镧掺杂氧化锌光催化降解染料废水研究

以醋酸锌和硝酸镧为原料,丙烯酰胺为单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为网络剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用高分子网络凝胶法制备得到掺镧的Zn O纳米粉体。用制备的粉体对甲基橙进行光催化降解实验,考察了掺镧量对其光催化性能的影响。用X射线衍射仪、高分辨率透射电镜、X射线能谱仪、比表面积与孔隙率分析仪等对其进行表征。结果表明,镧的掺入提高了Zn O的光催化活性,镧锌摩尔质量比为0.2%时光催化性能最好,高压汞灯下反应1 h,甲基橙的脱色率为96.5%,相比于未掺杂的Zn O提高了11.5%。     

Sb2O5/TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用实验室合成的Sb2O5掺杂TiO2作为催化剂,研究各种因素对甲基橙的超声催化降解反应的影响.结果表明,在Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化剂作用下,甲基橙的超声催化降解效果明显优于单独使用TiO2的情况.1.5%掺杂量的催化剂,用量在1.0～1.5 g/L之间,超声波频率25 kHz,输出功率1.0 W/cm2,pH为1.0～3.0时,初始浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙水溶液,100 min左右基本可全部降解,COD去除率达到99.0%以上.Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化超声降解有机污染物的方法具有很好的应用前景.     

Cu-ZnO/膨润土的制备及光催化降解甲基橙废水性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu-Zn O/膨润土复合光催化剂,用XRD和FTIR对其结构进行了表征。以光催化降解甲基橙为探针反应,研究了焙烧温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、溶液p H值及光照条件等因素对光催化反应性能的影响。结果表明,在Cu-Zn O/膨润土中,Zn O主要为六方晶系结构,掺杂的Cu2+可能进入Zn O晶格取代了部分Zn2+,Zn O中的部分Zn2+进入了膨润土层间,置换出了部分Al3+,实现了与膨润土的复合。其中,550℃焙烧的Cu-Zn O/膨润土光催化性能最好,当催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、紫外光照120 min、溶液p H值为6时,该催化剂对20 mg/L甲基橙的降解率高达99.25%。Cu的掺入拓宽了Zn O光谱响应范围,使得该催化剂在可见光或太阳光照下也表现出优良的光催化活性。此外,该催化剂沉降性好,易于回收,且再生回用5次后仍保持良好的光催化活性。     

生物法净化烹饪油烟营养配比的优化

在pH值=7、温度35℃下,采用正交实验方法对影响活性污泥微生物净化烹饪油烟的营养元素与溶解氧进行了优化,即:补加淀粉溶液20 m L、硝酸铵6 m L、磷酸二氢钾1 m L、微量元素(质量浓度分别为0. 03,0. 1,0. 043 g/L的Cu SO_4·5H_2O,Zn SO_4·7H_2O,MnSO_4·H_2O) 2 m L和控制溶解氧质量浓度7. 1 mg/L,各因素对降解率影响大小关系为溶解氧硝酸铵磷酸二氢钾补加淀粉微量元素。将最优综合培养条件应用于模拟油烟净化组合装置。结果表明,活性污泥微生物对油烟污染物有很好的降解能力,在前24 h的降解率和降解速率最大,分别为46. 1%和0. 54 mg/(L·h)。     

Ni-ACF催化H_2O_2氧化降解碱性品红废水

以活性炭纤维为载体,Ni2+,Mn2+,Zn2+和Fe2+的硝酸盐为活性组分,采用浸渍法制备了4种负载型催化剂,并以H2O2为氧化剂,碱性品红为目标污染物,用催化湿式氧化法,探讨了催化剂用量、H2O2投加量、染料初始浓度、反应溶液p H值、反应时间和催化剂重复使用等因素对碱性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明,Ni-ACF较其它催化剂有较好的活性,染料的初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,Ni-ACF的用量为3.2 g/L、H2O2的投加量为20 m L/L、p H值为5.4(原液)时,反应4 h后碱性品红的脱色率达97.7%。催化剂重复使用活性良好,连续使用4次,脱色率仍可达62.5%。     

