Less Than 1-Year Quiescent Period After Septic Arthritis of the Hip is Associated With High Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

BackgroundApproximately 20,000 patients are diagnosed with septic arthritis annually, with 15% specifically affecting the hip joint. These cases exacerbate arthritic changes, often warranting a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Given their prior history of infection, these patients are predisposed to subsequent periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Multiple studies suggest delaying THA after a native septic hip, but no study utilizing a large cohort examined the specific timing to mitigate post-THA PJI risk within a short (<1 year) quiescent period after septic arthritis. We sought to compare patients who were diagnosed with septic hip arthritis at time intervals (0-6, or 6-12 months) prior to an ipsilateral primary THA to a cohort of THA patients who never had a septic hip history. Specifically, we assessed: from 90 days to 2 years (1) revisions due to PJI and (2) associated risk factors for PJI at 2-years.MethodsA national, all-payer database was queried to identify all patients who underwent a primary THA between 2010 and 2021 and patients who had prior ipsilateral septic hip arthritis were characterized using International Classification of Disease and Current Practice Terminology codes (n = 1,052). A randomized sample of patients who never had a history of septic arthritis prior to undergoing THA was used as a nonseptic group comparison (n = 5,000). The incidences of PJI at 90 days through two years were then identified and compared using bivariate chi-square analyses. Risk factors for post-THA PJIs were then analyzed using multivariate regression models.ResultsThe septic arthritis cohorts were more likely to require revisions due to PJIs, as compared to the non-septic group at 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years (all P < .0001). Patients who were diagnosed with septic arthritis between 0 and 6 months prior to THA were at greater PJI risk at both one-year (odds ratio (OR) of 43.1 versus 29.6, P < .0001) and two years (OR of 38.3 versus 22.1, P < .0001) compared to patients who had diagnoses between 6 and 12 months. Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and tobacco use were associated risk factors for PJIs at 2 years in the septic hip cohort in comparison to the cohort without a septic hip history.ConclusionLess than a 1-year quiescent period after septic arthritis is associated with a 38 times increased risk and a 22 times risk for post-THA PJI, at 0 and 6 months and 6 and 12 months, respectively. Though patients who undergo THA greater than 6 months after their septic arthritis treatment have a decreased risk compared to those between 0 and 6 months the risks are still high. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of the increased risks of PJIs when considering performing a THA in patients with a history of septic arthritis.     

急性化脓性髋关节炎压力测定及病理检查

探讨急性化脓性髋关节炎的病理过程及其外科治疗。方法选择急性血源性化脓性髋关节炎１９例２２髋,作关节腔、股骨头颈压力和股骨头、颈骨髓涂片及病理检查,并行髋关节切开减压及股骨头颈钻孔减压引流。结果急性血源性化脓性髋关节炎的关节腔压力明显增高,平均为５．４３ｋＰａ,股骨头颈压力高于２．９４ｋＰａ为１３髋。     

Role of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in patients with quiescent septic arthritis undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty

Aimto evaluate the role of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing patients with a history of quiescent hip septic arthritis undergoing total hip arthroplasty.Materials and methodsretrospective consecutive study of patients with previous history of septic arthritis who underwent MRI scans of their hips prior to primary hip arthroplasty surgery and who also had minimum 2 years follow up postoperatively. Detailed radiographic examinations were obtained, demographic and microbiological data collected. The primary outcome measure was whether a preoperative MRI scan had influenced the surgical decision-making and planning. Rate of recurrence of infection and complications was also collected at final follow up.Resultssixteen patients with quiescent hip septic arthritis were included. There were 4 males and 12 females with average age at time of primary hip arthroplasty 51.7 years (range 22–75). Five patients had childhood septic arthritis with no documented microbiology data. Eleven patients had adult onset septic arthritis. In patients with childhood septic arthritis the MRI findings were similar to those with degenerative joint disease and had no added value to the routine surgical work up. MRIs of patients with adult onset septic arthritis showed persistent findings of effusion, marrow oedema and soft tissue oedema and had no added value to the surgical planning. All but one underwent single stage total hip arthroplasty. At final follow up, with average 4.6 years (range 2–8), none had a recurrence of infection.ConclusionIn our experience, preoperative MRI scans did not influence the surgical decision making and are not recommended for routine practice in the surgical work up of quiescent septic arthritis prior to total hip arthroplasty.     

