本刊常用的不需要标注中文的缩略语

<正>恩替卡韦(entecavir,ETV)替诺福韦(tenofovir,TDF)利巴韦林(ribavirin,RBV)拉米夫定(lamivudine,LAM)蛋白酶抑制剂(protease inhibitors,PIs)乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)免疫效应细胞(immune effector cell,IEC)肿瘤溶解综合征(tumour lysis syndrome,TLS)原发性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)     

替比夫定与HBIG联用预防肝移植术后乙型病毒性肝炎复发的疗效

目的 评价替比夫定与乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白(HBIG)预防肝移植术后乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)复发的疗效和安全性.方法 26例乙肝相关终末期肝病患者,其中HBV 脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)阳性者12例,乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性20例,乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)阳性7例.无YMDD变异阳性病例.患者均联合应用替比夫定和...     

核苷类似物单药口服预防肝移植术后乙型病毒性肝炎复发的研究

目的探讨核苷类似物单药口服预防肝移植术后乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)复发的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析1999年10月至2014年4月在广东佛山市第一人民医院行肝移植的32例乙肝相关性疾病患者的临床资料。根据供体来源分为两个阶段。第一阶段为1999年10月至2007年9月的6例无心跳供体肝移植,供肝的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)血清标志物均为(-),受体术前血清乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎核心抗体(抗-HBc)均为(+),其中2例合并乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)(+),1例合并乙型肝炎e抗体(抗-HBe)(+),5例受体术前血清HBV脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)1 000 copies/ml,1例HBV DNA1 000 copies/ml。给予拉米夫定(100 mg/d)单药口服预防肝移植术后乙肝复发。第二阶段为2011年11月至2014年4月的26例心脏死亡器官捐献供体肝移植(其中1例为肝肾联合移植);供肝血清HBsAg(+)6例、(-)20例,乙型肝炎表面抗体(抗-HBs)(+)15例,HBeAg(+)2例,抗-HBc(+)14例,抗-HBe(+)5例;11例受体术前血清HBV DNA500 copies/ml,15例HBV DNA500 copies/ml;25例给予恩替卡韦0.5 mg/d、1例给予替比夫定600 mg/d单药口服预防乙肝复发。结果第一阶段肝移植受体中位随访时间为104个月,全部受体术后血清HBsAg和HBV DNA均转阴,至今未见乙肝复发。第二阶段肝移植受体中位随访时间为50周,20例接受HBsAg(-)供肝,其中1例于术后39周出现一过性HBsAg(+),随后又转阴;另1例肝肾联合移植受体在移植术后28周发生乙肝复发,但血清HBV DNA(-);其中15例采用抗-HBc(+)供体肝移植术后均未见乙肝复发。6例采用HBsAg(+)供体的肝移植受体术后HBsAg均未转阴。所有随访受体均存活,术后均未见HBV DNA复制,亦未发现核苷类似物相关不良反应。结论核苷类似物单药口服预防肝移植术后乙肝的复发是有效和安全的。     

恩替卡韦联合乙肝免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后乙肝复发

肝移植是乙肝相关终末期肝病的最主要适应证,而肝移植术后乙肝复发则是影响肝移植受者长期生存的主要原因之一.文献报道,拉米夫定联合乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immuno globulin,HBIG)预防移植术后乙肝复发,其1年复发率为2.1%～13.5%,2年复发率为4.5%～15.2%[1-2].目前,用恩替卡韦联合HBIG预防肝移植后乙肝复发的文献报道较少.本文对我中心2007年1月至2009年4月采用恩替卡韦联合HBIG以及拉米夫定联合HBIG预防肝移植术后乙肝复发的104例临床资料进行了回顾性分析.     

