农村集体建设用地流转潜力估算

农村集体建设用地流转潜力估算为量化农村集体建设用地价值和统筹城乡发展的资金筹措提供客观依据,为农村建设用地管理提供基础。通过对农村集体建设用地流转潜力内涵界定,以重庆市为例,采用人均标准法估算农村集体建设用地复垦理论潜力,然后利用层次分析法建立复垦影响因素修正指标体系,对复垦理论潜力进行修正,得出复垦现实潜力。在此基础上,引入流转潜力估算模型测度流转理论潜力,并采用主成分分析法、熵权法建立流转影响因素修正指标体系,对流转理论潜力进行修正,最终估算出重庆市2009－2015年和2009－2020年农村集体建设用地流转现实潜力,并对其时空差异类型进行划分。结果显示：农村集体建设用地复垦潜力是流转潜力的基础;2015、2020年流转现实潜力分别为30 392.32 hm2和40 591.49 hm2;流转潜力大,时空差异显著,流转现实潜力实现难度不一。研究认为农村集体建设用地流转应根据不同区域现实潜力的大小来安排流转的次序和规模,以取得最大流转效率。     

平原农区空心村整治潜力测算模型构建及应用——以山东省禹城市为例

空心村整治是解决城乡发展转型进程中乡村地区土地资源闲置、空废及低效利用等问题的重要手段。构建符合平原农区地域功能特点的空心村整治潜力测算模型是实施平原农区空心村整治工作的基础与依据。本文以人均建设用地标准法为基础,基于平原农区的地域特色及优质耕地保育与现代商品粮基地建设重大战略需求建立了涵盖整治迫切性、自然适宜性及经济社会可行性等影响平原农区农村居民点整治理论潜力释放的评价指标体系,据此构建了空心村整治潜力测算模型,并以山东省禹城市为例进行了实证分析。结果表明:(1)禹城市的整治迫切性、自然适宜性及整治可行性存在较大的区域差异,各乡镇的整治迫切性修正系数处于0.18~0.96之间,自然适宜性修正系数处于0.69~0.84之间,整治可行性修正系数处于0.11~0.77之间;(2)禹城市空心村整治的理论潜力及现实潜力分别为3 517.86 hm2和1 853.18 hm2,新增耕地系数达16.89%。近期空心村整治需重点挖掘市中街道、十里望镇和房寺镇的整治潜力,远期需加强其他乡镇村庄整治;(3)市中街道周围的农村居民点自然适宜性较低,可考虑将该区空心村整治后复垦为建设用地,其他乡镇空心村整治后复垦为耕地,提高综合用地效益。     

基于RS与GIS的平朔露天矿区土地利用类型与碳汇量的动态变化

为了研究矿区土地复垦与生态重建对陆地生态系统碳素生物地球化学循环的影响,以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为研究对象,通过遥感影像解译,对矿区1976-2009年33a期间的土地利用类型与碳汇量变化进行了研究。结果表明:1)由于采矿活动和土地复垦工程的交互影响,矿区5224.98hm2范围内土地利用类型发生了巨大变化:3346.35hm2的耕地和906.45hm2的林地全部转化为工业广场、剥离区、露天矿坑、未复垦的排土场和已复垦的排土场,其中复垦面积为1167.72hm2;2)矿区生态系统的碳汇量和碳汇价值,分别由1976年的602040.22t和63214.22万元,下降为2009年的351173.50t和36873.22万元;3)1990-1996年和2001-2005年期间,矿区生态系统碳汇量分别有所上升。通过设置研究区域在33a间"全部废弃地未复垦"、"全部废弃地常规复垦"以及"全部废弃地生态复垦"3种情景模拟,得出碳汇量分别为62279.57t、961622.2t和1250108.86t,说明采取科学的土地复垦与生态重建措施,有利于整个矿区生态系统碳汇量的增加。     

GIS支持下的工矿废弃地复垦利用方案决策研究——以湖北省黄石市阳新县七约山矿区为例

[目的]探讨土地复垦评价及其方案决策方法。[方法]在借鉴国内外相关研究成果和经验的基础上,针对工矿废弃地复垦利用的特点,将特尔斐法、层次分析法(AHP)与GIS技术相结合,选择湖北省黄石市阳新县七约山矿区进行实证研究。[结果]界定了工矿废弃地的内涵,建立了试验区数字高程模型,提出了评价的指标体系,确定了宜耕、宜园、宜林、宜草的复垦方向,较好地解决了以往土地复垦研究中较难克服的由于数据精度引起的决策偏差等问题。[结论]该研究数据时效性和精度较高,研究模型简单实用,研究结果通过实际操作证实误差较小,研究方法具有很好的应用前景。     

北京市基本农田保护区内耕地数量提升潜力研究

北京市已划定九大片基本农田保护区,对保护区内耕地数量提升潜力进行估算,可为北京市基本农田保护区内耕地保护和利用提供依据。基本农田保护区耕地数量的增加主要有三个来源:农用地中的非耕地通过农业结构调整和农田整理转化为耕地,建设用地中的农村居民点和废弃工矿通过整理和复垦转化为耕地,未利用开发转化为耕地。可调整地类可作为耕地增加的来源,规模约为4 789hm2,通过农田整治增加耕地规模约为3 300hm2;基本农田保护区内农村居民点腾退补充耕地约为7 500hm2,废弃工矿复垦退补充耕地的潜力约为272.24hm2;未利用地开发可补充耕地数量约为900hm2,主要分布在顺义东部片和平谷西南部片。     

