木薯渣在50～70日龄仔鹅饲粮中的适宜添加量

本试验旨在研究木薯渣在50~70日龄仔鹅饲粮中的适宜添加量。选取200只50日龄健康、体重相近的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加5%、10%、15%和20%木薯渣的试验饲粮,试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加木薯渣显著降低了10周龄鹅饲粮能量的表观代谢率(P0.05);饲粮中添加10%、15%、20%木薯渣显著提高了64~70日龄和50~70日龄仔鹅平均日采食量(P0.05);饲粮中添加15%、20%木薯渣显著提高了50~56日龄仔鹅的平均日增重(P0.05);饲粮中添加20%木薯渣显著降低了仔鹅的腹脂率(P0.05),显著提高了肌肉中粗灰分的含量(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加木薯渣对仔鹅其他屠宰性能、饲粮养分表观代谢率及肉品质、肌肉常规养分含量无显著影响(P0.05)。3)由饲料成本降低百分比和经济效益呈现的二次关系可知,当木薯渣添加量为21.4%时,饲料成本降低百分比值最大;当木薯渣添加量为20.9%时,经济效益最高。由此可见,饲粮中添加木薯渣可以促进仔鹅生长,对屠宰性能、饲粮养分表观代谢率、肉品质及肌肉常规养分含量无显著影响。综合仔鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、饲粮表观养分利用率及对经济效益的分析,50~70日龄仔鹅饲粮中木薯渣的适宜添加量为20%。     

鸡日粮配合简捷计算法

本文根据我国《鸡的饲养标准试行方案》(1983年再版本),用玉米、麦麸、豆饼、鱼粉、骨粉、贝壳粉、食盐等为基本饲料,组成了一套各种鸡的基本饲粮配方,并根据这套配方制定了各种常用饲料配合比例系数(表1、表2、表3)。用这套配方和系数可迅速计算出新的饲粮配方、可选择出低成本饲料原科、配制出低成本饲粮配方,并可推算每种饲料的主要营养物质含量和营养价值。方法简单。一、饲粮配合计算方法饲粮配合计算是用其它饲料加入基本配方或取代基本饲料的方法配合出新的饲料配方.(一)加入法。当配方中的原料不只基本饲料时,可预定多余原料的配比范围,然后按例1进行配合计算。     

畜禽饲粮配合新思路:多配方平行设计

多配方平行设计是另一类畜禽饲粮配合方法,本研究旨在将这种方法应用于动物饲料配方。采用不同组合的多配方平行设计同时配合了生长猪7个不同阶段猪群的饲粮,比较与分析饲粮单位价格、原料用量和养分含量。通过这种设计方法产生的49个生长猪饲粮配方的能量、钙、磷、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总氮和矿物质的养分含量,都达到或超过美国国家研究委员会(2012)提出的猪营养需要的推荐量,也满足最低成本的要求。实例表明,多配方平行设计能同时配合多个畜禽饲粮,并能在一个大的范围内选到更好的配方,应用于动物饲料配方设计具有实际可行性。     

复合甘氨酸微量元素饲喂断奶仔猪的效果试验

试验探讨新型复合甘氨酸微量元素预混料替代常规饲粮用量无机微量元素预混料对断奶仔猪生长性能、饲粮养分消化率、机体健康状况和粪中微量元素排放量等方面的影响。选择144头平均体质量7.3 kg左右的(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复16头,公母各半。分别饲喂常规无机微量元素饲粮(对照组)、复合甘氨酸微量元素替代低水平无机微量元素饲粮(试验1组)和低水平无机微量元素饲粮(试验2组),为期28 d。结果表明:仔猪饲粮中使用较低水平甘氨酸微量元素替代常规用量无机微量元素,能一定程度上改善仔猪的生长性能、饲料养分消化率和机体健康状况;降低饲粮中无机微量元素的添加量,可改善仔猪皮毛外观,减少粪中微量元素排放含量,提高饲料养分的消化率。     