替诺福韦酯治疗HBV耐药相关的慢加急性肝功能衰竭的短期疗效观察

目的观察替诺福韦酯(TDF)治疗HBV耐药相关的慢加急性肝功能衰竭(ACLF)患者的短期疗效。方法回顾性观察5例HBV耐药相关的ACLF患者经TDF单药或联合治疗后病毒学应答、免疫学应答情况及肝功能指标、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分的变化。结果 5例患者接受TDF抗病毒治疗2、4周后HBV DNA复制水平均较治疗前显著下降,4例患者于8周后均达到HBV DNA500拷贝/ml;1例患者治疗12周时HBV DNA500拷贝/ml,该患者在治疗第8周发生HBe Ag/HBe Ab转换;4例患者主要肝功能指标及MELD评分较治疗前明显改善。结论 TDF能有效地降低ACLF患者耐药HBV DNA的复制,可能有利于提高肝功能衰竭患者的生存率。     

肝移植术后HBV再感染的治疗

目的分析肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染患者的抗病毒治疗与乙肝病毒基因变异情况。方法317例HBV相关终末期肝病患者肝移植术后15例单独使用LAM，302例使用小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（hepatitis B immune globulin，HBIG）和拉米夫定（lamivudine，LAM）（或adefovir dipivoxil，ADV）联合预防HBV再感染，同时检测HBV血清标志物、血清HBV DNA、YMDD区变异、及肝活检组织乙型肝炎标记物。结果术后LAM组有4例术前HBV DNA阳性患者术后HBV再感染，LAM＋HBIG联合用药组16例HBV再感染，两组术后HBV再感染差异有统计学意义（26．7％VS．5．30％，P〈0．01）。317例患者术后12例发生YMDD变异，发生率为3．79％，再感染病例60％（12／20）。经加用ADV治疗后5例HBV DNA转阴性，4名患者HBV DNA滴度下降，肝功能显著改善，3例发生纤维淤胆性肝炎，2例死亡，1例经再次肝移植治愈。结论小剂量HBIG＋LAM可以有效地预防肝移植术后HBV再感染；在小剂量HBIG＋LAM用药基础上HBV再感染可能产生YMDD（tyrosine，methionine，aspartate，aspartate）变异；ADV可作为LAM耐药后用药，对于发生突破性感染的患者应采取以ADV为主的综合治疗。     

肝移植后乙型病毒性肝炎复发的临床病理研究

目的 探讨肝移植后乙型病毒性肝炎(简称"乙肝")复发的临床特点及常见的组织病理学特征.方法 回顾分析17例肝移植后乙肝复发患者的临床和组织病理学检查资料.结果 乙肝复发时间为肝移植后(21.2±13.2)个月(4～48个月).12例因乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA出现酪氨酸-蛋氨酸-门冬氨酸-门冬氨酸(YMDD)变异,3例因原发性肝癌(HCC)复发后的化疗,2例因自行停用拉米夫定.12例存在YMDD变异者将拉米夫定替换为恩替卡韦或加用阿德福韦治疗,2例停用拉米夫定者继续应用拉米夫定治疗,3例HCC复发者将拉米夫定替换为恩替卡韦治疗.经抗病毒治疗后,3例分别因纤维淤胆型肝炎所致肝功能衰竭和肿瘤复发而死亡,其余14例肝功能逐渐恢复正常,HBV DNA拷贝均＜102IU/ml.乙肝复发后移植肝组织病理特点以肝细胞变性、坏死,以及汇管区炎症和纤维化为主.乙肝复发后随着时间的延长,HBV在肝细胞内的复制增多,急性排斥反应发生次数增加,肝组织纤维化增生,纤维间隔形成,甚至出现假小叶.结论 肝移植后乙肝复发时出现纤维化的时间早、进展快,HBV复制水平与肝组织坏死和炎症反应密切相关.尽早发现乙肝复发和有效的抗病毒治疗能显著改善患者预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. Methods The retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological changes was performed on 17 patients who had HBV recurrence after liver transplantation in our medical department. Results HBV recurrence happened from 4 to 48 months. Twelve of them which were identified to be YMDD mutation switched to entecavir or added adefovir. Three of them receiving chemotherapy when liver cancer recurred switched to entecavir. Two of them with withdrawal of lamivudine were given lamivudine continuously. Liver function returned to the normal level and HBVDNA was ＜ 102 U/ml after anti-hepatitis B virus. The histological changes in the transplanted livers included hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis, portal infiltrations and fibrosis.With time after recurrence, it was easier to see hepatitis B virus replication in liver cells, incidence of acute rejection, increases of liver fibrosis and the formation of fibrous septa, even pseudolobule.Conclusion In native HBV infection livers, fibrosis occurs more early and develops rapidly. The number of virus is closely related to liver necrosis and inflammation. Early discovery and change to quick and effective treatment of anti-hepatitis B virus in time can improve greatly the prognosis of the patients.     

