸乙酯萃取物中共分离鉴定了3个化合物。化合物2和3均为首次从该种海绵中分离得到。     

南海蓖麻海绵化学成分的研究

对采自我国南海海域的蓖麻海绵Biemnasp .的化学成分进行了研究。从中分离出 4个结晶化合物。经FT -IR ,MS ,1 HNMR ,1 3　CNMR ,DEPT等波谱方法鉴定分别为正二十八酸(Ⅰ) ,正十六酸 (Ⅱ) ,穿贝海绵甾醇 (Ⅲ )和biemnamide (Ⅳ )。报道了 (Ⅰ) ,(Ⅱ) ,(Ⅲ )的化学结构和 (Ⅳ )的生理活性     

基于骨骼特征的2种深海六放海绵的描述

作者记述了两种深海海绵薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)和绢网海绵科一种(Farreidae sp.),其中薄管海绵属为新记录属。由于采集时海绵已经死亡,骨针脱离海绵,只具有骨骼形态,缺乏骨针形态,所以两种海绵只能鉴定到属或科。薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)隶属于真网海绵科(Euretidae),薄管海绵属(Chonelasma),由"蛟龙号"于2013年7月7日采集于南海3 551 m处。绢网海绵科一种Farreidae sp.隶属于绢网海绵科(Farreidae),由"科学号"于2014年4月18日采集于冲绳海槽1 190 m处。文中描述了两个种的外部形态特征和骨骼形态,丰富了中国六放海绵纲(Hexactinellida)的研究资料。     

南海蓖麻海绵化学成分的研究

对采自我国南海海域的蓖麻海绵Biemna sp.的化学成分进行了研究,从中分离出4个结晶化合物,经FT－IR,MS,^-HNMR,^13CNMR,DEPT等波谱方法鉴定分别为正二十八酸（I）,正十六酸（II）,穿贝海绵甾醇（III）和biemnamide(IV),报道了（I）,（II）,（III）的化学结构和（IV）的生理活性。     

六放海绵一新种——中间单根海绵

1978年在冲绳海槽获得一块海绵碎片,后来在同一水域又获得许多不完整的标本及碎片。经鉴别表明,这些标本系单根海绵的新种——中间单根海绵。本文对其骨针作了详细的观察和描述,并对许多微型小骨针作了扫描电镜的观察。     

中国珊瑚礁资源状况及其药用研究调查 Ⅲ.民间药用与药物研究状况

对中国珊瑚药用状况和研究现状进行了调查.结果表明,中国有造礁石珊瑚、柳珊瑚、软珊瑚等珊瑚物种 490 种,民间药用的仅有22种.目前,已经对100种南海软珊瑚和柳珊瑚进行了化学成分的研究.其中,软珊瑚以豆荚软珊瑚Lobophytum,肉芝软珊瑚Sarcophyton,短指软珊瑚Sinularia,柔荑软珊瑚Nephthea和异花软珊瑚Xenia等属研究较多,柳珊瑚以小月柳珊瑚Menella,竹节柳珊瑚Isis和灯芯柳珊瑚Junceella等属研究较多.主要化合物结构类型包括二萜、甾体、倍半萜,含氮化合物等,其中部分化合物显示较强的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、防生物附着等多种生物活性,具有潜在的药物开发应用价值.     

Arsenic geochemistry in Chesapeake Bay: Dependence upon anthropogenic inputs and phytoplankton species composition

Arsenic is not conservative in Chesapeake Bay. Inputs of man-derived arsenic, of the order of 100 kg d⁻¹, cause substantial positive deviation from theoretical dilution. The chemical form of the arsenic varies both seasonally and along the axis of the bay. During winter, arsenic is present only as arsenate. During summer, substantial quantities of reduced and methylated forms are present in different areas, indicative of separate formation processes. Arsenite, present in low-salinity regions, may have been formed by chemical reduction in anoxic, subsurface waters and then mixed into the surface layer. Methylated arsenicals correlate highly with algal standing stocks. One particular form, methylarsonate, is highly correlated with the dominant algal genus, Chroomonas. As both arsenic reactivity and toxicity are altered by transformation of chemical form, the observed variations in arsenic speciation have considerable geochemical and ecological significance.     

