高等植物细胞质遗传的研究进展

综述了高等植物细胞质遗传主要物质基础质体和线粒体的遗传研究进展。高等植物细胞质遗传表现为多种形式,包括母系遗传、父系遗传和双亲遗传,母系遗传是细胞质遗传的主要特征,但是不能代表细胞质遗传的全部内容;被子植物的质体多数表现为单亲母系遗传,大多裸子植物的质体则为单亲父系遗传;高等植物线粒体有母系、父系和双亲遗传现象的存在;细胞质遗传的本质是细胞器DNA的传递。被子植物花粉发育中雄性生殖细胞中核外DNA的保存或丢失是质体和线粒体遗传的基础。     

昆虫线粒体DNA Cyt b基因研究进展

线粒体DNA具有进化速率较核DNA快,遗传过程不发生基因重组、倒位、易位等突变,并且遵守严格的母系遗传方式等特点,其广泛应用于昆虫分类和界定、系统发育关系及种群遗传变异和进化等研究。细胞色素b（cytochromeb,Cyt b）是线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因中结构和功能被研究得最为清楚的基因之一,本文对mtDNA和Cyt b基因的分子特点及Cyt b基因在昆虫研究中的应用进行简要综述。     

福州市城市园林景观设计中槭树科植物的应用研究

针对目前城市园林景观设计中槭树科植物数量多,但应用效果普遍不佳的问题,以福建省福州市为例,基于槭树科植物的观赏性能、生态性能、生长性能以及社会性能等方面,分析其在城市景观设计中的应用途径及方式。应用实践表明,合理适当的应用方式可以有效地提高槭树科植物在城市园林景观设计中的应用效果。     

分子标记在我国红豆杉科保护植物中的应用

简述了我国红豆杉科保护植物的种类,对几种DNA分子标记技术在红豆杉科保护植物中的应用,特别是对红豆杉属植物在遗传多样性、分类学、性别鉴定、特定性状的连锁标记、分子标记的开发等方面进行了详细阐述,同时指出了今后分子标记应用的重点.     

12种夹竹桃科植物的RAPD分析

从80个随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)随机引物中筛选出22个谱带清晰且重复性好的引物用于PCR扩增,探讨夹竹桃科(Apocynaceae)10属12种植物的遗传关系。获得162个位点用于计算Nei’s遗传相似性系数,并应用NTSYS程序UPGMA法构建了系统发育树。黄蝉(Allamanda schottiiPohl.)与软枝黄蝉(A.catharticaL.)、红鸡蛋花(Plumeria rubraL.)与鸡蛋花(P.rubraL.‘Acutifolia’)之间的遗传相似性最高;在遗传相似性系数0.73处将12种植物划分为10个属,并在0.58处分为3支,但并不完全支持3个独立的亚科。RAPD分析结果与形态学的分析结果基本一致,可为夹竹桃科系统分类学提供分子生物学的证据。     

杭州市青山湖郊野绿道样板段植物景观调查

以杭州市青山湖郊野绿道样板段为研究对象,针对观赏植物种类、各观赏期树种组成、乡土植物的使用情况、各区块植物配置方式等进行实地调查分析。结果表明:青山湖郊野绿道观赏植物种类为101种,隶属55科,绿道观赏植物中蔷薇科(Rosaceae)与木犀科(Oleaceae)植物较多,有34科仅有1种植物;观赏季节分布较为均匀,但1—2月可观赏植物种类相对较少;草本植物数量高于其他生活型植物;乡土植物使用率较高,占总数的68.3%,但木本植物仅占47.5%;青山湖郊野绿道植物景观具有科学性、艺术性、实用性、生态性4个方面的特色;绿道各段的植物配置方式以"乔木—灌木—草本"为典型配置方式。提出增加木本乡土树种,均衡选取植物种类,增加乡野观赏草,营造自然郊野特色的绿道。     

中国东北濒危植物优先保护的定量评价

采用受威胁系数、遗传价值系数、利用价值系数、保护现状系数和名录现状系数构成的优先保护评价指标体系对中国东北濒危植物进行定量分析和综合评价,得到濒危植物优先保护值并确定其优先保护等级。结果表明,东北地区共有濒危植物60种,隶属于25科42属,优先保护值范围在0.853 8 0.318 4之间。依据优先保护值将濒危植物划分3级,一级保护有17种,隶属于11科15属,二级保护有18种,隶属于11科14属,三级保护有25种,隶属于13科17属。     