拉米夫定及乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白预防肝移植后乙型肝炎复发的疗效观察

目的:研究单用拉米夫定或与乙型肝炎(乙肝)免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合应用对乙肝相关肝病病人肝移植术后预防乙肝复发的效果。方法:应用酶联免疫试验(EIA)检测HBsAg、抗鄄HBs、HBeAg、抗鄄HBe及抗鄄HBc;用聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检测乙肝病毒(HBV)DNA。26例单用拉米夫定15例,联合应用拉米夫定和HBIG11例。结果:26例乙肝相关肝病病人于肝移植术后随访3～24个月,2例死亡,4例出现乙肝复发,其余20例病人HBsAg持续阴性。结论:肝移植是治疗乙肝终末期病人的有效方法,拉米夫定与HBIG联合应用可有效预防肝移植术后乙肝复发。     

FibroScan评估代偿期乙肝肝硬化抗病毒治疗后肝纤维化动态变化的临床价值

目的使用FibroScan评估恩替卡韦(entecavir, ETV)抗病毒治疗代偿期乙肝肝硬化一年后其肝纤维化的动态变化。方法纳入经肝穿刺活检证实的F4期(Metavir)代偿期乙肝肝硬化28例,均接受常规护肝及对症治疗,其中接受ETV抗病毒治疗的18例患者作为研究组,另10例因各种原因不接受ETV抗病毒治疗的患者作为对照组,一年后使用FibroScan评估两组患者抗病毒治疗后肝纤维的动态变化、各组肝功能改善与HBV DNA转阴率的情况。结果本研究28例F4期患者肝脏LSM值范围为10.95～20.21kPa,平均(16.24±2.41)kPa。研究组18例患者接受1年ETV抗病毒治疗后LSM显著降低,差异有统计学意义(15.92±2.22 vs 12.46±3.27,P0. 05),对照组10例患者的LSM无明显变化(16.80±1.88 vs 17.00±2.93,P0. 05)。治疗后研究组肝功能(丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素)改善情况优于对照组(P0.05),且HBV DNA转阴率达88.9%(16/18)。结论 ETV抗病毒治疗可逆转代偿期乙肝肝硬化的肝纤维化程度、有效改善肝功能及降低HBV DNA定量,FibroScan可反应ETV抗病毒治疗逆转代偿期乙肝肝硬化的效果,是良好的无创性随访工具。     

肝移植后采用阿德福韦二匹伏酯联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白预防乙型肝炎复发

目的 探讨阿德福韦二匹伏酯(ADV)联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白(HBIG)预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后乙型肝炎复发的效果.方法 16例患者肝移植前乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA阳性,其HBV DNA聚合酶发生YMDD变异,对拉米夫定产生耐受,术前患者开始口服ADV,并肌肉注射小剂量HBIG,以预防移植后乙型肝炎复发.术后监测移植肝功能以及血清和肝组织中HBV标志物.结果 术后平均随访19.4个月,除1例死于肝癌复发外,其余患者存活.15例于术后4周内、1例于术后6个月HBVDNA转阴,此后HBV DNA持续阴性.结论 采用ADV联合小剂量HBIG肌肉注射可以有效预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后的乙型肝炎复发.     

