GPS浮标数据反演海浪谱的理论仿真与试验验证

GPS浮标作为一种新型的海洋测量设备,近年来在海面高度现场测量和星载高度计定标方面取得了重要应用。通过仿真试验对反演海浪谱的方法和流程进行研究,旨在探索从GPS浮标测量的海面高度序列中提取海浪谱的方法。首先,使用Longuest模型生成了海浪波面位移时间序列,并通过Pierson-Moscowitz风浪谱对波面位移的统计特性进行约束,其随机性由相位引入。结合典型潮汐和GPS浮标仪器噪声的仿真时间序列,合成了仿真时间长度1h的1Hz(每秒1次)随机海面高度序列。然后,利用自相关函数法,进行高通滤波和数据压缩,得到了仿真的海浪谱。该仿真结果和理论海浪谱非常接近,可满足海浪谱反演的需求。最后,通过山东石岛外海的GPS浮标现场试验,验证了本文提出的反演方法的适用性。本文的研究解决了GPS浮标反演海浪谱的关键问题,丰富了海浪谱反演的手段,拓展了GPS浮标的应用领域,有望为未来我国的星载波谱仪定标服务。     

波谱仪调制功率谱估计算法性能的仿真研究

基于星载波谱仪海浪方向谱探测原理，仿真了不同海况、风速下的海浪波谱仪接收信号，并采用周期图法、Welch法、AR模型法以及最小方差法共4种不同的调制谱估计方法反演出海浪谱，比较各种调制谱估计方法的海浪方向谱反演性能。仿真结果表明:对于一定方位向下的一维海浪谱反演，不同调制谱估计方法反演海浪谱性能优劣没有绝对的顺序。对于二维海浪谱反演，在成长中海浪条件下周期图法反演性能最差，其他3种方法的反演性能没有绝对优劣顺序；对于成熟风浪，最小方差法在积分能量误差、有效波高误差两个指标上的反演性能最好，在主波波向、主波波长误差上，周期图法反演性能最差，其他3种方法没有绝对优劣顺序。在涌浪条件下，AR模型法反演性能优于其他3种方法。在不同海况下，随着波谱仪中心入射角的下降，反演性能会下降。基于这些仿真结果，本文推荐最小方差法作为充分成长海浪的海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法，AR模型法作为涌浪海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法。     

机载波谱仪海浪谱反演方法及其验证

为了验证波谱仪反演二维海浪谱的功能,根据海浪波谱仪的信号形成机制,总结了机载波谱仪反演海浪的流程。利用机载波谱仪回波数据,通过自相关和互相关两种功率谱估计方法,反演了二维海浪谱。最后通过与浮标测量的二维海浪谱进行对比,验证了该机载波谱仪探测二维海浪谱的有效性。结果表明,无论采用自相关函数还是互相关函数进行功率谱估计,得到的主波波长和有效波高与实际二维海浪谱基本一致。互相关函数法得到的交叉谱能去除180°模糊现象,其在计算有效波高时相对于自相关函数会稍微偏小。在计算斜率方差时可以采用5°~12°入射角范围的后向散射系数进行公式拟合,因此定标与否并不影响最后的二维海浪谱结果,未来星载波谱仪只有靠多波束联合才能实现。     

现代海浪功率谱估计的改进算法

海浪谱是随机海浪的一个重要统计性质,它不仅包含着海浪的二阶信息,而且还直接给出了海浪组成波能量相对于频率和方向的分布。谱方法已经成为研究海浪及其有关问题的有力工具。文中主要参照现代谱估计中的THREE谱估计方法,对基于Kullback-Leibler度量的随机信号的功率谱估计方法中优化参数的求解算法进行了改进,并与基于Hellinger度量的谱估计方法进行了比较。通过数值模拟和谱分析证实基于这两种度量的功率谱估计算法都能有效地避免谱线分裂和谱峰偏移现象。     

基于GPS高频数据的海浪测量方法

研究了基于GPS高频数据进行海浪测量的方法。利用TRACK解算得海上载体高精度的垂向位移,经浪潮分离提取海浪信号,分别采用相关函数法和周期图法估计海浪信号的功率谱,并计算海浪要素。利用实测数据进行试验,结果表明,周期图法推算的平均波高和平均周期精度较高,与测波仪结果差异分别小于2cm和0.25s,基于GPS高频数据的海浪测量方法可有效反演海浪要素。     

提高水下GPS定位精度方法研究

水下GPS定位是近几年发展起来的高新技术.承载GPS接收机的海上浮标由于受海浪的影响,使得GPS接收信号附加了海浪信息,最终影响到水下目标的精确定位.针对海浪影响水下GPS定位精度现状,提出基于样条函数的数据分频处理方法,从而有效地分离海浪引起的长周期性漂移误差和短周期性随机误差,提高水下GPS定位精度.通过对实测数据的处理,证明了该方法的有效性.     