Psoas abscess with associated septic arthritis of the hip in infants

We describe psoas abscess with concomitant septic hip arthritis in 2 infants, 3 and 7 months old. The common clinical features were a palpable mass in the inguinal region, irritable hip, and delayed treatment. The diagnosis of septic hip was delayed in one child, and they both had residual hip deformity at follow-up. It is possible that initial delay in diagnoses resulted in the concurrent pathologic condition because of spread of infection. These 2 cases demonstrate the first known reports of concurrent psoas abscess and septic hip arthritis in infancy. Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable method to identify these concurrent pathologic conditions. A proposed etiologic mechanism is also discussed in the article.     

Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition causing rapidly destructive arthropathy of the hip joint

Destructive arthropathy of the hip joint can be attributed to various etiologies like rheumatoid arthritis, aseptic necrosis of the femur head, Charcot''s joint, subacute septic arthritis, and tubercular arthritis. A disease that results in much rapid destruction of the hip joint and is not associated with clinical syndrome of above mentioned disease has been reported way back in 1970. However, no evidence-based study has been published to support hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals as a probable cause of rapidly destructive arthropathy of the hip joint. We report a case with microscopic and biochemical confirmation of HA crystal deposition causing destructive arthropathy of the hip joint.     

Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty with Medial Wall Osteotomy for the Sequelae of Septic Arthritis of the Hip

Background

We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the results of acetabular circumferential medial wall osteotomy, a procedure designed to provide secure fixation of a cementless hemispherical acetabular cup for the sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip.

Methods

We assessed 38 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) with circumferential acetabular medial wall osteotomies performed on patients with sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip between 1993 and 2000, who were followed up for ≥ 3 years. The average follow-up period was 8.3 years (range, 3 to 12 years). The indication for this technique was poor acetabular cup coverage of ≤ 70% on preoperative templating. In all cases, cementless hemispherical acetabular cups were fixed to the true acetabulum. Additional procedures included soft tissue release in 16 hips and femoral derotational and shortening osteotomies in 12 hips. We evaluated both clinical and radiological results.

Results

The Harris hip scores improved from 57 points preoperatively to 91 points postoperatively. Radiological analysis revealed no aseptic loosening or radiolucent lines around the acetabular cup. Stable bony fixation of the acetabular cup in the true acetabulum was seen in all cases. Acetabular osteolysis was demonstrated in 12 hips. Revision surgery was performed in 6 hips, but there were no complications related to acetabular circumferential medial wall osteotomy.

Conclusions

Circumferential acetabular medial wall osteotomy can provide appropriate positioning and sufficient coverage of the acetabular cup and thus preserve the medial wall thickness in cementless THA without the need for additional bone grafting for the sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip.     

人工全髋关节置换术治疗化脓性髋关节炎后遗骨关节病的研究进展

目的总结人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)治疗化脓性髋关节炎后遗骨关节病的研究进展。方法广泛查阅国内外近年相关文献,就THA治疗化脓性髋关节炎后遗骨关节病的时机、髋臼侧及股骨侧处理方法以及假体类型选择等方面进行总结分析。结果THA是治疗化脓性髋关节感染后遗骨关节病的有效手段,为避免感染复发,建议感染静止期达10年以上时手术。此类患者可能存在髋臼侧发育不良,髋臼覆盖率差,行THA时可选择高位造臼、髋臼内陷截骨、结构性植骨、Cage、钽金属垫块或3D打印假体等方式处理;股骨侧可能存在股骨髓腔细小、股骨颈前倾角增大、颈干角增大、大转子延长和骨质差等问题,行THA时可通过股骨截骨及选择合适型号假体进行处理。化脓性髋关节炎后遗骨关节病患者多较年轻,为获得更好的远期假体生存率,首选非骨水泥型假体。结论THA可有效治疗化脓性髋关节炎后遗骨关节病,但手术难度大、手术并发症相对较多,术者应有充分认识。     

髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位的应用

目的总结髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位中的应用及临床疗效。方法 2006年1月-2011年1月,共收治59例(59髋)儿童髋关节病理性脱位,采用髋关节切开复位联合髋臼重建手术治疗。男22例,女37例;年龄1～15岁,平均4.9岁。化脓性髋关节炎后遗病理性脱位33例,髋关节结核26例;病程1个月～10年。髋关节半脱位9例,髋关节全脱位50例。术前Harris髋关节功能评分为43～78分,平均61分。14例髋臼指数基本正常,32例轻度增大,13例明显增大。合并髋臼破坏28例;股骨头缺血性坏死25例,股骨头部分缺失12例,股骨头完全缺失6例,股骨头颈同时缺失3例;前倾角增大25例;髋内翻畸形9例。结果术后即刻摄X线片示所有髋关节均达中心性复位。55例切口Ⅰ期愈合,4例切口延期愈合。53例获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均3年。随访期间无髋关节再脱位。38例髋臼指数基本正常,15例轻度增大。前倾角15～25°,平均20°;颈干角110～140°,平均125°,头颈解剖关系基本恢复正常。术后2年髋关节活动度完全恢复正常18例,屈曲及旋转轻度受限30例,纤维强直5例;Harris髋关节功能评分为62～95分,平均87分。结论儿童髋关节病理性脱位常合并严重的髋臼及股骨头颈部骨质破坏及后遗畸形,治疗上应严格遵循个体化原则,根据患髋主要病理改变选择适当的髋臼重建术式,并结合股骨头颈重建处理,可获得满意疗效。     

新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的临床诊治问题

目的：探讨新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的临床表现，提高对新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的早期诊治水平。方法：对40例新生儿化脓性髋关节炎进行回顾性分析。结果：新生儿化脓性髋关节炎在新生儿期易漏诊，后遗症严重，处理困难。结论：新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的早期诊治是避免严重后遗问题的关键因素，重视查体、B超检查及关节穿刺是获得诊断的重要手段，切开持续引流是提高疗效、预防严重后遗症的重要保证。     

Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty: Minimum of Six-Year Follow-up Study

Background

This study examines the clinical and radiologic results of ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasties with regard to wear, osteolysis, and fracture of the ceramic after a minimum follow-up of six years.

Methods

We evaluated the results of a consecutive series of 148 primary ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasties that had been performed between May 2001 and October 2005 in 142 patients. The mean age was 57.2 years (range, 23 to 81 years). The mean follow-up period was 7.8 years (range, 6.1 to 10.1 years). Preoperative diagnosis was avascular necrosis in 77 hips (52%), degenerative arthritis in 36 hips (24.3%), femur neck fracture in 18 hips (12.2%), rheumatoid arthritis in 15 hips (10.1%), and septic hip sequelae in 2 hips (1.4%). Clinical results were evaluated with the Harris hip score, and the presence of postoperative groin or thigh pain. Radiologic analysis was done with special attention in terms of wear, periprosthetic osteolysis, and ceramic failures.

Results

The mean Harris hip score improved from 58.3 (range, 10 to 73) to 92.5 (range, 79 to 100) on the latest follow-up evaluation. At final follow-up, groin pain was found in 4 hips (2.7%), and thigh pain was found in 6 hips (4.1%). Radiologically, all femoral stems demonstrated stable fixations without loosening. Radiolucent lines were observed around the stem in 25 hips (16.9%), and around the cup in 4 hips (2.7%). Endosteal new bone formation was observed around the stem in 95 hips (64.2%) and around the cup in 88 hips (59.5%). No osteolysis was observed around the stem and cup. There were 2 hips (1.4%) of inclination changes of acetabular cup, 2 hips (1.4%) of hip dislocation, 1 hip (0.7%) of ceramic head fracture, and 1 hip (0.7%) of squeaking. The Kaplan-Meier survival rate of the prostheses was 98.1% at postoperative 7.8 years.

Conclusions

The ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty produced excellent clinical results and implant survival rates with no detectable osteolysis on a minimum six-year follow-up study. The ceramic-on-ceramic couplings could be a reasonable option of primary total hip arthroplasty for variable indications.     

