自贡市设定地震的确定

将确定性方法与概率性方法相结合,通过对自贡市地震地质背景、发震断裂及共发震能力、地震活动的时间空布特征、未来５０年地震活动趋势预测、自贡市受破坏性地震的期望震级与期望距离等几个方面的研究,综合确定了２个地震,共结果可以为自贡市人民政论及有关部门制定大震应急预案、建立大震快速反应系统提供依据。     

2001年昆仑山口8.1级巨震后中国大陆、云南地震趋势研究

分析研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口8．1级巨震对中国大陆云南未来几年地震趋势的影响，指出巨震后6年大陆可能仍然处于地震活跃期，其间大陆西部发生7．0级以上大震可能性较大；受2000－2001年欧亚带东南段大震活动过程及巨震调整影响，未来1－3年云南省可能进入新的活跃期，6．5级以上强震危险性增加。     

Paterns and regularity of ring distribution of seismic activity before great earthquakes in China

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Patterns and regularity of ring distribution of seismic activity before great earthquakes in China

A systematic study on “ring phenomena” frequently occurring before great earthquakes has made in this paper, which has analyzed the features of ring distributions before 16 great earthquakes and part of large earthquakes in China and its boundary areas, and discussed their features of generality, regularity and predictive meaning. The results have showed that moderate earthquakes or larger earthquakes distribute around the epicenter like a ring from decades to hundred years before the great earthquakes of magnitude more than 7, which is a general phenomenon of great earthquakes without an exception. The active ring generally occurs in the areas from hundreds to thousands of kilometers from the epicenter (according to the magnitude). The seismicity in the ring has three basic stages with different features. in the first stage, seismicity remains at low level and the earthquakes distribute scatteredly, while the source area of the future great earthquake remains quiet; in the second stage, the seismicity strengthens, whose frequency, intensity, concentrated degree, released rate of strain and ratio of distributed area etc. increase, while the quiet area decreases or disappears; in the third stage, the seismicity is weaker than in the former stage, and the quiet area appears again. The source area surrounded by the active ring might have three periods of activity (called as early-term, medium-term and late-term foreshocks activity). The length of the quiet area undergoes the process from large to small, then to large. Therefore, we can estimate the occurring place, magnitude and seismogenic stage of great earthquake according to the area, length and the seismicity in the active ring, which is valuable to make a long-term prediction of great earthquakes. At last, we had a preliminary discussion on the mechanism of active ring formation.     

1995年4－6月的全球地震动态

１９９５年第二季度，全球地震活动恢复到１９９４年的高水平态势：浅源地震频数猛增，并出现两次Ｍｓ７．７以上巨大地震。大洋岛弧带成为本季度地震活动中心。所罗门群岛有两次中强震。菲律宾萨马岛附近发生大震群。千岛群岛大震的余震未息。秘鲁北部和缅印边界各有一次中深源地震。希腊发生中强地震两次。萨哈林岛地震显示全球地震信息。     

Searching for an Earthquake Precursor—A Case Study of Precursory Swarm as a Real Seismic Pattern Before Major Shocks

A long-range correlation between earthquakes is indicated by some phenomena precursory to strong earthquakes. Most of the major earthquakes show prior seismic activity that in hindsight seems anomalous. The features include changes in regional activity rate and changes in the pattern of small earthquakes, including alignments on unmapped linear features near the (future) main shock. It has long been suggested that large earthquakes are preceded by observable variations in regional seismicity. Studies on seismic precursors preceding large to great earthquakes with M ≥ 7.5 were carried out in the northeast India region bounded by the area 20°–32°N and 88°–100°E using the earthquake database from 1853 to 1988. It is observed that all earthquakes of M ≥ 7.5, including the two great earthquakes of 1897 and 1950, were preceded by abnormally low anomalous seismicity phases some 11–27 years prior to their occurrence. On the other hand, precursory time periods ranged from 440 to 1,768 days for main shocks with M 5.6–6.5 for the period from 1963 to 1988. Furthermore, the 6 August, 1988 main shock of M 7.5 in the Arakan Yoma fold belt was preceded by well-defined patterns of anomalous seismicity that occurred during 1963–1964, about 25.2 years prior to its occurrence. The pattern of anomalous seismicity in the form of earthquake swarms preceding major earthquakes in the northeast India region can be regarded as one of the potential seismic precursors. Database constraints have been the main barrier to searching for this precursor preceding smaller earthquakes, which otherwise might have provided additional information on its existence. The entire exercise indicates that anomalous seismicity preceding major shocks is a common seismic pattern for the northeast India region, and can be employed for long-range earthquake prediction when better quality seismological data sets covering a wide range of magnitudes are available. Anomalous seismic activity is distinguished by a much higher annual frequency of earthquake occurrence than in the preceding normal and the following gap episodes.     