绿藻水溶性多糖的研究概况和进展

对近年来绿藻多糖的提纯方法、组成结构及应用的研究进展进行了综述。绿藻多糖的提纯需要经过样品的前处理、提取和精制三个步骤,提取方法包括酸提、酶提、加入钙螯合剂提取、微波及超声波辅助提取。绿藻多糖是水溶性的硫酸化杂多糖。从石莼(Ulva)、浒苔(Enteromorpha)、礁膜(Monostroma)、小球藻(Chlorella)、蕨菜(Bracken)及刚毛藻(Bristles)中提取的多糖的化学组成及结构特征各不相同,而且多糖的化学组成和结构特征受提取方式的影响。绿藻多糖的生物相容性、生物可降解性及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗炎、免疫调节等多种生物活性使其在食品、医药、化妆品及农业中具有广泛的应用。有关绿藻多糖的精确结构、提纯方法及化学修饰的进一步研究将使绿藻多糖的应用更加广泛。     

Antarctic marine chemical ecology: what is next?

Antarctic ecosystems are exposed to unique environmental characteristics resulting in communities structured both by biotic interactions such as predation and competition, as well as abiotic factors such as seasonality and ice‐scouring. It is important to understand how ecological factors may trigger chemical mechanisms in marine Antarctic organisms as a response for survival. However, very little is known yet about the evolution of chemical compounds in Antarctic organisms. Investigations in chemical ecology have demonstrated over the last several years that defensive metabolites have evolved in numerous representative Antarctic species. This contradicts earlier theories concerning biogeographic variation in predation and chemical defenses. As reviewed here, a number of interesting natural products have been isolated from Antarctic organisms. However, we believe many more are still to be discovered. Currently, many groups such as microorganisms, planktonic organisms and deep‐sea fauna remain almost totally unknown regarding their natural products. Furthermore, for many described compounds, ecological roles have yet to be evaluated. In fact, much of the research carried out to date has been conducted in the laboratory, and only in a few cases in an ecologically relevant context. Therefore, there is a need to extend the experiments to the field, as done in tropical and temperate marine ecosystems, or at least, to test the activity of the chemicals in natural conditions and ecologically meaningful interactions. Defense against predators is always one of the main topics when talking about the roles of natural products in species interactions, but many other interesting aspects, such as competition, chemoattraction, fouling avoidance and ultraviolet (UV) protection, also deserve further attention. In our opinion, challenging future developments are to be expected for Antarctic marine chemical ecology in the years to come.     

南沙深海沉积物中石油降解菌的分离鉴定和多样性分析

为了解我国南沙海域中石油降解菌的多样性,认识其在环境自净中作用并获得用于石油污染生物修复的菌种资源,以不同链长烷烃及支链烷烃对南沙深海沉积物样品进行富集与烃降解菌的分离鉴定,并结合16S rRNA基因文库和DGGE技术对降解菌群的结构进行了分析.结果表明：通过16S rRNA基因文库构建及PCR-DGGE分析发现,不同链长烷烃富集后的菌群中,食烷菌（Alcanivorax）在各降解菌群中都是绝对优势菌;另外,除烃海杆菌（Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus）、海绵假单胞菌（Pseudomonas pachastrellae）,以及Idiomarina与Kangiella属的细菌也是菌群中较重要的优势菌.此外,通过2种平板培养基从烷烃富集的降解菌群中分离获得了8个不同属的细菌.本研究还首次发现Kangiella属（食烷菌科）的细菌可能参与了烷烃降解.南沙沉积物烷烃降解菌多为γ-Proteobacteria;其中,食烷菌科（Alcanivoraceae）（Alcanivorax与Kangiella属）的细菌在降解菌群中是绝对优势菌,假单胞菌与海杆菌在烷烃降解过程中也起着重要作用.     

