中国女子马拉松运动员年度训练周期安排特点研究

在女子马拉松训练中,年度周期安排是其训练计划的核心内容。对于一个跨度较大的时间周期,马拉松运动员需要通过合理的周期安排来逐步培养起竞技状态,使之在比赛中呈现出最佳竞技状态。中国女子马拉松是一支较有国际影响力的队伍,通过对该队伍训练周期安排的研究,可以从中发现和探索马拉松训练周期安排中一些规律性的东西。通过对我国女子马拉松教练员和运动员的调查了解,结合优秀运动员重要比赛年度周期安排的实例分析,逐步勾勒出女子马拉松训练周期安排的一些主要特点。这将有助于提升我国女子马拉松训练过程安排的科学性和规范性。     

中国射箭女队第25届奥运会赛前计划及周训练调控

赛前计划与调控在运动训练中是两个不可分割的重要组成部分。在制定中国射箭女队第25届奥运会赛前计划时,我们考虑了以下几方面的因素:1.射箭运动的项目特点;2.射箭运动的训练特点;3.运动性应激学说;4.不同运动负荷与组合恢复的异时性。根据这些因素,在赛前计划中我们安排了:撒放性小周期、撒环性小周期、环突性小周期、恢复性小周期、瓶口性小周期、引导性小周期、比赛性小周期。     

高校高水平乒乓队赛前训练周期若干问题的研究

高校高水平乒乓队赛前周期训练可以仍然依据传统训练周期理论，赛前训练周期比其他训练周期更为重要。影响高校高水平乒乓队赛前训练周期的因素很多，要运用时间生物学和时间运动学规律来科学调控赛前竞技状态。赛前训练周期的具体时间安排应该服从于乒乓球运动员在比赛时恰好处于发挥最佳竞技状态的时间范围内。     

Effects of speed on temporal patterns in classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing

The purpose was to study the adaptation to speed in the temporal patterns of the movement cycle and determine any differences in velocity, cycle rate and cycle length at the maximum speed level in the different classical style and freestyle cross-country skiing techniques. Eight skilled male cross-country skiers were filmed with a digital video camera in the sagittal plane while skiing on a flat cross-country ski track. The skiers performed three classical style techniques the diagonal stride, kick double poling and the double poling technique and four freestyle techniques paddle dance (gear 2), double dance (gear 3), single dance (gear 4) and combiskate (gear 5) at four different self-selected speed levels slow, medium, fast and their maximum. Cycle duration, cycle rate, cycle length, and relative and absolute cycle phase duration of the different techniques at the different speed levels were analysed by means of a video analysis system. The cycle rate in all tested classical and freestyle techniques was found to increase significantly (p < .01) with speed from slow to maximum. Simultaneously, there was a significant decrease in the absolute phase durations of all the investigated skiing techniques. A minor, not significant, change in cycle length, and the significant increase in cycle rate with speed showed that the classical and freestyle cross-country skiing styles are dependent, to a large extent, on an increase in cycle rate for speed adaptation. A striking finding was the constant relative phase duration with speed, which indicates a simplified neural control of the speed adaptation in both cross-country skiing styles. For the practitioner, the knowledge about the importance of increasing cycle frequency rather than cycle length in the speed adaptation can be used to optimise a rapid increase in speed. The knowledge about the decrease in absolute phase duration, especially the thrust phase duration, points to the need for strength and technique training to enable force production at a high cycle rate and skiing speed. The knowledge that the relative phase duration stays constant with speed may be used to simplify the learning of the different cross-country skiing techniques.     