我国东北、西北地区谷物籽实及其加工副产品类资源常规概略养分含量调查报告

调查旨在研究我国东北、西北地区谷物籽实及其加工副产品类饲料原料的常规概略养分含量分布情况,从而为饲粮配方的合理设计提供科学依据。对采自东北、西北地区11个省的谷类籽实饲料(包括玉米、小麦、大麦和稻谷和谷类籽实)加工副产品饲料(包括碎米、米糠、脱脂米糠粕、次粉、小麦麸、小麦DDGS、玉米DDGS、玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉和喷浆玉米皮)测定常规概略养分含量。结果表明:这14种饲料原料的平均水分含量范围为6.83%～12.01%;以绝干物计,14种饲料原料的粗蛋白含量范围为7.70%～65.37%,粗脂肪含量范围为1.54%～11.02%,粗纤维质含量范围为1.75%～19.12%,粗灰分含量范围为0.80%～11.77%,无氮浸出物含量范围为30.20%～86.50%。通过比较不同省(区)玉米、小麦、大麦和稻谷的常规概略养分含量发现,不同省(区)玉米和小麦的常规概略养分存在显著差异(P<0.01),不同省(区)稻谷的水分、粗纤维和无氮浸出物含量存在显著差异(P<0.01)。以上结果表明:不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中常规概略养分含量差异较大。因此,在实际生产中,应充分考虑不同地区基础饲粮中的常规概略养分含量及其利用率,精准配制饲粮,以满足畜禽高效生产需要。     

双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮消化能值及其预测模型的研究

本试验旨在研究利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮养分消化率及消化能(DE)值,并建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。选用体重相近的4月龄獭兔30只,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只兔。每组饲喂1种饲粮,用全收粪法进行消化试验,用聚酯纤维筛网袋法测定了饲粮中的2种内源指示剂,即酸不溶木质素(ADL)和盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)+ADL的回收率。同时选取了山东省不同饲料公司生产的17种兔颗粒配合饲料,在各自兔养殖场进行饲养试验,利用双内源指示剂法测定兔饲粮DE值,建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型。结果表明:1)全收粪法测得3种饲粮ADL的平均回收率为99.87%,ADL+AIA的平均回收率为96.81%,二者可作为理想的双内源指示剂。2)利用双内源指示剂法可以准确测定兔饲粮的各种养分消化率和DE值。3)兔饲粮DE值可以用饲粮中可消化有机物质(DOM)含量进行准确的预测:DE(M J/kg)=0.0204DOM(g/kg)或DE(M J/kg)=0.939 5+0.018 2DOM(g/kg)。4)利用兔饲粮中养分[粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、可溶性碳水化合物(NDSC)、半纤维素(HCEL)和纤维素(CEL)]含量建立兔饲粮DE值的预测模型为DE(MJ/kg)=0.016 6CP(g/kg)+0.0334EE(g/kg)+0.015 3NDSC(g/kg)+0.005 4HCEL(g/kg)+0.003 1CEL(g/kg)。由此可见,利用双内源指示剂法可以较好地预测兔饲粮的DE值。     

饲料原料成分的检测及保证产品质量的措施

饲料原料中各种营养成分的含量是合理配制饲粮的最重要依据,只有掌握实际购人的饲料原料的各种营养成分含量,才能设计出最佳的合理的饲料配方。 采用“国标”饲料养分检测方法对玉米、豆粕、小麦麸、进口骨粉、贝粉及维生素A、E、B_1、B_2、B_6等原料中的主要养分做了检测,发现有的养分     