New nucleos(t)ide analogue monoprophylaxis after cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin is effective against hepatitis B recurrence

New nucleos(t)ide agents (NAs) [entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDF)] have made hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)‐sparing protocols an attractive approach against hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). Twenty‐eight patients transplanted for HBV cirrhosis in our centre were prospectively evaluated. After LT, each patient received HBIG (1000 IU IM/day for 7 days and then monthly for 6 months) plus ETV or TDF and then continued with ETV or TDF monoprophylaxis. All patients had undetectable HBV DNA at the time of LT, and they were followed up with laboratory tests including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after LT. All patients (11 under ETV and 17 under TDF) remained HBsAg/HBV DNA negative during the follow‐up period [median: 21 (range 9–43) months]. GFR was not different between TDF and ETV groups of patients at 6 and 12 months and last follow‐up (P value >0.05 for all comparisons). The two groups of patients were similar regarding their ratio of maximum rate of tubular phosphate reabsorption to the GFR (TmP/GFR). In conclusion, in this prospective study, we showed for the first time that maintenance therapy with ETV or TDF monoprophylaxis after 6 months of low‐dose HBIG plus ETV or TDF after LT is highly effective and safe.     

Entecavir Combined With Short-term Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin in Preventing Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence in Liver Transplant Recipients

BackgroundThe combination of nucleoside analogs and long-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is considered to be the standard regimen for preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplant (LT). However, long-term use of HBIG causes many adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nucleoside analogs entecavir combined with short-term HBIG in preventing HBV recurrence after LT.MethodsThis retrospective study assessed the effect a combination of entecavir and short-term HBIG in prophylaxis of HBV recurrence among 56 LT recipients who had undergone the procedure because of HBV-associated liver disease at our center between December 2017 and December 2021. All patients received entecavir treatment combined with HBIG for the prevention of hepatitis B recurrence, and HBIG treatment was withdrawn within 1 month. The patients were followed up to determine levels of hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb), and HBV-DNA and the recurrence rate of HBV.ResultsOnly 1 patient appeared positive for hepatitis B surface antigen at 2 months post-LT. The overall HBV recurrence rate was 1.8%. The HBsAb titers of all patients gradually decreased over time, with a median of 376.6 IU/L at 1 month post-LT and a median of 13.47 IU/L at 12 months post-LT. During the follow-up period, the HBsAb titer of the preoperative HBV-DNA–positive patients remained at a lower level than that of HBV-DNA–negative patients.ConclusionsEntecavir combined with short-term HBIG can exert a good effect for the prevention of HBV reinfection post-LT.     

High Genetic Barrier Nucleos(t)ide Analogue(s) for Prophylaxis From Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review

The combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues [NA(s)] is considered as the standard of care for prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after liver transplantation (LT), but the optimal protocol is controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of the newer NAs with high genetic barrier (hgbNA) [i.e. entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir (TDF)] with or without HBIG as prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT. In total, 519 HBV liver transplant recipients from 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and they were compared to those under lamivudine (LAM) and HBIG who had been selected in our previous review. Patients under HBIG and LAM developed HBV recurrence (115/1889 or 6.1%): (a) significantly more frequently compared to patients under HBIG and a hgbNA [1.0% (3/303), p < 0.001], and (b) numerically but not significantly more frequently compared to the patients who received a newer NA after discontinuation of HBIG [3.9% (4/102), p = 0.52]. The use of a hgbNA without any HBIG offered similar antiviral prophylaxis compared to HBIG and LAM combination, if the definition of HBV recurrence was based on HBV DNA detectability [0.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.11]. Our findings favor the use of HBIG and a hgbNA instead of HBIG and LAM combined prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT.     

A Very Short Course of HBIg+NA Followed by Entecavir or Tenofovir Monotherapy Prevents HBV Recurrence in Low-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients

BackgroundMonoprophylaxis with third-generation nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) can be safely adopted in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive, liver transplantation (LT) patients after at least 6 months of HBV immunoglobulin (HBIg)+NA. We investigated the efficacy of earlier initiation of post-LT entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir (TDF) monoprophylaxis.MethodsBetween September 2011 and January 2017, all consecutive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive transplanted patients were scheduled to receive HBIg with ETV or TDF for a period related to the risk for HBV reinfection: 1. low-risk patients (HBeAg-negative and HBV DNA < 12 IU/mL before LT) were due to withdraw from HBIg once HBsAg had become negative after a minimum of 7 days of HBIg+NA; 2. high-risk patients were due to receive HBIg for at least 6 months, after which they continued with third-generation NA monotherapy, only.ResultsTwenty patients with a median interquartile range (IQR) follow-up of 46 (64-39) months were enrolled in the study (40% receiving ETV, 60% receiving TDF). Two low-risk patients refused early HBIg withdrawal and were therefore treated and analyzed along with the high-risk group. Eventually, there were 2 groups: group A, which included 12 low-risk patients, and group B, which included 8 patients (six high-risk, 2 low-risk). After transplantation, group A and B patients received HBIg+NA for a median (IQR) time of 7 (9-7) days and 9 (13-5) months, respectively. All 20 recipients demonstrated HBV DNA < 12 IU/mL and stable graft function during follow-up. Two patients (10%), 1 from each group, had HBsAg relapse. Notably, both patients who relapsed had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed before LT and showed very low levels (< 0.25 IU/mL) of HBsAg after recurrence.ConclusionIn low-risk HBsAg-positive recipients, HBIg may be safely discontinued within 2 weeks of LT and replaced by ETV or TDF monotherapy.     

Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in carriers of lamivudine-resistant mutants.

The combination of lamivudine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) reduces the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). However, the efficacy of this strategy and the need for combined therapy with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) in patients who select lamivudine-resistant strains (YMDD) before surgery is still unknown. Twenty-two patients treated with lamivudine (LAM) who underwent LT after YMDD-mutant selection were studied. In 13 patients, YMDD mutants were associated with an HBV DNA breakthrough greater than 5 log10 (group A: phenotypic resistance), and 11 were treated with ADV to decrease viral load before LT. In the remaining 9 patients who did not experience the viral breakthrough, YMDD mutants were detected only retrospectively in sera stored at the time of LT (group B: genotypic resistance). During 35 months of post-LT follow-up, none of the 11 patients of group A treated with ADV before and after surgery (in addition to HBIG and LAM) had HBV recurrence, and neither did any of the 7 subjects of group B treated with LAM before and after transplantation (in addition to HBIG). HBV recurred in 2 patients of group A (untreated with ADV before surgery and transplanted with an HBV DNA exceeding 5 log10) and in 2 subjects of group B (who spontaneously stopped HBIG after surgery). In carriers of YMDD mutants, the risk of post-LT HBV recurrence is low, provided that preemptive and prophylactic ADV (in addition to LAM and HBIG) treatment is used in highly viremic patients and prophylactic LAM (or ADV) and HBIG therapy is continued in low viremic patients.     

Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant

Aims

To establish the efficacy and safety of entecavir (ETV) and/or tenofovir (TDF) in the treatment and prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation.

Patients and methods

Eight patients (four men) received treatment with ETV and/or TDF after liver transplantation as prophylaxis for HBV recurrence or as posttransplant treatment of HBV. Four liver transplants were in patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis who had received prior nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment until HBV DNA became undetectable. After transplantation, two of these four were treated with ETV + TDF and the other two with just TDF. All received intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins. The reasons for the other four liver transplants were primary biliary cirrhosis in two cases, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatitis C virus. Two of the patients were donor anti-HBcAb-positive/recipient anti-HBcAb-negative. They received no anti-HBV prophylaxis so they had a recurrence of HBV. These four patients required treatment with ETV + TDF for the HBV DNA to become negative.

Results

The mean age was 60 (39-67) years. The mean follow-up was 9.5 (3-20) months. The mean follow-up of the patients who received prophylaxis was 8.2 (3-19) months. These had no HBV recurrence. The mean follow-up of the patients who received treatment for HBV recurrence was 12 (3-19) months. ETV combined with TDF was necessary for the HBV DNA to become undetectable because this was not possible using different nucleos(t)ide analogues. There were no significant adverse effects from these drugs and no alteration of renal function during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Therapy with ETV and/or TDF seems to be efficient and safe when used in the prophylaxis and treatment of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. They are well tolerated and seem to have no interactions with immunosuppressive medication.     