Physical criterion to evaluate seismic activity associated with the seismic cycle of great interplate earthquakes

A new criterion is introduced to judge if the vicinity of the source region of a great interplate earthquake is in an active period. It is based on the stress change caused by the great earthquake. A region is regarded as being in an active period of seismicity if the occurrence rate of earthquakes on faults in the stress shadow of the great earthquake is significantly higher than in the early stage of the seismic cycle, and if the stressing rate of these faults is sufficiently low. This criterion was applied to the seismicity in the central part of southwest Japan before and after the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai earthquakes. The results show that before the 1944 Tonankai earthquake, the region was in an active period from at least 1927.The region was in a quiet period for almost50 years after the 1946 Nankai earthquake.Data after 1995 show that the region is once more in an active period of seismicity preceding the next great interplate earthquakes along the Nankai trough,although the total number of earthquakes has not yet significantly increased. Our results indicate that earthquake probability in the central part of southwest Japan will become high in the coming decades until the next great interplate earthquakes along the Nankai trough.     

Probability of earthquake recurrence with nonuniform stress rates and time-dependent failure

Current methods for calculation of long-term probabilities for the recurrence of large earthquakes on specific fault segments are based upon models of the faulting process that implicitly assume constant stress rates during the interval separating earthquakes and instantaneous failure at a critical stress threshold. However, observations indicate that the process of stress recovery following an earthquake involves rate variations at all time scales in addition to stress steps caused by nearby earthquakes. Additionally, the existence of foreshocks, aftershocks and possible precursory processes suggest that there may be significant time dependence of the earthquake nucleation process. A method for determining the conditional probabilities for earthquake occurrence under conditions of irregular stressing is developed that could be useful at all time scales including those pertinent to short-and intermediate-term prediction. Used with models for earthquake occurrence at a stress threshold, the addition of variable stressing introduces a simple scaling of the conditional probabilities by stress level and stress rate. A model for the time-dependent nucleation of earthquake slip has been proposed recently that is based upon laboratory observations of fault strength. This failure criterion results in large but relatively short duration changes in the probability of earthquake recurrence particularly following stress steps. Applied to populations of earthquakes the models predicts a 1/t decay of seismicity following stress steps as observed for aftershocks and for frequency of foreshock-mainshock pairs. The model suggests that variations of seismicity rates of small earthquakes in the nucleation zone of the expected earthquake directly indicate variations in probability of recurrence of the large earthquake.     

华北地区强震前的地震活动图象

本文分析了华北地区(30——42N,105——124E)自16世纪以来8次7.5级以上大地震发生之前的地震活动图象.发现在这些大地震发生之前的若干年(绝大多数不超过20年),都表现出一个M4(3/4)地震在某一范围內相对较集中活动的区域,然后在该区中部或边缘发生大地震。 唐山7.8级地震前,随着大地震发生时间的逼近,Ms4.0地震的震中分布,在大范围活动的基础上,分阶段地逐步自外围向主震震中收缩,然后发生大地震。这种地震活动图象的演变过程可分成若干阶段的现象,对于研究震源性质、地震孕育过程和中长期地震预报等,可能具有一定意义。      

大震地震波对云南地震活动的远场动态应力触发作用

基于云南数字地震台网记录,计算了印尼大震、昆仑山口西大震和古吉拉特邦大震的地震波在云南地区产生的远场动态库仑破裂应力变化,研究了大震产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化对云南地震活动的远场动态应力触发作用及其特征。结果显示,印尼大震产生的库仑破裂应力对云南地震活动有明显的触发作用,昆仑山口西大震产生的库仑破裂应力对云南地震活动有触发作用,但不显著,古吉拉特邦大震在云南地区产生的库仑破裂应力没有触发作用。最后分析和探讨了这3次大震触发作用差异的原因。     