猪饲粮纤维的利用及其对养分消化的影响

我国粮食安全主要压力在饲料粮，破解粮食安全的重要潜力也在饲料粮。饲料资源短缺、人畜争粮矛盾日益加剧。开发非粮饲料资源和提高饲料养分利用率是缓解我国粮食安全矛盾的重大战略需求。自1864年Henneberg与Stohmann首倡的概略成分分析方法以来，饲料养分的测试方法已沿用一个半世纪，基本保持原体系未变。而针对饲料原料碳水化合物组分的复杂性和多样性，其分析方法和分析层次从Weende proximate粗纤维(概略养分分析)——van Soest洗涤纤维(范式洗涤纤维法)——总饲粮纤维法不断地演进。饲粮纤维黏性、溶解性和持水力等理化特性限制了本身以及饲粮中其它养分被单胃动物消化、吸收和利用，其抗营养作用受到饲粮结构、畜禽品种、生理阶段、环境条件等种种复杂因素的影响，同时饲粮纤维的分解产物具有重要的营养健康功能。因此，剖析饲粮碳水化合物组分和解析饲粮纤维对养分消化、吸收、利用规律至关重要。本文从饲粮纤维的定义和内涵入手，剖析饲粮碳水化合物组分的分析方法和层次的演进，分析饲粮纤维的物理化学特性及其抗营养机制，总结饲粮纤维在猪消化道利用特点，其中侧重分析了饲粮纤维水平和类型对猪饲粮能量、蛋白...     

按有效氨基酸需要量配制日粮新技术

畜牧业生产的关键是饲粮能够提供动物足够而经济的有效养分。实际上,各种饲料,因品种、加工工艺、产地等诸多因素的影响,其利用率有很大差异。实践证明,只有在准确测定和评价饲料养分的生物有效性后,才能更好地开发和利用饲料资源。由于蛋白质及能量在动物营养中具有重要的作用,因而它们在饲料中的含量和利用效率成为饲料营养价值评定的重点和配方设计     

育肥肉牛精料补充料配方设计

生产中一般采用高能、高精料饲粮饲喂肥育牛。在设计日粮配方时应注意以下特点:(1)肥育肉牛精料补充料用量大,为了保证其正常的瘤胃功能,在设计配方时应注意选择部分纤维素含量较高的饲料     

Reducing crude protein variability and maximizing savings when formulating corn-soybean meal-based feeds

Crude protein in corn and soybean meal have been documented to vary, and such inherent variability can result in under- or over-feeding of CP when feeds are formulated, leading to reduced bird growth, added input costs, and increased environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 grain-handling techniques and 2 feed formulation methods (linear vs. stochastic programming) to reduce CP variability in finished feeds and determine resulting costs or savings. The 2 grain-handling techniques were placing all the random batches of each delivered ingredient in to (1) a single bin (1-bin method) or (2) segregating above- and below-average samples into 2 bins (2-bin method). A fast way of estimating the composition of the ingredients is now available (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). Microsoft Excel workbooks were constructed to solve broiler starter feed formulation problems. Formulating feeds by linear and stochastic models based on the 2-bin method reduced CP variability by at least 50% compared with the 1-bin method. Formula cost was reduced by ˜20 cents per ton (averages of August 2012 United States ingredient prices) when the 2-bin method was used with the linear model. Formulating feed with a margin of safety increased formula cost by $3.40 per ton. Stochastic feed formulation increased formula cost to meet the specified CP level in feed at any probability of success, and formula cost was reduced substantially with the 2-bin method (up to $6.47 per ton). The magnitude of savings and reduced feed variability suggested that, regardless of the costs associated with building extra bins, the 2-bin method can be economically efficient in the long run. Therefore, it could be possible to split the batches of feed ingredients at a feed mill into above- or below-average bins before feed formulation to reduce CP variability and to maximize savings.     

Microsoft Excel sensitivity analysis for linear and stochastic program feed formulation