Cross‐Country Skiing

The purpose was to study the adaptation to speed in the temporal patterns of the movement cycle and determine any differences in velocity, cycle rate and cycle length at the maximum speed level in the different classical style and freestyle cross‐country skiing techniques. Eight skilled male cross‐country skiers were filmed with a digital video camera in the sagittal plane while skiing on a flat cross‐country ski track. The skiers performed three classical style techniques the diagonal stride, kick double poling and the double poling technique and four freestyle techniques paddle dance (gear 2), double dance (gear 3), single dance (gear 4) and combiskate (gear 5) at four different self‐selected speed levels slow, medium, fast and their maximum. Cycle duration, cycle rate, cycle length, and relative and absolute cycle phase duration of the different techniques at the different speed levels were analysed by means of a video analysis system. The cycle rate in all tested classical and freestyle techniques was found to increase significantly (p < .01) with speed from slow to maximum. Simultaneously, there was a significant decrease in the absolute phase durations of all the investigated skiing techniques. A minor, not significant, change in cycle length, and the significant increase in cycle rate with speed showed that the classical and freestyle cross‐country skiing styles are dependent, to a large extent, on an increase in cycle rate for speed adaptation. A striking finding was the constant relative phase duration with speed, which indicates a simplified neural control of the speed adaptation in both cross‐country skiing styles. For the practitioner, the knowledge about the importance of increasing cycle frequency rather than cycle length in the speed adaptation can be used to optimise a rapid increase in speed. The knowledge about the decrease in absolute phase duration, especially the thrust phase duration, points to the need for strength and technique training to enable force production at a high cycle rate and skiing speed. The knowledge that the relative phase duration stays constant with speed may be used to simplify the learning of the different cross‐country skiing techniques.     

Double poling kinematic changes during the course of a long-distance race: effect of performance level

ABSTRACT

We aimed to evaluate the changes in double poling (DP) kinematics due to a long-distance cross-country skiing race in athletes with different performance levels. A total of 100 cross-country skiers, belonging to 10 different performance groups, were filmed on flat terrain 7 and 55 km after the start line, during a 58-km classical race. Cycle velocity, frequency and length decreased from the best to the lower-ranked group, while duty cycle increased (all P <.001). Between track sections, cycle velocity and length decreased, duty cycles increased (all P <.001) while frequency was unaltered (P =.782). Group*section interactions resulted for cycle velocity (P =.005). Considering all the participants together, % change in cycle velocity between sections correlated with % change in length and duty cycle (all P <.001). Thus i) skiers in better groups showed longer and more frequent cycles as well as shorter duty cycles than skiers in slower groups; ii) throughout the race all the groups maintained the same cycle frequency while decreasing cycle velocity and length; iii) better groups showed a lower reduction in cycle velocity. Individually, a low reduction in cycle velocity during the race related to the capacity to maintain long cycles and short duty cycles.     

自行车项目生物力学研究的国内外现状

通过文献法，介绍运用生物力学方法对自行车项目的踏蹬技术、自行车的设计与改进、自行车骑行时的阻力、录像解析等方面国内外研究的现状，并对自行车项目的一些运动生物力学问题进行了初步理论探讨。     

高校女篮运动员经期运动能力的变化

通过对高校女篮运动员在月经周期不同时相中专项身体素质，基本技术指标及生理、生化指标进行测试，了解其运动能力与月经周期的关系及运动能力在月经周期各时相中的变化规律及特征。结果显示：运动员速度、专项速度耐力、力量、协调性及最大吸氧量在其月经周期黄体期显强于其它时相，弹跳力则在各时相内无明显变化。     

Study of the Effects of Competitive Basketball upon the Physical Fitness of High School Boys as Determined by McCurdy-Larson Organic Efficiency Tests

Abstract

This methodology study was to determine if testing subjects on a specific day of four phases of the menstrual cycle would yield results which would be comparable to testing subjects on each day of the corresponding phases of the cycle and if the test results of one cycle would be comparable to those of two consecutive cycles. A statistical comparison of the mean scores for a specific day of each phase of the cycle and the mean scores for the average of all days for each phase of the cycle was made for pulse rate before exercise, pulse rate after exercise, and the difference in the pulse rate before and after exercise, or pulse rate increase. None of the t ratios obtained were significant. A statistical comparison was also made for the mean scores for two mentrual cycles for pulse rate before and after exercise, pulse rate increases, weight, and temperature. None of the t ratios were significant. It was concluded that testing subjects on a specific day of each of four phases of one menstrual cycle would be a satisfactory testing procedure.     