O3/H2O2处理含油废水的研究

为控制石油炼化含油废水对环境的污染,采用O3/H2O2方法对石油炼化含油废水进行处理,主要考察了臭氧浓度、H2O2投加量、反应温度、反应时间、pH等因素对处理效果的影响.实验表明,废水中石油烃类物质的去除率随着臭氧浓度、反应时间的增加而升高;石油烃类物质在pH值2-10、温度15-45 ℃、10-60 mL的H2O2投加量范围内,去除率分别呈现先增后降的趋势.处理1 L油质量浓度为110 mg/L的含油废水,臭氧质量浓度为7.23 mg/L,投加40 mL H2O2,pH为9,在35 ℃的条件下反应8 min,油去除率可以达到84%.同样条件下处理30 min,废水COD下降了65%.这将为该工艺处理实际含油废水提供实验依据.     

金属离子及盐分对苯胺好氧生物降解过程的影响

以苯胺废水处理反应器内污泥为菌源,采用间歇反应的方法考察了Fe3 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu2 5种金属离子及盐分对苯胺好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明,适宜浓度的Fe3 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu2 可以促进苯胺的降解,苯胺降解速率提高了5.7%～26.6%.但当Fe3 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu2 的质量浓度分别大于50 mg/L、5 mg/L、2.5 mg/L、2.5 mg/L和1 mg/L时,开始对苯胺降解菌产生抑制作用.按毒性从大到小的顺序排列为: Cu2 、Cr(Ⅵ)、Zn2 、Ni2 、Fe3 .苯胺降解菌生长最佳盐度(NaCl质量分数)介于0.5%～1.0%.研究表明,在苯胺废水处理实践中应把金属离子和盐度控制在适宜的范围内.     

紫外氧化法降解废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

采用UV/Fenton法氧化降解废水中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,原水质量浓度为40 mg/L,考察了H2O2加入量、硫酸亚铁加入量、pH值、氧化时间、反应温度对降解率的影响,通过单因素及优化实验确定了最佳工艺条件:H2O2量(30%)为10 mL,硫酸亚铁量为50 g/L,pH值为5,氧化时间为45 min,反应温度为25℃。对优化实验验证,降解后废水质量浓度为0.4 mg/L,去除率达到99%。     

甲基橙废水的常温常压催化湿式氧化实验研究

以Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的金属氧化物为活性组分,以γ-Al2O3为载体,制备了负载型催化剂,并分别以H2O2和NaClO为氧化剂,对比了在常温常压条件下催化湿式氧化工艺中处理甲基橙模拟废水的效果.结果表明,Fe/y-Al2O3催化剂较其他催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和稳定性,H2O2为适宜的氧化剂.在Fe/γ-Al2O3加入量为10g/L,氧化剂H2O2加入量为5 mL/L的条件下,处理甲基橙质量浓度为500 mg/L的模拟废水,其脱色率和COD去除率在3 h内均能达到70%以上.与传统的Fenton试剂法相比,以Fe/γ-Al2O3为催化剂的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺具有矿化程度高,催化剂易回收再用的优点.     

金属离子对好氧活性污泥活性的影响

通过小试装置研究Mg2 、Mn2 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Co2 和Mo6 单独存在时对活性污泥活性的影响.结果发现,Co2 浓度在2 mg/L以下时,对活性污泥活性稍有抑制,其他离子则均有促进作用.Mn2 、Mo6 、Zn2 、Mg2 和Ni2 的促进浓度范围分别是:0.5～3 mg/L,0.5～5 mg/L,0.5～1 mg/L,5～20 mg/L,0.25～1 mg/L.在各自最佳浓度条件下对活性污泥活性促进的主次顺序为:Mg2 ＞Mn2 ＞Zn2 ＞Ni2 ＞Mo6 .     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.