240曲轴断裂分析

采用光镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对240曲轴断裂原因进行了分析。轴颈圆角未强化和加工粗糙是导致曲轴断裂的主要原因；轴颈圆角处锻造纤维露头是疲劳的诱发因素。估算了曲轴的运行周次，提出了改进措施。     

QT700-2球墨铸铁发动机曲轴失效分析

目的某厂生产的QT700-2球墨铸铁曲轴在路试过程中出现断裂,需寻找失效原因并提出解决措施。方法通过应用金相组织分析、化学成分分析、表面残余应力测试和力学性能测试等方法,对该曲轴的失效原因进行了分析。结果测试后分析结果表明,曲轴是在较大扭转循环载荷下,在第四连杆颈滚压圆角边缘多点萌生裂纹而导致疲劳断裂是其失效的主要原因。结论建议改进热处理工艺,保证组织的均匀性;改进加工工艺,减少应力集中;并强化表面残余应力以提高曲轴的疲劳寿命。     

某空压机曲轴断裂失效分析

某空压机曲轴在车辆行驶过程中于轴颈圆角处发生断裂。通过宏观分析、扫描电镜分析、金相分析、圆角表面粗糙度测试以及硬度测试等方法对空压机曲轴的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:曲轴断裂为低应力下的高周疲劳断裂;裂纹起源于轴颈与轴肩圆角过渡处的加工刀痕,经疲劳扩展后发生断裂;曲轴断裂的根本原因是圆角处加工刀痕粗大,表面粗糙度不满足加工标准要求,应力集中严重,以及曲轴基体硬度偏低。最后针对曲轴断裂失效原因,提出了相应的改进建议。     

汽车发动机曲轴断裂失效分析

某厂生产的发动机曲轴在用户使用过程中,3个月内共发生了4起曲轴断裂失效事故,采用化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试以及断口的宏、微观形貌分析等方法对断裂曲轴进行了分析。结果表明：曲轴断裂为高周低应力弯曲疲劳断裂,导致其断裂的主要原因是在曲轴第一曲拐过渡圆角R附近的曲柄表面聚集分布着机加工刀痕,形成了应力集中;在用户行驶过程中因车况、路面等复杂因素形成的过载或冲击载荷等作用下,在第一曲拐轴颈尺附近曲柄表面应力集中的机加工刀痕处萌生疲劳裂纹,并逐步扩展直至断裂失效。     

柴油机曲轴断裂分析

某6缸发动机曲轴在运行20000km后,从第七主轴颈与第六连杆颈之间的截面处断裂.对断裂曲轴进行了断口观察、化学成分分析、金相组织和力学性能检验.结果表明,曲轴属弯曲疲劳断裂,疲劳裂纹的主源位于第七主轴颈圆角过渡处.通过对相关件作进一步的调查分析,找出了曲轴断裂失效的原因,并提出了改进措施,取得了效果.     

感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响

目的研究感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响,为曲轴的设计和制造工艺调整提供技术参考。方法开展淬火曲轴和未淬火曲轴的扭转疲劳强度试验,利用升降法得到疲劳试验结果,从试验数据和微观组织等方面开展分析和讨论。结果未经过淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为967.6N·m,经过感应淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为1361.2N·m。感应淬火后曲轴的表面形成深度约3.5 mm的淬火层,平均硬度为HV0.5600,金相组织为细针状马氏体。曲轴的失效情况均为连杆颈油孔处开裂。结论 38MnVS6非调质钢曲轴在感应淬火后的扭转疲劳极限提升了约41%,曲轴油孔内壁的加工缺陷是形成裂纹源的主要原因,对曲轴淬火层区域的油孔内壁进行一定的表面处理,可进一步提高曲轴的扭转疲劳强度。     

发动机曲轴早期疲劳开裂失效分析

针对某型号发动机曲轴疲劳试验未达到规定载荷累计循环次数,早期疲劳开裂的问题,采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、断口分析、金相检验和表面氮化层检验等方法对其进行了失效分析。结果表明:该曲轴为疲劳开裂,曲轴过渡圆角处的高应力区存在大尺寸硬质非金属夹杂物是导致曲轴过早疲劳开裂的主要原因;另曲轴过渡圆角处加工质量差,使得该处应力集中加剧,也是致使该曲轴过早疲劳开裂的重要因素。     

曲轴圆角滚压强化技术综述

在大型的机器构件体系中,曲轴是其中必不可少的主要零件,在机器高速运转的过程中,曲轴能够承受机器的循环应力,因此,曲轴的工作环境与条件都非常恶劣,而曲轴圆角滚压强化能够使曲轴的寿命有效延长。本文以圆角滚压强化的概述为研究基点,从曲轴圆角滚压的强化机理以及滚压工艺等方面进行的技术综述,并对滚压强化技术的未来发展做出了展望。     

