胸腔镜碘酊胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床研究

目的:研究电视胸腔镜(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)碘酊胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析47例恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)患者的临床资料,按照疗法不同,分为碘酊硬化剂组25例,滑石粉硬化剂组22例,两组患者均为MPE确诊病例,均行胸腔镜辅助胸膜活检加胸膜固定术,具有可比性。比较两组患者术后有效率(CR+PR)、平均总引流量、不良反应发生率、胸管留置时间。结果:所有患者术后呼吸困难症状均减轻,无急性肺损伤发生。碘酊组术后有效率96.0%,滑石粉组有效率为95.5%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后碘酊组不良反应率32.0%;滑石粉组不良反应率63.6%。两组术后不良反应有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:VATS碘酊胸膜固定术同滑石粉胸膜固定对治疗MPE有同样疗效,且较滑石粉不良反应少,治疗MPE疗效确切、操作简单、使用安全、不良反应少、价格便宜,值得临床推广应用。     

电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效及影响因素

目的:探讨电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床效果,总结影响恶性胸腔积液的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年1月87例恶性胸腔积液患者的临床资料。全部采用电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗,观察其术后的临床效果,并分析影响中位生存时间的因素。结果:电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的总有效率为63.2%。不良反应总发生率为9.1%。Karnfsky生活质量稳定以上的占97.7%。胸膜肥厚和包裹积液的总发生率为19.5%。肿瘤类型、CEA、LDH、蛋白质含量、沙培林灌注、胸水Glu水平均是电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的主要影响因素（P<0.05）。结论:电视胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液临床效果确切,而肿瘤类型、CEA、LDH、蛋白质含量、沙培林灌注、胸水Glu水平是影响预后的相关因素。     

恶性胸腔积液的综合治疗现状及展望

恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)是晚期肿瘤常见并发症之一,统计资料表明[1],成人胸腔积液38%～52%为MPE,一组尸检解剖资料显示死于恶性肿瘤患者中15%可发现MPE.目前治疗主要包括胸腔内排液、胸腔镜手术、胸腔内给药、胸膜固定术、全身化疗、放射治疗和热疗等,目的是尽量改善局部症状,缓解呼吸困难,提高生活质量,延长生存期.现就当前的治疗现状及进展综述如下.     

恶性胸腔积液治疗进展

恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)指原发于胸膜或其他部位的恶性肿瘤转移至胸膜引起的胸腔积液。几乎所有恶性肿瘤发展到晚期都会出现MPE,其中以肺癌、乳腺癌最常见,病理类型以腺癌最多见[1]。MPE的出现表明肿瘤播散或已进展至晚期,随着胸腔积液量的增加,患者生活质量会明显下降,预期寿命将显著缩短,中位生存期为4~9个月[2],虽然治疗MPE的方法较多,但治疗效果有限。目前MPE     

胸腔积液沉淀物在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的临床应用价值

背景与目的 恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)是原发于胸膜或转移至胸膜的恶性肿瘤造成的胸腔积液.MPE患者预后差,应在减少病人痛苦的前提下,准确而快速的明确MPE的性质及病因,为后续治疗提供有效依据.方法 103例患者应用自然静止法或血凝集法制得胸水沉淀物,结合HE染色及免疫组化染色,在诊断MPE上与其他方法相比较.结果 103例MPE中,胸腔积液沉淀物方法确诊90例(诊断率87.4%);32例仅通过沉淀物诊断,74例指出病理类型,23例明确原发灶;与71例同时行有创方法比较,诊断率为81.7%与87.3%;对比液基细胞学,检出率为86.7%和44.0%.结论 胸腔积液沉淀物方法不仅可以增加细胞学诊断率且与其他有创方法诊断率近乎一致,同样可确定MPE病理类型及原发灶,是有创方法的较佳补充,甚至对于部分患者胸水沉淀物是唯一确诊方法.     

抗血管生成治疗在恶性胸腔积液中的应用进展CSCD

恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusions,MPE)是晚期肿瘤的常见并发症,肺癌和恶性胸膜间皮瘤(malignant pleural mesothelioma,MPM)是MPE最常见的病因。MPE的治疗原则是在针对病因的全身治疗的基础上对胸腔进行局部治疗。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在MPE形成中的多个环节起着关键作用。贝伐珠单抗能抑制VEGF的活性,减少MPE的形成,改善患者预后。本综述系统回顾了贝伐珠单抗及其他抗血管生成药物在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)和MPM相关MPE中的研究进展,阐述了不同抗血管生成药物对MPE的临床疗效和安全性。     

单操作孔胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的 观察恶性胸腔积液的微创治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经单操作孔胸腔镜胸膜固定术治疗的24例恶性胸腔积液患者的临床资料.结果 所有病例无围术期死亡;手术时间为32～83 min,平均34.5 min;术后拔管时间4～15d,平均5.6 d;术后全部患者1、3、6、12个月复查胸部CT,随访1 ～12个月,未见胸腔积液复发;24例患者中,1例术后5个月死于脑转移,余23例患者生存期均超过6个月.结论 单操作孔胸腔镜胸膜固定术是治疗恶性胸腔积液微创、有效的治疗手段.     