基于ARMA模型的海浪功率谱估计方法研究

针对经典功率谱估计方法的一些缺点,对随即海浪过程进行了ARMA谱估计的仿真研究,仿真的结果表明ARMA功率谱估计方法在分辨率、平滑和偏差等方面更加有效。     

HH 极化 Ter r aSAR-X 图像提取海浪要素的方法研究

把 SAR 海面风场反演的地球物理模型与海浪的参数化初猜谱反演模式结合起来,用于提取 Ter r aSAR-X 图像的海浪 要素信息。首先采用风场反演的经验模型得到 Ter r aSAR-X 图像的海面风场,然后将风场信息作为初始条件应用于参数化初 猜测谱模式中,从而得到海浪谱以及相关的海浪要素信息。反演结果与对应的浮标站点数据进行对比,对比结果显示：风速 的绝对误差在 1. 1 m/ s以内,风向的绝对误差在 5毅以内,有效波高的绝对误差在 0. 93 m 以内,平均周期的绝对误差在 2. 43 s 以内。因此,可以得出结论：本文使用的方法能有效的从 Ter r aSAR-X 图像中提取海浪要素的信息。     

基于三阶斯托克斯波的谱估计及海浪数值模拟研究

为了拓宽建立深水非线性海浪频谱模型的研究途径,基于三阶斯托克斯波理论,提出了以改进的三阶斯托克斯波为组成波,以修正的自回归模型(AR)谱估计方法得到的估计谱(简称新谱)为靶谱的非线性海浪模型。通过基于模拟频谱和相位谱反演海浪波面高度时间序列(以下简称海浪时历反演方法)的谱比较方法验证了新谱的优越性,为从根本上解决精确评估海浪谱提供了技术支撑,对于增强未来掌控海战场具有重要意义。     

用TOR方法估计海浪二阶谱

介绍了估计二阶谱的TOR方法,较合理地确定了TOR方法中AR模型的阶数,并首次将其应用于实际海浪过程的二阶谱估计。结果表明,用TOR方法对较短的波面序列进行二阶谱估计时,明显优于传统的周期图方法。     

A comparison of sea-state parameters from nautical radar images and buoy data

Nautical radar and scalar buoy measurements of ocean wind generated waves have been analysed to compare the spectral parameters estimated from both sensors. The time series of different sea-state parameters and the differences and ratios of the values obtained from radar and buoy data using different analysis methods are compared. It has been observed that main differences between the sea-state parameters derived by using measurements obtained from both sensors result both from device characteristics and from the method of spectral estimation. In particular, it is shown that the Nyquist frequency has an important effect on the value of the sea-state parameters depending on spectral moments of order higher than zero.     

Directional wave spectra measured with a cloverleaf buoy during ARSLOE

The cloverleaf buoy is designed to determine the directional wave spectra with high directional resolution by measuring the vertical acceleration, surface slope, and curvature of the ocean wave surface. This paper describes the properties of the directional wave spectra measured with the cloverleaf buoy during the Atlantic Remote Sensing Land Ocean Experiment (ARSLOE). It is shown that the directional wave spectra measured under relatively constant wind agree fairly well with the similarity spectrum reported previously, but some differences are found in the spectral parameters. The differences in the scale parameters are attributed to unstable atmospheric conditions, though reasonable explanations for those in the shape parameters are difficult now.     