Antiviral treatment for hepatitis B virus recurrence following liver transplantation

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) following liver transplantation (LT) for HBV‐related disease and to recognize the outcome of treatment for HBV recurrence with oral nucleos(t)ide analogues. Six hundred and sixty‐seven LTs were performed for HBsAg‐positive adult patients in our institute from 1996 to 2010. HBV prophylaxis was performed by hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) monotherapy or HBIG and entecavir combination therapy. There were 63 cases (11.4%) of HBV recurrences during a median follow‐up of 51 months. The median time to HBV recurrence was 22 months. A preoperative HBV DNA load of more than 10⁵ IU/mL, HBIG monotherapy, and hepatocellular carcinoma in the explant liver were independent risk factors for HBV recurrence following LT in multivariate analysis. Patient survival at 10 yr was 54.2% for HBV‐recurrent patients. Among patients with HBV recurrence, HBsAg seroclearance was achieved in 13 patients (20.6%), but HBsAg seroclearance did not affect survival in these patients after the recurrence of HBV (p = 0.28). The recurrence of HBV led to graft failure in six cases. HBV recurrence should be prevented by strict management of pre‐transplant HBV viremia and an effective post‐transplant HBV prophylaxis.     

An Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Combination Hepatitis B Immune Globulin and Lamivudine to Prevent Recurrent Hepatitis B After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Compared With Hepatitis B Immune Globulin Monotherapy

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was limited until recently by poor graft and patient outcomes caused by recurrent HBV. Long-term immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) dramatically improved post-OLT survival, but recurrent HBV still occurred in up to 36% of the recipients. More recently, combination HBIG and lamivudine has been shown to effectively prevent HBV recurrence in patients post-OLT. The aim of the current study is to determine long-term outcome and cost-effectiveness of using combination HBIG and lamivudine compared with HBIG monotherapy in patients who undergo OLT for HBV. A retrospective chart review identified 59 patients administered combination HBIG and lamivudine and 12 patients administered HBIG monotherapy as primary prophylaxis against recurrent HBV. Lamivudine, 150 mg/d, was administered orally indefinitely. HBIG was administered under a standard protocol (10,000 IU intravenously during the anhepatic phase, then 10,000 IU/d intravenously for 7 days, then 10,000 IU intravenously monthly) indefinitely. A decision-analysis model was developed to evaluate the potential economic impact of prophylaxis against HBV with combination therapy compared with monotherapy. Recurrent HBV was defined as the reappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after its initial disappearance post-OLT. In the combination-therapy group, no patient redeveloped serum HBsAg or HBV DNA during mean follow-ups of 459 and 416 days, respectively. In the monotherapy group, 3 patients (25%) had reappearance of HBsAg in serum during a mean follow-up of 663 days. Combination therapy resulted in a dominant, cost-effective strategy with an average cost-effectiveness ratio of $252,111/recurrence prevented compared with $362,570/recurrence prevented in the monotherapy strategy. Combination prophylaxis with HBIG and lamivudine is highly effective in preventing recurrent HBV, may protect against the emergence of resistant mutants, and is significantly more cost-effective than HBIG monotherapy with its associated rate of recurrent HBV. (Liver Transpl 2000;6:741-748.)     

Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence in Patients Who Received Prophylaxis With Entecavir and Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Following Liver Transplantation

Introduction

Although entecavir (ETV) and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) have widely been used for prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence following liver transplantation (OLT), there have been few studies about clinical outcomes and risk factors of HBV recurrence.

Materials and methods

This study retrospectively assessed clinical outcomes and identified risk factors of post-transplant HBV recurrence in 154 patients who received prophylaxis with both ETV and HBIG after OLT.

Results

The median follow-up duration was 28.0 months (range, 1.0–57.8). Post-transplant HBV recurrence occurred in 5 patients (3.2%) without any ETV-resistant mutants. The overall rates of HBV recurrence at 1, 2, and 4 years were 0.6%, 1.6%, and 6.2%, respectively. We found that recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was an independent risk factor of HBV recurrence (hazard ratio = 13.5, 95% confidence interval, 2.4–74.4; P = .006).

Conclusions

Prophylaxis with a combination of ETV and HBIG resulted in a low HBV recurrence rate following OLT without any emergence of ETV-resistant mutants. Recurrent HCC was an independent risk factor of HBV recurrence in patients who received prophylaxis with both ETV and HBIG for prophylaxis following OLT.