云南松毛虫线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

[目的]测定和分析了云南松毛虫线粒体基因组特征,从线粒体基因组水平探究鳞翅目蛾类昆虫高级阶元的系统发育关系。[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq测序方法测定了云南松毛虫线粒体全基因组序列,参考鳞翅目昆虫已知线粒体基因组的全序列对其各基因进行定位和注释。采用tRNA Scan-SE 2.0在线预测云南松毛虫线粒体基因组tRNA基因的二级结构。基于线粒体全基因组的蛋白编码序列构建了鳞翅目13个科32种蛾类昆虫的系统发育树和松毛虫属近缘种间的系统发育树。[结果]结果显示云南松毛虫线粒体基因组全长15 443 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和一段长度为321 bp的A+T富含区,无基因重排,存在较高的A+T含量(80.0%)。13个蛋白编码基因中除了ND2和COX1,其余均以ATN做为起始密码子。9个蛋白编码基因共享相同的终止密码子TAA(ND2、ATP8、ATP6、COX3、ND5、ND4L、ND6、CYTB和ND1),其他4个基因的终止密码子都是残缺的,COX1、COX2、ND4以T为终止密码子,ND3以TA为终止密码子。22个tRNA基因中,除了tRNA~(Ser(AGN))由于缺少DHU臂无法构成三叶草结构,其余T均为典型的三叶草结构。整个线粒体结构与鳞翅目中目前已得到的其他昆虫线粒体基因组结构一致。[结论]系统发育分析结果显示,云南松毛虫与思茅松毛虫是完全不同的近缘种,与其他松毛虫亲缘关系也较远,云南松毛虫与6种近缘种的系统发育关系为:(((((油松毛虫+文山松毛虫)+赤松毛虫)+落叶松毛虫)+(思茅松毛虫+云南松毛虫))+家蚕)。鳞翅目蛾类各科之间的系统发育关系为:((((((((毒蛾科+灯蛾科)+夜蛾科)+舟蛾科)+(尺蛾科+(蚕蛾科+(天蛾科+大蚕蛾科))))+枯叶蛾科)+(螟蛾科+草螟科))+卷蛾科)+蝙蝠蛾科)。     

樟科植物无性繁殖技术研究进展

文中综述樟树、闽楠、润楠、檫木、山苍子等典型樟科植物的扦插、嫁接和组培等无性繁殖技术研究进展;分析樟科植物无性繁殖成活的细胞全能性、激素调控、内含物影响等关键生物因子,以及扦插管理技术、环境条件控制、养分调节等主要非生物因子对樟科植物无性繁殖成活的影响作用;通过全面综述樟科植物的无性繁育方式和影响无性繁殖成活的关键因素,为樟科植物无性系种苗繁育技术研究提供参考。     

油菜线粒体DNA提取纯化方法研究

以油菜为实验材料,探讨了植物线粒体DNA提取纯化过程中的影响因素,构建了一套快捷、经济、高效的植物线粒体DNA提取纯化方法.该方法结合差速离心和密度梯度离心分离得到线粒体,酶消化处理去除其他基因组的污染,用SDS与蛋白酶裂解线粒体,通过高盐沉淀,有机溶剂抽提,最后再用CTAB纯化得到mtDNA.用该方法提取的油菜线粒体DNA,经紫外分光光度计测定其纯度、限制性内切酶进行酶切.结果表明,此提取方法得到的mtDNA,其纯度可以满足后续遗传学分析.该法适用于不同植物材料mtDNA的提取纯化.     

群体遗传结构的理解

一个植物种群体的空间分布大致可划分为两类 :离散分布与连续分布。然而隐藏在这种表观物理分布内部的遗传变异是十分复杂的。这种变异是如何分布的呢 ?这种分布又是如何维持的呢 ?因此 ,认识一个种的群体遗传结构有助于我们理解该种的进化过程 ,并提供为遗传资源保护做出决策的重要信息。本文对三大经典遗传结构模型 (岛屿模型、步石模型及距离隔离模型 )与渐变群理论及它们的异体和发展进行了详细的分析和评述。目前获得的许多不同类型的遗传标记使这些理论的应用得到不同程度的实现 ,但由于这些理论结论涉及到许多假设 ,在实际应用时应十分慎重。作者认为许多已建立的适合于动物群体遗传结构理论不能简单地直接应用于植物群体上 ,今后一个重要的研究内容就是要建立适合于植物群体的遗传结构理论     

Nuclear,chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms as biochemical markers in population genetic analyses of forest trees

DNA analyses have been used only occasionally to investigate genetic polymorphisms in forest tree populations. Nonetheless, these analyses have already contributed to significant discoveries, such as paternal chloroplast and maternal mitochondrial DNA inheritance in Pinaceae. DNA polymorphisms will be increasingly exploited in the future by forest population geneticists, because available technology permits large sample sizes and yields excellent resolution. The utility of chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA polymorphisms is expected to be greatest when less expensive genetic markers are unavailable, insufficiently numerous, or ineffectively polymorphic. For example, DNA fingerprinting may permit the unambiguous elucidation of genetic relationships within and among populations of woody species.     