Seasonal Seismicity of Northern California Before the Great 1906 Earthquake

—?During the late nineteenth century, coastal parts of northern California experienced seismicity which was more intense than at any other time in its historical record and was concentrated in Spring. The seasonal character of this anomalous seismicity was statistically significant from the 1880s, if not earlier, until the time of the great 1906 earthquake. It can be explained as a result of seasonal stress transients caused by the large seasonal sediment loads which accumulated in coastal bays that overlie active strike-slip faults, as a result of hydraulic mining of gold in inland areas. Such localised loading will increase the absolute vertical stress and reduce the absolute horizontal stress, thus facilitating shear failure by unclamping vertical fault planes. However, rather than simply influencing the timing of earthquakes which would otherwise have occurred anyway sometime later, this process appears to have affected the character of the region's seismicity, causing a sequence of magnitude 5–6 earthquakes which propagated outward from these coastal depocentres. These results have three important implications. First, the proposed physical mechanism is only feasible provided the deepest continental crust in this region has a viscosity no greater than ～10¹⁷?Pa?s, giving it a Maxwell time of the order of weeks. These observations of seasonal seismicity thus suggest that such low viscosities are reasonable, a conclusion which has been difficult to establish using other evidence. They indicate that future calculations of the stress field in this region, for instance for investigating the role of earthquake triggering, should incorporate this response by lower-crustal flow, not just the immediate elastic effect. Second, the conclusion that seasonal stress transients caused by seasonal changes in surface processes can affect seismicity, has important implications for hazard assessment. It raises the possibility that surface processes may influence the seasonal timing and character of seismicity in other regions also. Finally, it indicates that the decades of intense seismicity, widely interpreted as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake, were atypical of the longer-term record. Analogous sequences of moderate-sized events cannot necessarily be expected to provide advance warning of future large earthquakes in this region.     

不同构造环境中地震活动对新疆地震形势的影响

在对构造运动差异较大的柯坪块体和天山中部地区地震活动研究基础上,深入分析了这两个不同构造单元的中强地震活动对整体新疆地震形势的影响。不同构造环境下不同构造单元地震活动差异性很大。柯坪块体内构造运动强烈,它是新疆6级地震主要活动区之一。6级地震发生后的1年内,天山地震带是中强地震的主要响应区,在时间上具有短期预测意义。位于特殊构造环境的中天山地区地震少,地震强度低。4次5级地震后的1~3年,新疆地震活动呈明显增强趋势,中天山地区中强地震活动对周边地区中强地震活动会产生触发作用。     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级特大地震孕育过程及中强地震活动图像演化

通过在百年时间域、45°×35°空间域对2001年昆仑山口西8.1级特大地震的孕震过程和中强地震活动图像演化进行时空扫描研究,认为该地震存在清晰的长期、中期、短期和临震几个孕育阶段,给出了各阶段清晰有序的地震活动图像,并找出划分各孕育阶段的标志性地震.同时指出8.1级特大地震的特殊性和预测预报的困难性.     

东北地区地震活动规律及发展趋势研究

在多年对东北地震大形势研究的基础上，根据1900年以来的历史地震资料所显示的周期性活动特点，用正弦函数描述其地震活动规律，并结合时间序列的周期图及其他一些地震活动性分析方法，对东北地区地震活动规律及发展趋势作了详细研究。     

