小通草及其伪品的鉴别

目的对正品小通草及伪品进行鉴别比较。方法采用性状、显微、薄层色谱鉴别方法比较正品及伪品小通草的差异。结论为正品及伪品小通草的鉴别提供试验依据。     

黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别

目的 正确鉴别正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的差别。方法 采用根类中药性状鉴别法。结果 比较正品、地区用药、伪品的异同点。结论 给出了正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别方法。     

黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别

目的正确鉴别正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的差别.方法采用根类中药性状鉴别法.结果比较正品、地区用药、伪品的异同点.结论给出了正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别方法.     

黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别

目的 正确鉴别正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的差别。方法 采用根类中药性状鉴别法。结果 比较正品、地区用药、伪品的异同点。结论 给出了正品黄芪与地区用药及伪品的鉴别方法。     

厚朴及其伪品的鉴别

目的对正品厚朴及伪品厚朴进行鉴别比较.方法采用性状、显微结构、薄层色谱等方法进行鉴别.结果正品与伪品厚朴两者内在鉴别特征差异较大.结论为正品及伪品厚朴的鉴别,为安全用药提供试验依据.     

金钱草及伪品和易混品的鉴别

本文对金钱草正品、伪品、易混品的性状作了较为详细的介绍,以提高对正品、伪品、易混品的识别能力,保证人民用药安全有效.     

蛤蚧及其伪品的鉴别

介绍正品蛤蚧及其4种伪品的药材性状鉴别与正品蛤蚧粉末显微特征。     

厚朴及3种伪品的鉴别

目的 对伪品厚朴-武当玉兰、凹叶玉兰、西康玉兰的鉴定，为正品厚朴的鉴别提供实验依据。方法 采用性状、显微特征、薄层色谱的鉴别方法．结果 正品和伪品具不同鉴别性特征。结论 能准确地把正品厚朴与武当玉兰、凹叶玉兰、西康玉兰鉴别。     

一种菟丝子伪品的鉴别

目的：对伪品菟丝子——莎草种子的鉴定，为正品菟丝子的鉴别提供实验依据。方法：采用性状、显微特征、理化鉴别、薄层色谱和紫外光谱的鉴别方法。结果：正品和伪品具不同鉴别特征。结论：探讨研究提供的鉴别方法，能准确地鉴别正品菟丝子和莎草的种子。     

菟丝子与其混淆品的鉴别

目的介绍菟丝子与南方菟丝子、欧菟丝子、日本菟丝子真伪鉴别,为识别正品菟丝子提供依据。方法采用性状、薄层色谱的鉴别。结果正品和伪品具不同鉴别特征。结论本文提供的鉴别方法能准确地把菟丝子和伪品区别开来。     

Detection of counterfeit Viagra with Raman spectroscopy

During the last few years, counterfeiters have become increasingly sophisticated by falsifying drugs and making them look identical to genuine tablets. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy is proposed as a fast and reliable method for the detection of counterfeit Viagra tablets. This technique can easily differentiate genuine from counterfeit tablets without the need of sample preparation. In total 18 tablets were analysed which all contained the active ingredient sildenafil, but different excipients were used, as could be observed in the Raman spectra between 1150 and 700 cm(-1). So, the spectra could be divided into genuine or counterfeit. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA), combined with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), was used to establish an automated approach for the discrimination of counterfeit from genuine Viagra tablets. Raman spectroscopy, combined with principal components analysis, could be used in the future by customs or in the field to identify counterfeit tablets on the spot without involvement of trained chemists.     