几种木兰科植物遗传多样性研究进展

生物多样性的研究和保护是当今世界普遍关注的问题,遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。在被子植物中木兰科植物受到严重威胁的种类最多,且部分是中国濒危稀有植物,研究其遗传多样性具有重要意义。文章综述了木兰科重要属、种的遗传多样性研究进展,并根据国内的研究现状,对今后木兰科植物的保护工作提出建议。     

Genetic evidence for paternal inheritance of the chloroplast in four Australian Callitris species (Cupressaceae)

The mode of chloroplast inheritance was investigated in the four Australian conifer species; Callitris columellaris, C. intratropica, C. gracilis and C. verrucosa (Callitroideae, Cupressaceae), as a basis for future use of chloroplast genetic markers for the genus. Open-pollinated seeds and the foliage tissue of the mother trees were collected from one population per species, in which two distinct chloroplast haplotypes at the trnL (UAA) 5′ exon–trnF (GAA) region were co-distributed. In total, the DNA sequences of the chloroplast fragments in 255 samples were determined, and the haplotypes of the germinated seedlings and the mother trees were compared. Among the 16 mother trees examined across all species, 12 trees were shown to have produced at least one offspring with a different haplotype from the mother, indicating the occurrence of paternal inheritance of chloroplast in the fertilization processes. In binomial GLMM analyses, the haplotype of mother trees in C. columellaris, C. gracilis, and C. verrucosa did not significantly affect those of their offspring, and the predicted frequency of seedlings’ haplotypes was compatible with the observed frequency in adult canopy trees. These findings provide a genetic support that paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA via pollen dispersal would be dominant in the Callitris species.     

Does maternal environmental condition during reproductive development induce genotypic selection in Picea abies?

In forest trees, environmental conditions during reproduction can greatly influence progeny performance. This phenomenon probably results from adaptive phenotypic plasticity but also may be associated with genotypic selection. In order to determine whether selective effects during the reproduction are environment specific, single pair-crosses of Norway spruce were studied in two contrasted maternal environments (warm and cold conditions). One family expressed large and the other small phenotypic differences between these crossing environments. The inheritance of genetic polymorphism was analysed at the seed stage. Four parental genetic maps covering 66 to 78% of the genome were constructed using 190 to 200 loci. After correcting for multiple testing, there is no evidence of locus under strong and repeatable selection. The maternal environment could thus only induce limited genotypic-selection effects during reproductive steps, and performance of progenies may be mainly affected by a long-lasting epigenetic memory regulated by temperature and photoperiod prevailing during seed production.     

Plant somatic hybrid cytoplasmic DNA characterization by single-strand conformation polymorphism

Unlike maternal inheritance in sexual hybridization, plant somatic hybridization allows transfer, mixing and recombination of cytoplasmic genomes. In addition to the use of somatic hybridization in plant breeding programs, application of this unique tool should lead to a better understanding of the roles played by the chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes in determining agronomically important traits. The nucleotide sequences of cytoplasmic genomes are much more conserved than those of nuclear genomes. Cytoplasmic DNA composition in somatic hybrids is commonly elucidated either by length polymorphism analysis of restricted genome regions amplified with universal primers (PCR-RF) or by hybridization of total DNA using universal cytoplasmic probes. In this study, we demonstrate that single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is a powerful, quick and easy alternative method for cytoplasmic DNA characterization of somatic hybrids, especially for mitochondrial DNA. The technique allows detection of polymorphisms based on both size and sequence of amplified targets. Twenty-two species of the subfamily Aurantioideae were analyzed with eight universal primers (four from chloroplastic and four from mitochondrial regions). Differences in chloroplastic DNA composition were scored in 98% of all possible two-parent combinations, and different mitochondrial DNA profiles were found in 87% of them. Analysis by SSCP was also successfully used to characterize somatic hybrids and cybrids obtained by fusion of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. and C. excelsa Wester protoplasts.     

吉林省重点保护野生植物名录

依据吉林省的地域特点，设定9项量化指标对境内分布的320种珍稀野生植物的受威胁程度和遗传损失进行了评价，以两者的综合值为划分保护等级依据，确定吉林省重点保护野生植物220种。其中：大型真菌7种（属），蕨类植物6种，裸子植物12种，被子植物195种；按重点保护等级划分，Ⅰ级重点保护植物有11种，Ⅱ级重点保护植物有89种（属），Ⅲ级重点保护植物有120种。     

Genetic bottlenecks in agroforestry systems: results of tree nursery surveys in East Africa

Seedlings sourced through tree nurseries are expected to form an important component of future tree cover on farms. As such, the genetic composition of nursery seedlings is expected to impact on the productivity and sustainability of agroforestry ecosystems. By surveying current practices of nursery managers in five areas from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, we quantified parameters associated with the collection, production and distribution of tree germplasm in East Africa. Considerable variation for seed-propagated nursery species was observed in the number of maternal parents (mother trees) sampled to establish nursery lots, the quantity of seedlings raised in nursery lots and the projected number of clients for nursery lots. Current seed collection practice was the most obvious limiting bottleneck in delivering high levels of genetic diversity to farmers. In the 143 cases analysed, seed to establish nursery lots was collected from a mean of only 6.4 maternal parents. In 22% of cases, ursery lots were established from a single maternal parent. On average, each maternal parent produced sufficient progeny to provide all the seedlings received by an individual nursery client. Consequently, the potential impact on farm and landscape genetic diversity of possible non-randomisation of progeny within nurseries is serious. In two instances, pair-wise analysis of transformed data suggested significant differences between geographic areas in the projected number of clients for nursery lots. We discuss improved nursery practices likely to promote genetic diversity, in particular increased maternal parent sampling and germplasm exchange.