Third-generation ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty in patients younger than 30 years with osteonecrosis of femoral head

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiographic results of patients younger than 30 years who underwent cementless third-generation ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Forty-one patients (56 hips) with a minimum follow-up of 6 years were included. In all cases, third-generation ceramic-on-ceramic articulation was used. Average Harris Hip Scores improved from 52.9 preoperatively to 98.2, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, from 95.2 to 25.2. Thirty-nine patients returned to their normal occupations. No aseptic loosening or osteolysis was observed. Total hip arthroplasty performed using third-generation ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for osteonecrosis of femoral head was found to provide satisfactory clinical and radiologic results, especially in active, young patients.     

全髋关节置换治疗伴有股骨头坏死的成人先天性髋关节脱位

目的探讨全髋关节置换治疗伴有股骨头坏死的成人先天性髋关节脱位疗效。方法2000年1月~2007年1月,对10例16个伴有股骨头坏死成人先天性髋关节脱位进行全髋关节置换术,其中双侧6例,单侧4例。结果术后平均随访2年6个月,采用Harris评分评定髋关节功能,由术前的平均36.6分恢复到术后89分。术后肢体延长3~5 cm,平均3.5cm,疼痛缓解,关节伸屈功能、负重、行走,日常生活自理能力获完全恢复。结论采用全髋关节置换术式治疗伴有股骨头坏死、假髋臼骨性关节炎的成人先天性髋关节脱位,行之有效,可恢复关节的正常负重,消除疼痛,改善了关节活动度,提高了生活质量。     

Septic arthritis of the hip in patients with femoral head osteonecrosis

Septic hip is rare in patients with femoral head osteonecrosis (FHON) and has been known to occur in those who are immune compromised. Thus, surgeons do not concern about the superimposed septic hip in immunocompetent patients. We report five patients who had FHON and concomitant septic arthritis of the hip. No patients were immune compromised. All patients had an elevation of ESR and CRP. Two patients had an otherwise unexplained fever preoperatively. Two patients had had a remote septic focus. When a patient with FHON has an unexplained elevation of ESR and CRP, concomitant septic arthritis of the hip should be suspected even though the patient is not immune compromised.     

Septic arthritis of the hip joint in cervical cancer patients after radiotherapy: Three case reports

Cervical cancer patients may experience hip problems related to the cancer itself or therapeutic management for the cancer. Septic arthritis should be one of the possibilities but there have been no reports on this. Here we present three patients who developed hip problems more than two years after radiotherapy with or without a radical operation. One patient was managed as septic arthritis because of significant inflammatory signs around the affected hip joint even though the causative organism was not confirmed. Succeeding total hip arthroplasty functioned well and had no recurrence of infection. The hip problems of the other two patients were diagnosed as radiation osteonecrosis of the femoral head initially. However, Bacteroides fragilis infection was found several months after total hip arthroplasties. Radiotherapy to the pelvis may damage the hip joint and compromise host-defense mechanisms of the pelvic region. Both factors may increase the possibility of infection of hip joints. Further clinical evidence is needed to understand whether subacute or chronic anaerobic infection could also be one of the causes leading to progressive destruction of the femoral head.     

Total hip replacement in neurogenic arthropathy

Abstract Neurogenic arthropathy of the hip can cause insidious articular destruction. Differential diagnosis includes tumor and septic arthritis. We report a case of neurogenic hip arthropathy in a 30-year-old diabetic woman, and illustrate the clinical history and imaging findings. The two-year follow-up of cementless total hip arthroplasty was satisfactory without any signs of loosening.     

四代陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换术治疗晚期股骨头坏死

目的探讨应用四代陶对陶Pinnacle全髋关节置换术治疗晚期股骨头坏死的手术方法及疗效。方法自2005年1月～2010年3月,56例患者（88髋）接受了Pinnacle关节置换手术;年龄36．3—68．1岁,平均49．2岁。病史7～21年,根据ARCO分期：所有88髋均为股骨头坏死Ⅳ期,其中激素性32例55髋,酒精性21例30髋,创伤性3例3髋。术前Harris评分为31～63分,平均47．5分,所有髋给予全髋关节置换术,正确放置假体位置,术后定期复查,给予Harris评分。结果随访时间为2—7年（平均6．2年）,Harris评分由术前47．5恢复到术后97．2。1例髋臼假体术后1年时发生松动,考虑手术技术导致,给予大号髋臼假体翻修,术后随访4年,未见不良结果出现。1例髋关节术后2d内发生关节脱位,给予麻醉下复位下肢皮牵引2周,无脱位再次发生。其他假体均位置良好,尚未见其他并发症发生。结论全髋关节置换术治疗伴有严重关节炎的晚期股骨头坏死效果好,四代陶对陶（Pinnacle）关节由于其股骨头假体较大,患者术后活动度大功能恢复满意,但需要充分的术前准备及良好的手术技巧,避免并发症的出现。     