Seismic gaps and source zones of recent large earthquakes in coastal Peru

The earthquakes of central coastal Peru occur principally in two distinct zones of shallow earthquake activity that are inland of and parallel to the axis of the Peru Trench. The interface-thrust (IT) zone includes the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 17 October 1966 and 3 October 1974. The coastal-plate interior (CPI) zone includes the great earthquake of 31 May 1970, and is located about 50 km inland of and 30 km deeper than the interface thrust zone. The occurrence of a large earthquake in one zone may not relieve elastic strain in the adjoining zone, thus complicating the application of the seismic gap concept to central coastal Peru. However, recognition of two seismic zones may facilitate detection of seismicity precursory to a large earthquake in a given zone; removal of probable CPI-zone earthquakes from plots of seismicity prior to the 1974 main shock dramatically emphasizes the high seismic activity near the rupture zone of that earthquake in the five years preceding the main shock. Other conclusions on the seismicity of coastal Peru that affect the application of the seismic gap concept to this region are: (1) Aftershocks of the great earthquakes of 1966, 1970, and 1974 occurred in spatially separated clusters. Some clusters may represent distinct small source regions triggered by the main shock rather than delimiting the total extent of main-shock rupture. The uncertainty in the interpretation of aftershock clusters results in corresponding uncertainties in estimates of stress drop and estimates of the dimensions of the seismic gap that has been filled by a major earthquake. (2) Aftershocks of the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 1966 and 1974 generally did not extend seaward as far as the Peru Trench. (3) None of the three great earthquakes produced significant teleseismic activity in the following month in the source regions of the other two earthquakes. The earthquake hypocenters that form the basis of this study were relocated using station adjustments computed by the method of joint hypocenter determination.     

Analysis of deep focal mechanisms and revealing of possible large earthquake zones in the Kuril-Okhotsk region

The relationship between shallow and deep seismicity is investigated. The 2006 and 2007 large earthquakes of M = 8.3 and 8.1, which occurred off the southeast coast of Simushir, Kuril Islands, have been preceded by noticeable deep seismicity in the subducting slab. The methods and algorithms of focal mechanism analysis are developed for revealing possible large earthquake zones in the Kuril-Okhotsk region. Deep-focus earthquakes occurring in distant regions of the subducting slab with significant probability have triggered the large shallow earthquakes along the deep sea trench.     

闽粤海外历史地震与台湾海峡现今强震活动图像

闽粤两省强烈地震多发生在沿海地区,且福建南日岛至广东南澳一线的泉州－汕头地震带地震活动尤为突出。历史上东南沿海地震带曾发生过４次７级以上大地震,而其中３次都发生在泉－汕段海域,继华南地区本世纪著名的１９１８年广东南澳７．３级地震后,１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡南部又发生７．３级强震,这在经济发达,人口稠密的闽粤沿海地区引起了极大关注。本文通过历史强震活动资料,分析闽粤沿海与台湾海峡强震在时间进程,     

地震活动性总体参量Rt及其在地震预测中应用的研究

考虑到地震活动性综合分析在地震预测中的重要作用,提出一种地震活动性总体状态参量Rt。该参量由多项地震活动性预测因子构成,其中包括:地震频次、缺震、地震熵、b值和调制比,该参数描述了某时段内,多种地震活动性参量对正常状态的偏离。当Rt=1时,地震活动状态是稳定的,反之,当Rt<1时,则表明地震活动处于不同程度的不稳定态。文中对华北、东北和西北地区地震以及矿山地震的Rt值在强事件前后随时间的变化进行了研究,初步结果表明:在强震或较大矿震前Rt值明显偏离1。同时,对Rt值的地震预测效能进行了检验评估。     

2010年2月27日智利Mw8.8地震前全球地震活动特征分析

通过对智利地震前全球不同时空范围地震活动特征分析,发现:①智利地震前出现了两类地震空区:第一类空区为1900年以来形成的360 km长的Mw≥8.0地震空段,第二类空区为震前5年形成的780 km长的M≥5.5地震空段;②1986-2010年,智利中南部仅发生1次Mw7.1地震,表现为显著的Mw≥7.0地震平静异常;③...     

大同—阳高6.1级地震活动背景

本文从较大时空范围研究了１９８９年大同－阳高６．１级地震的地震活动性背景，认为大同－阳高地震不是一次孤立的地震事件，是大同盆地历史６级以上地震活动的继续和必然。在时间进程中它们受华北地震区和山西地震带强震活动周期的制约，空间上与北三省交汇区中强地震成丛活动密切相关。大同－阳高６．１级、５．８级地震以及此期间的侯马４．９级、析州５．１级地震是山西地震带中强地震即将活跃的一个迹象，也是华北区域应力场增