基于遥感数据的栖霞市耕地资源动态变化及其驱动力分析

利用1990年和2000年夏季1:10万TM遥感影像,分析了山东省栖霞市10年间耕地资源的动态变化。结果表明:改革开放10年间,栖霞市耕地数量明显减少,耕地的主要流向是园地、住宅用地、工矿仓储用地、交通运输用地,耕地的增加主要是未利用土地的开垦和工矿用地的整理与复垦。农业内部结构调整、经济发展和政策是栖霞市耕地面积变化的主要宏观驱动因子。     

矿业废弃地再利用空间结构优化的技术体系与方法

为了合理确定矿业废弃地再利用的用途、数量比例和空间布局,释放其再利用潜力,保障矿产资源型城市未来发展所需各项用地,构建了矿业废弃地再利用空间结构优化的技术体系,即先进行复垦适宜性评价,而后进行数量结构优化,最后进行空间结构优化。提出了数量结构优化和空间结构优化的思路和方法,数量结构优化应将再利用为各种地类的矿业废弃地的面积与区域内原有的相同地类的面积进行整合,综合考虑土地利用的生态、经济、社会效益,同时将土地复垦适宜性评价的结果作为主要约束条件;将数量结构优化的结果作为空间结构优化的约束条件,将矿业废弃地视为一种独立的地类参与整个区域的土地利用空间结构优化,通过区域土地利用空间结构优化的结果来确定矿业废弃地再利用的最优空间布局,同时结合土地复垦适宜性评价的结果对其进行检验和修正。采用比较分析法,选择基于GIS的模糊综合评价法作为土地复垦适宜性评价的方法;数量结构优化采用基于生态位的线性规划模型,空间结构优化采用CLUES模型。最后,以北京市门头沟区为例进行了实证研究。结果表明,该技术体系、方法和模型有效地实现了矿业废弃地再利用数量结构和空间结构的协同优化。该研究可为矿产资源型城市矿业废弃地再利用的实践提供理论借鉴。     

南京市不同土地利用方式的碳储量与碳通量

通过集成区域碳储量和碳通量的核算方法,建立不同土地利用方式与碳过程的对应关系,并以南京市为例探讨不同土地利用方式的碳储量和碳通量状况。主要结论为:(1)南京市2009年总碳储量为6 936.79万t,其中,居民点及工矿用地碳储量占总碳储量的38%,单位面积碳储量最大(184.00t/hm2)的为居民点及工矿用地,这主要归因于城市住宅建筑木材和城市绿化碳储量的大幅增加,以及建筑容积率提高带来的城市单位建筑面积碳蓄积量的增加;(2)南京市碳输入和碳输出通量最大的地类均为居民点及工矿用地,2009年分别达到3 126.95万t和3 283.20万t,两者的强度分别为218.65t/hm2和229.58t/hm2,这表明,作为人为活动强烈集中的地类,居民点及工矿用地与外界的碳交换远远高于其他地类;(3)南京市人为碳排放强度增幅明显,2009年达到46.63t/hm2,其中居民点及工矿用地高达200.52t/hm2,这说明南京市建成区碳代谢强度明显提高,碳循环压力逐渐增大。     

农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算

有效评估农村居民点整理的现实潜力,是顺利开展农村居民点整理的重要环节。该文以文登市为例,通过选取与现实潜力转化有关的自然、社会、经济、土地资源状况和宅基地利用等14个指标,建立综合指标体系,对现实潜力利用层次分析法确定的权重和标准化指标值进行了综合评价,将评价结果作为综合修正系数,对理论潜力进行修正,得出文登市农村居民点整理的现实潜力。研究结果表明：文登市各镇综合修正系数介于0.25～0.70之间;2010年、2020年农村居民点整理的现实潜力,分别为883.67 hm2和1072.74 hm2;耕地增加系数分别为10.10%和12.27%。研究认为应根据各区域现实潜力大小来安排农村居民点整理,以便提高整理效率。     

矿区废弃地复垦为农用地潜力评价方法的比较

矿区废弃地复垦潜力是编制土地整治规划的重要依据,复垦潜力的大小主要依靠评价来实现,而评价方法的选取对评价结果具有直接影响。该文以山西省朔州市平鲁区为研究区域,采用指数和法、模糊综合评价法和人工神经网络模型对矿区废弃地进行复垦潜力评价,探讨这3种方法所得结果的一致性与差异性及其产生的原因;并在结果分析的基础上,运用层次分析法对各方法所得结果进行综合评价。结果表明:在同一指标体系和同一权重下,由于各方法在计算过程中对于评价单元的处理侧重点不同,致使3种方法所得各级别中相同图斑数、同一潜力级别下的面积及其空间位置分布具有一定差异性;理论上讲,人工神经网络方法较其他2种方法所得结果更具客观性;平鲁区矿区废弃地分布与综合评价结果对比分析显示,历史遗留矿区废弃地和因矿业整合产生的废弃地复垦潜力集中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,潜力级别总体较高,矿区正在作业区复垦潜力多为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,级别相对较低;研究表明,综合评价的结果是更科学、更客观的理论值,对于矿区废弃地系统总体而言,其复垦潜力的实际值还需考虑矿区废弃地复垦实践中复垦年限、经费、人员组织、产权关系等影响因素进行修正。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.