Aspirations of the ilium and proximal femur increase the likelihood of culturing an organism in patients with presumed septic arthritis of the hip

Purpose

To test the hypothesis that collecting material for culture from metaphyseal bone of the ilium and proximal femur at the time of a hip aspiration will increase the sensitivity to detect an infectious organism in patients with presumed septic arthritis of the hip.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a series of 36 patients with presumed septic arthritis of the hip, based on clinical exam and serum inflammatory markers, who underwent aspirations of hip synovial fluid as well as blood from the ilium and proximal femur. Culture results from aspirates of synovial fluid and bone and tissue from capsule were compared to determine the sensitivities and specificities of a synovial aspirate alone versus synovial aspirate plus aspirates of the ilium and proximal femur to detect infection.

Results

The sensitivity of hip synovial fluid aspirates to detect infection via positive culture was only 63 %, though this increased significantly to 100 % when the results of cultures of aspirates of the ilium and proximal femur were included. The specificities were equivalent in both modalities (≥90 %). We conclude that obtaining aspirates of the ilium and proximal femur at the time of hip synovial fluid aspiration increases the likelihood that the procedure will return an infectious organism.

Conclusion

Positive cultures from a child with a septic hip or peri-articular hip infection help to efficiently and effectively guide antibiotic treatment. The child with a septic hip or peri-articular hip infection and positive cultures is likely to receive more narrow-spectrum therapy, potentially decreasing the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Level of evidence: diagnostic study level III

Development of diagnostic criteria on the basis of a series of non-consecutive patients (with universally applied reference “gold standard”).     

Treatment of severe sequelae of infantile hip sepsis with trochanteric arthroplasty

We retrospectively reviewed 30 hips in 30 patients with complete destruction of the femoral head and neck from infantile septic arthritis to investigate the result and the ideal age for performance of trochanteric arthroplasty. All patients were treated with a 1-stage trochanteric arthroplasty at age from 11 to 98 months. We measured the range of motion of the hip, and we used the modified Harris hip score to evaluate pain and hip function and the multiplier growth-remaining method to assess predicted limb-length discrepancy. At a mean 7-year follow-up, we found that the modified Harris hip scores were negatively correlative--and the predicted limb-length discrepancy positively correlative--with the age at surgery in months. Range of motion in flexion and abduction of the hips of patients operated on at age older than 4 years were worse than that of the hips of patients operated on at age younger than 4 years. Therefore, we recommend that trochanteric arthroplasty should be performed as early as age 1 year for children with Hunka type V deformities after infantile septic arthritis of hip. Children older than 4 years might be contraindicated for trochanteric arthroplasty.     

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty in inflammatory arthritis a 3- to 5-year follow-up study

The success of hip resurfacing in younger patients with primary osteoarthritis has paved the way for the trial of the procedure in patients with secondary osteoarthritis of the hip. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic results in a cohort of 23 patients (32 hips) with inflammatory arthritis who were chosen for hip resurfacing after normalizing vitamin D levels and ruling out proximal femoral osteopenia using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At a minimum follow-up of 3 years, there was failure in only 1 hip due to fracture of the femoral neck attributable to osteonecrosis of the remnant head. The clinical outcome was evaluated using Harris hip score and was found to be good to excellent in 30 of 31 hips. Hip resurfacing is a promising alternative in carefully chosen patients with inflammatory arthritis.     

Long-term follow-up of infantile hip sepsis

Nine hips in eight patients were available at a mean follow-up of 31.5 years for participation in a retrospective functional and radiographic analysis for the purpose of examining the late effects of infantile septic hip arthritis in a group untouched by reconstructive hip surgery. Results suggest that reconstructive efforts following hip joint sepsis designed for relocation of an inadequate femoral head for persistent dislocation or for transference of the greater trochanteric epiphysis into the acetabulum may not yield results comparable to nonoperative treatment.