Spinoecia crassispina (nov. sp.), A NEW SPECIES OF PLANKTONIC OSTRACODA

INTRODUCTION In the analysis of the planktonic samples collected from the transection survey of the East China Sea (28°—34°N, west to 127°E) from December, 1977 to November, 1978, and the survey of the South China Sea(12°—19°30'N, 111°—118°E) from September, 1983 to December, 1984, we found some female specimens belonging to Spinoecia, but different from all the known species in the genus. Based on comparisons, we have iden-     

鱼类寄生宫脂属线虫分种检索表

本文对宫脂属线虫的研究历史进行了简单的回顾,井论述了该属线虫分类中常用的一些形态学特征。依据2005年以前发表的有关宫脂属线虫的原始资料.分析了宫脂属线虫各种的形态学特征(主要包括:侧翼的有无,尾乳突的数目和分布.尾尖有无尾饰.肠盲囊和胃盲囊及食道的比值.交合刺的长度以及与体长的比值等),依据这些分类学特征编制了该属种的分类检索表。     

东海钙质生物骨屑的矿物学特征

通过电镜、电子探针和X射线等项分析,对东海沉积物中的有孔虫、腹足类、双壳类、苔藓、珊瑚、海胆等骨屑进行了矿物学研究,确定了矿物成分与生物属种的关系,并基于有孔虫壳体化学成分将壳体分为均质壳和异质壳,生物碳酸盐中镁主要富集在方解石及镁方解石中,锶在方解石和镁方解石中的分配系数(D)相似,为0.11—0.14;在文石质骨屑中D=1.09-1.20。碳氧同位素组成与生物属种有明显关系。据一些有孔虫壳体氧同位素偏差值计算的水温来看,本次测定的有孔虫属种的骨屑不能作为理想的骨屑温度计。     

Molecular research on the systematically challenging smoothhound shark genus Mustelus: a synthesis of the past 30 years

The species-rich genus Mustelus (smoothhounds) of the shark family Triakidae is one of the most bio-economically important groups of elasmobranchs in the world’s oceans. Despite the commercial value of Mustelus, the systematics of the group remains largely unresolved and there is no global review or synthesis of knowledge about the conservation status and conservation genetics of smoothhounds across all oceanic regions. Here, we analysed published studies as well as grey literature to gain insight into the biogeographic, ecological and behavioural factors that shape genetic diversity in smoothhounds, and we identify critical knowledge gaps. From a series of molecular phylogenetic studies it can be inferred that the genus Mustelus is paraphyletic and that the aplacental species evolved secondarily from the placental species of the genus. The increasing availability of genetic data aids in disentangling systematic issues, such that more meaningful morphological characters can be chosen for use in practical field-identification keys for co-occurring smoothhounds. An integrative taxonomic approach to the genus Mustelus may offer the best chance of recording and protecting the biodiversity of these sharks. Furthermore, it is evident that different smoothhound species exhibit unique gene-flow patterns, suggesting varying rates within species and hence that species-level conservation approaches would be most appropriate. Molecular studies have advanced our understanding of smoothhound biology (including reproductive traits), ecology and evolution. While many knowledge gaps remain, a crucial lesson from this review is that, when doing assessments on a molecular level, it is important to place genetic results in a broader context, by assimilating biological and ecological data, if definitive conclusions are to be drawn.     

广西涠洲岛珊瑚分布状况研究

文章根据2017年涠洲岛最新珊瑚本底调查资料,对比分析近10年来,涠洲岛珊瑚种类数量、分布状态以及优势物种变化状况。结果表明,涠洲岛珊瑚以造礁珊瑚为主体,高达10科23属41种,其次为分布有较多的柳珊瑚,为4科12属14种,此外也分布有少量的软珊瑚、群体海葵;珊瑚主要分布于近海海岸一带,以0. 5～6 m的珊瑚礁坪生长带为主,具有明显的分带特点;对比2008年调查数据,本次调查发现涠洲岛海域珊瑚优势物种发生了变化,由角蜂巢珊瑚属变为滨珊瑚属,蔷薇珊瑚属不再是优势属,反而新增了蜂巢珊瑚属和牡丹珊瑚属,此外珊瑚覆盖度较2008年出现了下降趋势,表明了涠洲岛珊瑚生存状况受到了人为活动等因素的影响。