Tsunami Wave Interaction with Data Buoys

To plan for proper mitigation measures, one should have an advanced knowledge of the phenomenon of tsunami propagation from the deep ocean to coastal waters. There are a few methods to predict tsunamis in the ocean waters; one method is the effective use of data buoy measurements. Although data buoys have been used along the Indian waters there has been a tremendous growth in the number of buoy deployment recently. Under the National Data Buoy Programme (NDBP) of India, the 2.2 m diameter discus data buoys were deployed along the east and west coasts of India for measuring meteorological and ocean parameters. It would be advantageous if these buoys could be efficiently used to measure rare events such as tsunamis. Understanding the dynamic behavior of the buoy is of prime importance if a tsunami warning system is to be successful. This may be accomplished through experimental or numerical studies. A comprehensive experimental study has been conducted to understand the dynamic behavior of a wave rider buoy exposed to a variety of waves. It is common that tsunami waves are represented in terms of shallow water waves, namely solitary and cnoidal waves. Hence, in the present study, the discus type data buoy is scale modeled and tested under the action of solitary and cnoidal waves in the laboratory. The time histories of wave elevations, as well as heave and pitch motions of the buoy model, were analyzed through a spectral approach as well as through wavelet transformations. The wavelet approach gives more detailed insight into the spectral characteristics of the buoy motion in the time scale. The harmonic analyses were performed for the cnoidal wave elevations and subsequent motion characteristics that give an insight into the energy variations. The details of the model, instrumentation, testing conditions and the results are presented in this paper.     

单点GPS浮标测波方法与数据质量控制研究

首先对GPS浮标测波原理进行分析,介绍了GPS接收器测量运动参数的多普勒方法;然后对于在现场测量中可能发生的采样丢失所导致的数据间断进行探讨,并提出了间断接续和冗余采样的解决方法,通过数值模拟实验证明了数据质量控制方法的有效性.     

Hindcasting wave spectra in finite‐depth waters

A model is described for hindcasting or forecasting waves in finite‐depth waters. The model is particularly applicable to coastal sites where the water is depth‐limited. The wave energy density spectrum is modelled in the frequency‐directional domain. For each spectral component a ray is defined along which wave energy propagates to reach the site. For sites exposed to the open ocean a background spectral wave model is required to provide input to the ray endpoints. Further growth and dissipation is then effected along the rays according to the local wind and water depth. The model was used to hindcast wave spectra over a period of 9 months for a site in the Canterbury Bight, New Zealand. The results were compared with measurements from a Waveridcr buoy at the site. The model succeeds in explaining about 40% of the variance in measured significant wave heights. However, the present application is handicapped by errors inherent in the background spectral model and in specifying the local wind.     

Seasonal variations of wind and waves over Taiwan waters

We here investigate the frequency and intensity of oscillations in oceanographic data within intraseasonal time scales using spectral analysis of surface wind and wave time-series data collected at off-island weather stations or moored buoys around Taiwan. Data from marine weather stations were used to trace atmospheric conditions, while we used buoy data to examine sea states. The spectra and wavelet scalogram of the wind fields revealed oscillations with a period of around 20–33 days, and the energy density of the wind field at the off-island stations was stronger than that at the data buoy stations. However, the wavelet scalogram of the wave height measured at the buoy stations was stronger than its associated wind field. This long-period oscillation is consistent with the wavelet scalogram of the wind field calculated from the off-island weather stations. About 20–33 day oscillations exist within intraseasonal variations, which are closely linked to the atmospheric environment and to wind and ocean wave fields. Oscillations with a period of 5–10 days are a pronounced feature over northeastern Taiwan waters during the winter season and can be interpreted as the wave pattern following synoptic weather systems.     

A spectral model for the sea-state with explicit forcing terms

A spectral ocean wave model with explicit representations of the identified physical source terms is described. The model has the ability to represent the evolution of the wave spectrum effectively without the need for a very short integration timestep. This is achieved by incorporating a simple parameterisation for the weakly nonlinear wave-wave interactions and using a predictor step to estimate the integral parameters which govern the form of this function. The model was tested over a number of ideal situations and conformed well to the data. It also performed comparably to the third-generation WAM model. In field trials the model was driven by winds derived from numerical weather prediction model initialisations via a diagnostic marine boundary layer model. The wave estimates were compared with data from a Waverider buoy at a site exposed to the Southern Oceans. Significant wave heights were modelled well with a root-mean-square error of 0·9m and a scatter index of 0·24. Frequency characteristics produced poorer results but similar to other operational models, i.e. frequency was over-estimated. Comparisons with significant wave heights from the GEOSAT radar altimeter gave a spatial measure of the model's performance which was similar to the temporal measure from the Waverider buoy data.     

GPS接收机与PC机的串口通讯技术及其在海洋潮位监测中的应用

在剖析"Jupiter"GPS接收机工作原理及其硬软件接口的基础上,实现接收机与计算机的实时通讯,为以浮标为搭载,中、远程海洋长基线精密潮位监测定位打下基础.该接收机软件实现原DOS环境下接收信号的GPS接收机,直接在Windows下实时显示、存储和处理数据.该软件不但适用于"Jupiter"接收机,通过配置串口参数,可以用于任意遵循NMEA0183协议的接收机,扩展性强.