Investigation of lead and cadmium in counterfeit cigarettes seized in the United States

Information of toxic elements such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in counterfeit cigarettes offers insight on the potential public health impact of consuming counterfeit cigarettes and the technology used by counterfeiters in the illicit cigarette trade. In this study, the concentration of Pb and Cd in twenty-three packs of counterfeit cigarettes seized in the US by various law enforcement agencies were evaluated and compared with their genuine equivalents using microwave digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Both Pb and Cd concentration in counterfeit cigarettes were markedly higher than those in their genuine equivalents, and exhibited greater sample to sample variability. The average Pb and Cd mass fraction values in counterfeit cigarettes were (5.13 ± 2.50) mg/kg (n = 23) and (5.13 ± 1.95) mg/kg (n = 23) respectively, compared with (0.59 ± 0.08) mg/kg (n = 9) and (1.08 ± 0.08) mg/kg (n = 9) respectively in the genuine equivalents. Results suggest that counterfeit cigarettes may impose higher risks to public health. Studying these toxic elements could provide important information regarding the illicit trade, including the level of organization among counterfeiters, who broker between availability of supplies and consumer demand for a cheaper product that is assumed to be genuine.     

Differentiation of genuines and counterfeits of Cordyceps species using random amplified polymorphic DNA

For identification of genuine and counterfeit samples of Cordyceps sinensis, an RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was performed. In the study, twelve samples were collected, of which six were genuine and six were counterfeit samples. Genuine samples of Cordyceps sinensis contain two parasitic larvae produced from each of the three provinces, Sichuan (SC), Chinghai (CH), and Tibet (TB). The counterfeits contain two products of each of the three species, Cordyceps hawkesii, Stachys geobombycis, and Stachys sieboldii. In the RAPD analysis, twenty arbitrary decamer primers were screened to obtain primers appropriate for differentiating the genuine and counterfeit samples. The result of twelve RAPD markers generated from four primers, OPT-08, OPT-12, OPT-13, and OPT-17, were selected. The primers can easily distinguish between genuine and counterfeit samples of Cordyceps sinensis.     

便携式拉曼光谱仪快速鉴别多潘立酮片真伪的研究

目的研究用便携式拉曼光谱仪鉴定多潘立酮片（西安某公司）的真伪,分析真假多潘立酮片的拉曼光谱特征。方法采用便携式拉曼光谱仪上自带的BWID光谱识别程序,选取一个真的多潘立酮片的谱图建立谱图库。结果共测试了14个样品,迅速的区分了5个批号的多潘立酮片真药和9个批号的多潘立酮片假药,准确率100%。结论通过建立多潘立酮片（西安某公司）谱图的方式,便携式拉曼光谱仪能够快速鉴别多潘立酮片（西安某公司）的真伪。     

大黄及其伪品的鉴别

目的鉴别大黄真伪,确保临床用药安全、有效。方法通过药材性状和理化特征进行鉴别。结果大黄及其伪品无论在外观性状还是理化反应特征方面都存在较大的差异。结论通过以上方法可以区分正品与伪品。     

Detecting counterfeit antimalarial tablets by near-infrared spectroscopy

Counterfeit antimalarial drugs are found in many developing countries, but it is challenging to differentiate between genuine and fakes due to their increasing sophistication. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a powerful tool in pharmaceutical forensics, and we tested this technique for discriminating between counterfeit and genuine artesunate antimalarial tablets. Using NIRS, we found that artesunate tablets could be identified as genuine or counterfeit with high accuracy. Multivariate classification models indicated that this discriminatory ability was based, at least partly, on the presence or absence of spectral signatures related to artesunate. This technique can be field-portable and requires little training after calibrations are developed, thus showing great promise for rapid and accurate fake detection.     