20CrMnTi钢输出轴断裂原因分析

对某BM4输出轴使用断裂失效件进行了理化检验和失效分析。结果表明:该输出轴断裂失效主要是由于工件在渗碳淬火过程中,淬透性严重不足,造成基体组织存在大量的粒状贝氏体和块状铁素体,从而使材料强度大幅度降低;另输出轴原材料中大量存在的非金属夹杂物也增加了材料的脆性;而原材料严重的带状组织,使材料的横向抗拉强度进一步降低;上述因素综合作用最终造成输出轴在承载时发生早期断裂失效。     

壳体耳片断裂失效分析

某2A12铝合金壳体在系统分离试验时发生耳片断裂失效,为分析其断裂原因对壳体耳片进行了化学成分分析、金相检验,断口分析以及能谱分析。结果表明：该壳体耳片断口为典型的木纹状断口,断裂起源于零件表面的未溶杂质化合物聚集处;导致其断裂的主要原因是壳体原材料挤压变形量不够,加之淬火加热温度不足,使材料显微组织中存在较多铸态枝晶网状不良组织和未溶化合物,降低了材料的强度和塑性。     

Fracture Failure Analysis of Ductile Cast Iron Crankshaft in a Vehicle Engine

The engine crankshaft of a vehicle suddenly fractured, as the vehicle was running normally on a highway. The engine crankshaft was made from ductile cast iron. The failure cause was analyzed by chemical and metallographic examination, evaluation of mechanical properties, determination of depth of the quenched layer, measurement of distance between the quenched layer and the web, observation on the fracture surface as well as value determination of the fillet radius. The results showed that the failure mechanism of the crankshaft was fatigue fracture resulting from co-effect of bending and twisting, and the crack originated from the subsurface shrinkage in the unquenched layer of the crankshaft journal. Several aspects of the crankshaft were not up to the technical standards, such as distance between the quenched layer and the web, chemical composition, hardness and microstructure of the quenched layer, yield strength, and impact toughness.     

Failure analysis of a crankshaft made from ductile cast iron

This paper describes the failure analysis of a diesel engine crankshaft used in a truck, which is made from ductile cast iron. The crankshaft was found to break into two pieces at the crankpin portion before completion of warranty period. The crankshaft was induction hardened. An evaluation of the failed crankshaft was undertaken to assess its integrity that included a visual examination, photo documentation, chemical analysis, micro-hardness measurement, tensile testing, and metallographic examination. The failure zones were examined with the help of a scanning electron microscope equipped with EDX facility. Results indicate that fatigue is the dominant mechanism of failure of the crankshaft. It was observed that the fatigue cracks initiated from the fillet region of the crankpin-web. The absence of the hardened case in the fillet region and the presence of free graphite and nonspheroidal graphite in the microstructure of the crankshaft made fatigue strength decrease to lead to fatigue initiation and propagation in the weaker region and premature fracture.     

Optimization of a crankshaft rolling process for durability

A crankshaft is often designed with a small fillet radius. The crankshaft fillet rolling process is one of the commonly adopted methods in engineering to improve fatigue life of the crankshaft. Compressive residual stresses on and below the fillet radius surface are induced through the fillet rolling operation. Consequently, fatigue life of the crankshaft is improved. An analytical technique is used to optimize the crankshaft rolling process to comply with a crankshaft design criterion for durability. A nonlinear finite element analysis is implemented to approximate the stress distributions induced by the crankshaft rolling process, and a crack modeling technique is developed to calculate the equivalent stress intensity factor ranges based on the combined residual and operational stress distributions along various crack growth planes. The threshold equivalent stress intensity factor range is obtained from previous staircase testing on crankshaft sections. The durability design criterion is met if the threshold equivalent stress intensity factor range exceeds the largest calculated equivalent stress intensity factor range. Due to the complexity of the modeling techniques in simulating the rolling process and calculating the equivalent stress intensity factors, a meta-model is generated based on the uniform design method for the choice of sample points and the quadratic polynomial fitting technique for a response surface generation. In the meta-model optimization process, rolling force, rolling angle, and fillet radius are the control factors, while the variations of the threshold equivalent stress intensity factor range, rolling force, rolling angle, and fillet radius are considered as the noise factors. By using the Hooke–Jeeves direct pattern search method and the Monte Carlo simulation technique, the optimal design is obtained for the highest reliability and the smallest coefficient of variation (COV).     

Failure Analysis of a Vehicle Engine Crankshaft

An investigation of a damaged crankshaft from a horizontal, six-cylinder, in-line diesel engine of a public bus was conducted after several failure cases were reported by the bus company. All crankshafts were made from forged and nitrided steel. Each crankshaft was sent for grinding, after a life of approximately 300,000 km of service, as requested by the engine manufacturer. After grinding and assembling in the engine, some crankshafts lasted barely 15,000 km before serious fractures took place. Few other crankshafts demonstrated higher lives. Several vital components were damaged as a result of crankshaft failures. It was then decided to send the crankshafts for laboratory investigation to determine the cause of failure. The depth of the nitrided layer near fracture locations in the crankshaft, particularly at the fillet region where cracks were initiated, was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Microhardness gradient through the nitrided layer close to fracture, surface hardness, and macrohardness at the journals were all measured. Fractographic analysis indicated that fatigue was the dominant mechanism of failure of the crankshaft. The partial absence of the nitrided layer in the fillet region, due to over-grinding, caused a decrease in the fatigue strength which, in turn, led to crack initiation and propagation, and eventually premature fracture. Signs of crankshaft misalignment during installation were also suspected as a possible cause of failure. In order to prevent fillet fatigue failure, final grinding should be done carefully and the grinding amount must be controlled to avoid substantial removal of the nitrided layer. Crankshaft alignment during assembly and proper bearing selection should be done carefully.     