Sensitivity analysis is a part of mathematical programming solutions and is used in making nutritional and economic decisions for a given feed formulation problem. The terms shadow price and reduced cost are familiar linear program (LP) terms to feed formulators. Because of the nonlinear nature of stochastic programming (SP), different methods and terminology are used to define shadow prices and reduced costs. The Lagrange multiplier is used instead of shadow price to describe marginal value of nutrients. Reduced gradient is used instead of reduced cost to describe the price at which ingredients not used in the formulation would be included in the solution. A spreadsheet feed problem was set up with 11 ingredients and 11 constraints. The LP and SP solutions were determined using the Excel Solver algorithm. Two problems compared LP and SP solutions at 50 and 69% probabilities for the protein constraint. All other constraints were held at a 50% probability. Results for the 50% probability comparison showed that the feed formulations, as expected, were the same for both LP and SP. Wheat was not included in the solution. The LP reduced cost and the SP reduced gradient for unused wheat were equivalent. The LP shadow prices and the SP Lagrange multipliers were equivalent. Results for the 69% probability problem showed a difference in the formulated rations. The LP reduced cost was $34.25 and the SP reduced cost was $34.52, showing the respective amounts that the cost of wheat would have to be reduced to be included in the solution. The shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier were $2.73 and $2.71, respectively, for the amount of increase in diet cost that could be expected by a unit of change in the protein requirement. Some differences in precision were noted with the results. A caveat is that, because of nonlinearity, sensitivity analysis for SP is valid only for the single point of the optimal solution.     

Ergotropic efficacy of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide and 2-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide in growing broilers using hydrocolloid-rich rations as well as broiler fattening feed

2,3-dimethyl-quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide and 2-methyl-quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide proved to be ergotropic in the feeding of a hydrocolloid ration as well as of a broiler fattening feed. They are at least equal to Nitrovin. The ergotropic effect of the hydrocolloid ration was higher than that of the conventional ration. For this reason methylated quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides are considered as belonging to the intestinal stabilisers. They increased nutrient and energy retention and decreased feed efficiency by approximately equal to 10%. Residues in the liver, the kidneys and the intestines could only be detected after 10 times the ergotropic amount.     

肉牛营养需要量及日粮配制指南概述

文章主要以描述及表格的方式总结了美国NRC于1996年发布的第7版肉牛营养需要量的要点,尤其补充了其后研究取得的最新进展,同时简述了常用肉牛用饲料的养分特性和典型日粮中可能出现的矿物元素缺乏的情形,并指出肉牛饲料成分表中的数据特点及采用数据注意的问题。最后作者认为,只有通过软件编程和线性规划技术,集成肉牛营养需要量及饲料成分数据为日粮配方系统,并优化得到日粮生产配方,才能达到营养需要量研究及饲料营养价值评定的最终目的。     

Nutrition and feeding of the geriatric horse.

Little is known regarding nutrient requirements and feeding of geriatric horses, and more effort should be placed on this area of equine nutrition research. That which is known suggests that some geriatric horses may not have different requirements than other mature horses, whereas others affected by disease or poor dentition may have special nutritional needs. In general, rations for geriatric horses should be based on high-quality roughage supplemented with complementary minerals and vitamins. The need for additional energy aside from that provided by the forage can be supplied by adding energy concentrates, such as cereal grains or fat, to the ration. Processing techniques involving heat, such as pelleting and extruding, are advised when cereal grains are included in the ration so as to improve starch digestibility in the small intestine and avoid starch overload in the hindgut and it subsequent problem (ie, colic, laminitis). In addition, the environment in which geriatric horses are fed should be one that promotes ease of ration consumption and eliminates factors thar impair feed consumption, such as competition from other horses and the need to travel relatively long distances (eg, grazing marginal pastures). Finally, strict attention should be paid to the body condition of geriatric horses so as to evaluate adequacy of the ration and the general health of the horse.     

基于目标规划的马饲料配方研究

中国马业正处在由传统向现代转型的初级阶段,科学的饲料配方对现代马业发展具有重要意义。作者通过对马每日的营养需求和饲料配方模型要素的分析和研究,构建了基于目标规划的马饲料配方模型。该配方模型对马需要的各项营养物质,包括干物质、消化能、粗蛋白质、钙、磷等进行优化,保证马每日对营养物质的数量、质量及其相互比例的需要,同时兼顾饲料成本;作者以速度赛用马和休闲骑乘马两种类型马为例说明基于不同饲养标准的马饲料配方的设计过程,进一步验证了该饲料配方模型的有效性。本研究对马饲料配方模型的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Study on the Horse Feed Formulation Based on Goal Programming