运动对运动员月经周期影响的调查与分析

目的:旨在探讨不同运动项目运动员初潮年龄、月经失调情况,经期运动能力等的特点,为科学训练提供理论依据。对象与方法:采用问卷调查法对98名13-25岁上海市田径、自行车、游泳、排球和乒乓球等项目运动员的月经周期情况和经期运动情况进行调查。结果:运动员初潮年龄在正常范围内;运动员月经失调发病率较高;月经期对运动成绩的影响不大。结论:运动员月经期运动能力因人而异,训练计划应根据个人的不同反应科学制定。     

运动训练过程中大、小周期划分新探

用文献资料法综述和评论了马特维耶夫周期训练理论对当今训练实践的不足,并提出现代运动训练周期理论的发展趋势,指出训练应该根据运动员的实际水平安排周期,从实际出发,不可教条地按照马特维耶夫的周期训练理论进行训练.     

Electromyographic Patterns During Level and Inclined Treadmill Running and Their Relationship to Step Cycle Measures

Abstract

Eight highly skilled male distance runners were filmed while running on level and inclined treadmills. During the filming sequence, EMG measurements were collected on vastus medialis (VM) and semimembranosus (SM) of the right thigh. The initiation and duration of electrical activity of the two muscles was extracted from the recordings relative to the step cycle events. Analysis of covariance for repeated measures was utilized as a statistical treatment to examine the effect of treadmill grade (– 10%, 0%, and + 10%) upon step cycle and EMG data. Results indicate that treadmill grade had a significant effect on the relative duration of both stance and swing phases of the running step cycle and total step cycle duration. Total step cycle time and relative swing phase duration decreased as the treadmill grade was changed from a negative grade to a zero grade to a positive grade while the duration of the stance phase increased. EMG measures indicated decreases in relative duration of SM activity during the stance phase progressing from negative grade to zero grade to positive grade while an increase in SM activity was noted during the swing phase. VM activity during stance was longest in negative grade running, decreased in level grade running, and increased again in positive grade running.     

从刘翔的训练看体能主导类速度性项群的训练特征

采用文献资料法、访谈法、观察法,对刘翔的110 m栏训练研究发现:训练手段、方法的全面专项化和整体化已成为体能主导类速度性项群训练的主要特征;竞技体育竞争的加剧更加强调训练中的大强度和高效能;训练周期在向淡化大周期,强化和细化小周期方向发展。     

试论训练周期的结构、类型及其功能

通过对训练周期的结构、类型及其功能的探讨，论述了不同类型的训练周期的结构及其功能不同。为教练员科学掌握全年及周期训练计划制订的方法提供了理论指导根据。     

Using micro-sensor data to quantify macro kinematics of classical cross-country skiing during on-snow training

Abstract

Micro-sensors were used to quantify macro kinematics of classical cross-country skiing techniques and measure cycle rates and cycle lengths during on-snow training. Data were collected from seven national level participants skiing at two submaximal intensities while wearing a micro-sensor unit (MinimaxX^?). Algorithms were developed identifying double poling (DP), diagonal striding (DS), kick-double poling (KDP), tucking (Tuck), and turning (Turn). Technique duration (T-time), cycle rates, and cycle counts were compared to video-derived data to assess system accuracy. There was good reliability between micro-sensor and video calculated cycle rates for DP, DS, and KDP, with small mean differences (Mdiff% = ?0.2 ± 3.2, ?1.5 ± 2.2 and ?1.4 ± 6.2) and trivial to small effect sizes (ES = 0.20, 0.30 and 0.13). Very strong correlations were observed for DP, DS, and KDP for T-time (r = 0.87–0.99) and cycle count (r = 0.87–0.99), while mean values were under-reported by the micro-sensor. Incorrect Turn detection was a major factor in technique cycle misclassification. Data presented highlight the potential of automated ski technique classification in cross-country skiing research. With further refinement, this approach will allow many applied questions associated with pacing, fatigue, technique selection and power output during training and competition to be answered.     