应用X线衍射及拉曼光谱鉴别白石英

目的：建立白石英的X线衍射（X ray diffraction,XRD）谱及拉曼指纹特征图谱,为白石英的真伪鉴别提供新方法。方法：对15批白石英及其伪品样品进行性状、化学组分、XRD图谱及拉曼光谱分析,以10批白石英正品样品XRD共有特征峰作XRD指纹峰,以拉曼光谱共有特征峰作拉曼指纹峰,并进行相似度评价。结果：XRD分析表明1~10号样品为正品白石英,11号为掺伪品,12~15号为伪品。10批白石英正品样品的XRD图谱在晶面间距（d/10^-1 nm）4.24,3.335,2.45,2.28,1.81,1.54附近有6个共有峰（相对强度≥ 5%）,为白石英XRD指纹峰。10批白石英正品样品的拉曼光谱在拉曼位移128,206,355,464.5 cm^-1附近有4个共有峰（相对强度≥ 5%）,为白石英拉曼指纹特征峰。相似度评价表明,正品样品XRD图谱与平均图谱相关系数≥ 98.68%,余弦值≥ 98.94%,正品样品拉曼图谱与其平均数图谱相关系数≥ 99.30%,余弦值≥ 99.62%。掺伪品及伪品XRD及拉曼图谱与相应的平均数图谱相关系数和余弦值均小于正品。所建立的白石英XRD和拉曼指纹图谱可准确区分正品、伪品及掺伪品。结论：XRD图谱可准确分析白石英的物相组成,为白石英的拉曼光谱鉴定方法提供准确的原始样品数据。拉曼光谱鉴别白石英具有很好的专属性,可作为一种快速、准确区分白石英及其伪品的方法。     

Comparison and combination of spectroscopic techniques for the detection of counterfeit medicines

During this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to 55 samples of counterfeit and imitations of Viagra^® and 39 samples of counterfeit and imitations of Cialis^®. The aim of the study was to investigate which of these techniques and associations of them were the best for discriminating genuine from counterfeit and imitation samples. Only the regions between 1800–400 cm⁻¹ and 7000–4000 cm⁻¹ were used for FT-IR and NIR spectroscopy respectively. Partial least square analysis has been used to allow the detection of counterfeit and imitation tablets. It is shown that for the Viagra^® samples, the best results were provided by a combination of FT-IR and NIR spectroscopy. On the other hand, the best results for the Cialis^® samples were provided by the combination of NIR and Raman spectroscopy (1400–1190 cm⁻¹). These techniques not only permitted a clear discrimination between genuine and counterfeit or imitation samples but also the distinction of clusters among illegal samples. This might be interesting for forensic investigations by authorities.     

A colorimetric field method to assess the authenticity of drugs sold as the antimalarial artesunate

Artesunate is the most widely used of the artemisinin derivatives. These drugs are being used increasingly throughout the tropical world, and are an essential component of the treatment of multi-drug resistant malaria. The recent and widespread appearance of counterfeit artesunate tablets in several countries in Southeast Asia poses a serious threat to health in this region. We have developed a simple, inexpensive colorimetric test to determine artesunate authenticity in tablets. The test is based on a reaction between an alkali decomposition product of artesunate and a diazonium salt, fast red TR (FRTR). The appearance of a yellow color indicates the presence of artesunate. The specificity of the test is dependent on the pH of the reaction. Among other antimalarials tested, (i.e. artemisinin, artemether, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine) only artesunate produced a positive color reaction at pH 4. The assay requires only 1% of the total weight of a standard tablet containing 50 mg of artesunate and can be completed within 10 min. The method was tested on six genuine artesunate tablets and six counterfeit artesunate tablets obtained in Southeast Asia. The average amount of artesunate in the genuine tablets was determined to be 50.8 +/- 2.9 mg while the counterfeit tablets were found to contain no artesunate.     

利用近红外光谱法对鸡骨草胶囊的一致性检验研究

目的 运用近红外光谱法对鸡骨草胶囊进行一致性检验.方法 将收集的20批鸡骨草胶囊正品、10批鸡骨草胶囊伪品扫描近红外光谱后使用矢量归一化方法预处理,建立一致性检验模型.结果 用鸡骨草胶囊一致检验模型可以显著区分广西玉林制药有限责任公司的正品与假劣产品.结论 所建立的一致性检验模型具有方法简单、易操作等特点,适用于药品检测车对鸡骨草胶囊的快速筛查.