以《深海法》为基石开拓创新 奋发图强 开创我国深海大洋工作新局面

2016年,在建设“海洋强国”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”战略构想的指引下,大洋工作坚持以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导,全面贯彻落实习近平总书记重要讲话精神和党的十八届三中、四中、五中和六中全会精神,开拓创新、奋力拼搏、抓实抓牢、苦干实干,大洋工作取得丰硕成果：《中华人民共和国深海海底区域资源勘探开发法》顺利出台,多金属结核勘探合同延期申请获得核准,战略规划全面开展,资源调查工作不断拓展,深海装备技术走向应用,大洋综合能力建设迈入新阶段。     

关于中国大西洋海洋战略布局的几点思考

随着综合国力的不断增长和海洋力量的不断提升,中国在大西洋的海外利益不断延伸,这对中国的海洋战略提出了新的要求。在《中华人民共和国深海海底区域资源勘探开发法》出台背景下,提前谋划中国的大西洋海洋战略十分必要。文章系统阐述了大西洋的全球战略地位,从政治与外交、军事与安全、经济与贸易、科技与环保等方面分析其对中国的战略意义,探讨大西洋海洋战略布局的目标框架。在此基础上,对中国大西洋战略布局进行现实考量,提出全面构建大西洋伙伴关系,提升大西洋资源调查、勘探和开发能力,中国海警加快融入国际海上搜寻救助体系等建议。     

浅析国家深海活动能力建设及其构成要素

深海能力建设是海洋强国建设的重要组成部分,是国家有效利用深海、保障海洋权益综合国力的体现。广袤的深海区域赋存着人类社会可持续发展的战略资源,同时深海区域还是科学家开展宇宙起源、生命起源、气候变化等研究的天然实验室。文章从论述资源勘探开发和科学研究对国家深海活动能力的需求出发,分析了我国深海技术装备研发、应用现状和存在的问题,最后提出国家深海活动能力构成三要素:完善的深海技术装备体系、健全的深海装备应用平台、有效的深海装备应用体制和机制。     

深海多金属硫化物采矿研究进展及其前景探讨

随着陆地金属矿产资源的日渐枯竭,深海多金属硫化物逐渐成为海洋矿产资源勘探的新趋势。文章介绍了全球主要海底多金属硫化物矿床的成因及分布特点,阐述了多个国际矿业公司和国际海洋组织对西南太平洋、大西洋和印度洋海底块状多金属硫化物勘探活动的最新进展。从海底多金属硫化物的金属品质、深海采矿的法律政策和环境保护等方面对海底多金属硫化物的开发前景进行探讨,并提出积极投身国际海底资源开发规章制定,进一步细化国内法律制度,为深海采矿提供良好的法律制度环境;提升深海治理能力,增强我国在深海领域的话语权;完善深海技术装备体系,提高深海开发创新能力等建议。     

关于公海“区域”中生物基因资源的勘探和开发问题

随着科学技术的进步，尤其是深海勘探技术的发展，人们发现深海海底蕴藏的具有商业开采价值的资源远不止多金属锰结核一种矿物资源，基因资源就是更具商业开采价值的另一种资源。从２０世纪８０年代起，几个有关工业化国家就开始了对基因资源的研究和勘探工作。近几年，他们加大了研究和勘探的力度，在技术上也取得了一些进展。由于有人预言基因资源的开发利用将先于区域中多金属结核的开采，因此，就在大力进行开发利用这种资源的现场调查和科学研究的同时，勘探和开发这一资源的法律问题也已引起了广泛的争论。一、深海海底生物基因资源海…     

海洋4号船再赴东北太平洋

据报道,5月19日下午3时,广州海洋地质调查局海洋4号远洋科学考察船驶离广州,奔赴东北太平洋国际海底区域的中国多金属结核资源开辟区,执行中国大洋协会下达的为期6个月的DY95－9航次勘探任务。我国自80年代起开始进行大洋多金属结核的调查和勘探,且990年经国务院批准成立了中国大洋协会,从事我国在国际海底区域的勘探、开发工作。1991年3月,联合国批准了中国大洋协会为国际海底先驱投资者,并获准了位于东北太平洋国际海底区域的15万kmZ为中国多金属结核资源开辟区。按照《联合国海洋法公约》的有关规定,我国必须在1999年3月前放…     

深水钻井安全的地质风险评价技术研究

大陆坡和深海盆地海底是不稳定的,如海底滑坡、滑塌、浊流、地震、断裂活动、浅层高压气囊等,对海洋油气勘探与开发所造成的灾害屡见不鲜.对于深海工程而言,开展潜在地质灾害因素及其危害性调查、科学地评价海洋开发的地质环境极为重要,它将直接为海洋开发部署与海底工程设施规划提供科学依据,关系到钻井、采油平台和海底管线等重大设施的安全问题,必须引起高度的重视[1,2].     

探海深潜器发展史料

<正>深海载人潜水器是运载科学家、工程技术人员和各种电子装置、特种设备快速、精确地到达各种深海复杂环境,进行高效勘探、科学考察和近海底作业的装备,是和平开发和利用深海资源的重要技术手段。??载人潜水器是最早开始发展的一种深海运载     

国际海底管理局和国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会会议

在国家管辖范围以外的深海大洋底,即国际海底,蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源。目前最有开采远景的为锰结核或称多金属结核。锰结核含有30多种有用金属,其中最有提取价值的是锰、铜、钻、镍等四种金属。《联合国海洋法公约》(下称《公约》)中明确规定,国际海底及其资源是人类共同继承财产,国际海底资源的开发应由国际海底管理局代表全人类进行管理。《公约》第十一部分和附件三、附件四,以及与《公约》同时通过的《关于多金属结核开辟活动的预备性投资》决议(即决议二)等,就国际海底资源勘探、开发的各项法律制度做了详尽的规定。     

国际深海矿产资源调查技术发展趋势和我们的策略

引言深海锰结核和锰结壳及热浪多金属硫化物是目前最引人注目的海底潜在的矿产资源。美、苏、日、英、法、加、西德等国早在六十年代初期开始争相开展了深海资源的调查,勘探和开发试验工作。为了有效地进行海底矿产资源的调查和开发,这些国家不断研制和更新各种调查和研究仪器和设备,进一步促进了调查事业的发展。当前,国际深海矿产调查技     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.