国家生命周期视角下美国竞技体育强国的成长历程、特征及启示

竞技体育在体育强国建设中具有重要的带动和引领作用。在推动体育大国向体育强国迈进的过程中，统筹协调竞技体育与国家发展的关系，科学引导竞技体育深度融入国家生命周期，推动竞技体育伴随国家发展实现可持续成长是一项现实任务。基于国家生命周期的理论视角，综合运用文献资料研究、逻辑推演、对比分析、政策分析等方法，对美国竞技体育强国的成长历程和特征进行了深入剖析，认为美国竞技体育强国的成长经历了准备成长期、快速成长期和强盛期3个阶段，美国竞技体育强国的成长周期与国家生命周期之间关系密切，竞技体育发展与国家成长的趋势具有趋同性，竞技体育发展程度是国家崛起的重要信号，美国竞技体育强国的成长具有一定惯性，可能在2090年左右进入缓慢成长期。提出：科学研判我国竞技体育强国的成长周期及社会环境，引导竞技体育深度融入国家生命周期；以“开放、共享”理念优化竞技体育成长方式，全面提升为国争光能力；发挥竞技体育对国家成长的带动和引领作用，全面推动竞技体育强国的均衡、协调和可持续成长。     

Bungee jump model with increased stretch-prediction accuracy

This bungee jumping model improves the stretch prediction accuracy of prior models by including the effects of: rubber viscoelasticity, stiffness nonlinearities, jumper air drag, and jumper horizontal push-off. Bungee (bungy) cords are made from rubber, a viscoelastic material whose stiffness is a function of the number of cycles (cycle effect), the time interval since the last cycle (interval effect), strain rate, and temperature. Stiffness was measured, on an MTS machine, over 100 cycles at four intervals (1, 5, 60, 1440 min), three strain rates (0.17, 1.5, 5.0 s⁻¹) and constant temperature (20.5°C). At a constant cycle interval and strain rate, rubber stiffness decreased 9.8% from the 10th to the 100th cycle. This decrease was linear with the logarithm of the cycle number. Stiffness recovered 6.5% after 24 hours of non-use. Neglecting viscoelastic effects causes significant stretch-prediction errors of -11.0% (cycle effect), -3.2% (interval effect), and +1.6% (strain rate). Less significantly, neglecting jumper air drag, jumper push-off, and stress-strain nonlinearities cause prediction errors of +1.9%, +0.7%, and +0.2%, respectively. These errors are based on a typical cord, of unstretched length 7.5 m, that elongates 250%. For accurate stretch prediction, with typical sized bungee cords, viscoelastic effects are both more important and easier to implement than air drag and stress-strain non-linearity.     

Food attitudes in female athletes: association with menstrual cycle length

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26-32 days, irregular cycles < or =26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes.     

高校体育专业女生月经周期的身体各状态变化调查

运用问卷调查法和访谈法了解高校体育专业女生月经周期参加运动训练时身体和心理的变化情况,结果显示,多数女生运动兴趣和身体功能状态下降且与运动项目相关,少部分女生兴奋性和身体功能反而上升。     

论公路自行车运动的弯道技术在比赛中的合理运用

阐述了公路自行车运动中各种弯道技术在比赛中的运用时机,提出了弯道前的制动技术和弯道中的压车技术,以及驶出弯道时所采用的技、战术等问题,并详细地加以分析、研究和探讨。指出了公路自行车运动竞赛时弯道行驶的正确方法。