Chinese horse industry is in the early stage of transition from traditional horse industry to modern horse industry. Scientific feed formula is of great practical significance to the development of modern horse industry. In this paper, the horse feed formula model based on the goal programming was constructed by analyzing and researching the horse's daily nutrition demand and the component elements of feed formula model. The formula optimized the horse's various nutrients, including dry matter, digestible energy, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, ensured that the number of nutrients, quality and the proportion of their daily needs, and took into account the cost of feed also. Two different types of horses, race horse and riding horse were used to describe the design process for horse feed formulations based on different feed standards, and the effectiveness of the feed formula model was verified at the same time. The study would provide some reference value for the study of horse feed formula model.     

The use of dried bakery products in a free-choice feeding method for small-scale broiler production

Waste material from bakeries is an unconventional energy feed source which is available in sufficient quantities for use in small-scale broiler production in South Africa. Small-scale broiler producers do not have access to the computer programs required to balance home-mixed rations. This investigation confirms that the use of dried bakery products (DBP) in a 2-stage, free-choice method can be used to compensate for this lack. A total of 570 day-old male broiler chickens was assigned to 3 feeding treatments: the control group was fed a 2-stage feeding programme using standard commercial starter and grower rations. The 2nd group received a commercial starter ration up to Day 7 and was thereafter given a choice of a commercial starter ration with normal salt content (0.35%) and DBP. The 3rd group was fed a commercial starter ration up to Day 7, then offered a choice of commercial starter ration with a lower salt content (0.1%) and DBP. The low salt alternative was used to test whether the higher salt percentage in DBP influenced the choice of feed by the birds. It was found that the control group consumed significantly more feed (P < 0.05) and was significantly heavier (P < 0.05) than the experimental groups. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 experimental groups, which indicated that salt content did not play a role in the choice of ration. Feed consumption by both experimental groups was about one-third less than the control group, but the profit margin, as calculated using gross margin analysis, was approximately 15 % higher. It was therefore concluded that dried bakery products can be profitably incorporated as an energy feed source, using the free-choice feeding method, in small-scale broiler enterprises.     

Blood sugar in dairy cows

Glycemia was found in 1270 cows and high-pregnant heifers fed summer feed rations and in 1981 cows fed winter feed rations, with the known levels of energy-yielding nutrients in feed rations for cows in the first (I) and in the second (II) lactation phases and cows and heifers in the eighth to ninth and a half month of pregnancy (III). The levels of glycemia were significantly lower after the summer feed rations than after the winter feed rations, both in the whole population and in all groups. The basic type of feed rations has a stronger influence on the level of glycemia than the phase of the reproduction cycle. In all groups, hypoglycemic deviations prevail over hyperglycemic ones. Hypoglycemia is most expressive in group I, least expressive in group III. The coefficient of glycemia variability is high (26.5 to 34.6); it is higher after the winter feed rations. Covering of the nutrient need is significantly higher in the summer period than in the winter period, the narrow calorie-protein ratio prevails over the increased ratio and is most obvious in groups II and III. Gaussian character of the glycemia distribution curves suggests a large number of independently acting factors, none of them prevailing over the others; the effects of these factors are mostly additive. This phenomenon limits strongly the employment of glycemic values as indicators of the energy balance in the organism. Glycemia is to be judged within the framework of the metabolic profile and nutritive indicators. Further study of glycemia should be performed by means of multivariate statistical methods.     

利用EXCEL进行猪饲料配方

本文主要介绍了如何利用 Microsoft Office 软件中的 Excel 进行"规划求解"配方设计,分析了养分项目及资源的影子价格对饲料成本的影响,并以猪饲料配方为例进行详尽的演示。从中可以看出,利用 Excel 进行线性规划设计饲料配方,具有灵活、简便、快捷、直观等特点,既可节省购买配方软件的资金,又能直观地完成最低成本配方的任务。