Analysis of a crankshaft fatigue failure

The reason of the crankshaft fracture of the air compressor has been analyzed through the chemical composition, mechanical properties, macroscopic feature, microscopic structure and theoretical calculation methods. The analysis results show that the crankshaft which has obvious fatigue crack belongs to fatigue fracture. The fatigue crack initiated from the fillet region of the lubrication hole because of the high bending stress concentration which is caused by both the small fillet and the misalignment of main journals. The crankshaft fatigue fracture was only attributed to the initiation and propagation of the fatigue cracks on the lubrication hole under cyclic bending and torsion. The high bending loading bending level is the root cause of the failure.     

Truck Diesel Engine Crankshaft Failure Analysis

A diesel engine crankshaft fractured in service after 76010 km of operation. The fracture took place on the first crankpin, and the fracture surface has a 45° inclination with respect to the axial. The results indicate that fatigue is the dominant failure mechanism of the crankshaft. It was observed that the fatigue crack initiated at the fillet region of the first crankpin-web. This crankpin is the one among the six crankpins which bear operational load. Absence of the induction hardening case in the fillet region decreased the fatigue strength and led to fatigue initiation and propagation in the weakened region. Although hard-rolling process was conducted in the fillet region, the depth of hard-rolling layer was insufficient to produce the desired residual compressive stress in the fillet region, and therefore the fillet could not offer resistance to the applied load. In addition, the presence of network-like ferrite in the microstructure facilitated the fatigue crack to be initiated and propagated.     

Failure investigation of a truck diesel engine gear train consisting of crankshaft and camshaft gears

A failure investigation has been conducted on a diesel engine gear train consisting of a drive crankshaft and a driven camshaft gears that were used in a truck. The gears are made from a nitrided 42CrMo steel. Adjacent teeth fracture regions appeared on the gears after a service of 4.2 × 10⁴ km. Fractographic features indicate that multiple origins fatigue fracture was the dominant failure mechanism for the gear teeth. The crankshaft gear fracture first, followed by the camshaft gear. Low hardness in subsurface and core region of the nitrided crankshaft gear makes it difficult for the matrix to support the load by the engaged camshaft gear to lead to initiating the fatigue crack at the root fillet bearing the maximum tensile stress. The crankshaft gear is the component causing trouble for the failed gears train.     

Failure of two overhead crane shafts

The failure analysis of two overhead crane shafts is presented: the failure of an overhead crane drive shaft and the failure of an overhead crane gearbox shaft, due to rotating-bending fatigue. The fracture of the overhead crane drive shaft originated in small radius fillet between two different diameters of the shaft. A new shaft was made with a larger-size fillet, resulting in reduced stress concentration in this region. The failure of the overhead crane gearbox shaft originated at the intersection of two stress raisers, at the change in shaft diameter and in the keyway corner. A new shaft was made with a larger-size fillet and a larger size radius of the keyways corner to minimize stress concentration in this section. In both cases the installed couplings were replaced by gear couplings in order to allow parallel and angular misalignment as well as to avoid additional load due to misalignment. The analysis shows that the fatigue life can be significantly increased with a simple change in the structural details.     

Effects of pressure-sensitive yielding on stress distributions in crankshaft sections under fillet rolling and bending fatigue tests

In this paper, the evolution equation for the active yield surface during the unloading/reloading process based on the Drucker–Prager yield function and a recently developed anisotropic hardening rule is first presented. A user material subroutine based on the anisotropic hardening rule and the constitutive relation was written and implemented into the commercial finite element program ABAQUS. Computations were first conducted for a simple plane strain finite element model under uniaxial monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The results indicate that the anisotropic hardening rule with the non-associated flow rule describes well the strength-differential effect and the asymmetric closed hysteresis loops as observed in the uniaxial cyclic loading tests of cast irons. Then, a two-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis of a crankshaft section under fillet rolling and subsequent bending was conducted. For the pressure sensitivity corresponding to the cast iron crankshaft of interest, the critical locations for fatigue crack initiation according to the stress distributions for pressure-sensitive materials agree with the experimental observations in bending fatigue tests of crankshaft sections.     

曲轴弯曲疲劳试验裂纹研究与失效判定

通过对疲劳裂纹的产生、扩展机理研究和试验,结合疲劳试验数据分析了疲劳裂纹扩展与疲劳寿命的关系。试验结果及分析表明,大量经圆角滚压强化的球墨铸铁曲轴,疲劳试验运行107次在连杆颈与曲柄臂过度圆角产生微裂纹,该裂纹属于非扩展裂纹,继续试验时裂纹不扩展,试样在该载荷下具有无限疲劳寿命。