红霉素胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效观察

目的:探讨红霉素胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床价值.方法:确诊为腺癌所致的恶性胸腔积液初治患者50例,均行胸膜腔闭式引流,尽可能引流尽胸水.随机分为两组,一组经胸腔闭式引流管胸腔内注入红霉素1.0g+10%葡萄糖注射液100ml(A组),一组经引流管胸腔内注入顺铂40mg+生理盐水30ml(B组).比较两组的疗效、生活质量、不良反应.结果:两组控制胸水的有效率及生存率无明显差异.结论:红霉素作为一种胸膜硬化剂可以治疗恶性胸腔积液.     

胸腔镜下胸膜固定术治疗肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液的临床应用价值

目的 研究胸腔镜下胸膜固定术治疗肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效及其应用价值.方法 选取接受胸腔镜下胸膜固定术治疗的50例肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者作为治疗组,选取同期接受胸腔闭式引流并注入粘连剂等方法的50例患者作为对照组.比较2组患者临床有效率,治疗前后胸腔积液蛋白定量、白细胞计数及住院时间,观察随访期间复发及毒副作用.结果 治疗组临床缓解率为96.00％,高于对照组的72.00％ (P ＜0.05).治疗组治疗后蛋白定量改善、引流时间及住院时间均显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).术后随访治疗组的复发率为2.00％、胸膜包裹肥厚总发生率为8.00％,明显低于对照组(分别为22.00％、24.00％),组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 胸腔镜下胸膜固定术治疗肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液疗效显著,在改善肺癌伴胸腔积液总蛋白定量、减少复发等方面具有显著优势.     

胸腔镜在恶性胸腔积液诊断和治疗上的应用

目的　探讨胸腔镜在恶性胸腔积液诊断和治疗上的价值。方法　对15例原因不明的胸腔积液患者作胸腔镜检查,并经胸腔镜喷入滑石粉及顺铂治疗。结果　所有病例经胸腔镜行活检均确诊为恶性病变,总诊断率为100%。经滑石粉喷入和顺铂局部治疗后14例获得完全的胸膜固定,持久的成功率为93.3%。结论　胸腔镜对胸腔积液病因诊断有较高临床实用价值,滑石粉胸膜固定加顺铂治疗是控制恶性胸腔积液、治疗晚期癌症的一种有效方法。     

Multidisciplinary management of malignant pleural effusion

Approximately 50% of patients with metastatic disease develop a malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Prompt clinical evaluation and treatment to achieve successful palliation are the main goals of management of MPE. Optimal treatment is still controversial and there is no universal standard approach. Management options include observation, thoracentesis, indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) or chest tube placement, pleurodesis, and surgical pleurectomy. The treatment for each patient should be based on symptoms, general condition, and life expectancy.     

Management of malignant pleural effusion

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) often presents in patients with cancer at an advanced stage and thus carries a poor prognosis. This review updates the current knowledge on the management of MPE, focusing on recent literature about the efficacy and safety of the most common methods, including pleurodesis by either thoracoscopy with talc insufflation or thoracostomy with talc slurry, use of an indwelling pleural catheter, and intrapleural chemotherapy. Talc remains the agent of choice in pleurodesis, although the use of alternative agents continues to be explored. The choice of procedure to achieve pleurodesis depends on careful patient selection based on predictive factors and individual characteristics. Talc pleurodesis is relatively well tolerated and safe, as is an indwelling pleural catheter, in an appropriate patient population. Because MPE is a common problem in cancer patients, future research with more randomized, prospective designs and innovative interventions is needed.     

Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion

Purpose

The presence of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) indicates a poorer prognosis for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and impairs their quality of life. Because vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the key mediator MPE production, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, in non-squamous NSCLC patients with MPE, especially regarding the control of pleural effusions.

Methods

From November 1, 2009 to September 30, 2011, medical charts of 13 consecutive patients with MPE who received bevacizumab plus chemotherapy as the initial or secondary treatment were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Of the 13 patients, 6 did not undergo pleurodesis, 3 were unsuccessfully treated by pleurodesis, 2 had encapsulated pleural effusion, and 2 had no re-expansion of the lung. Twelve patients (92.3 %) achieved MPE control lasting >8 weeks following bevacizumab plus chemotherapy. Five of 10 patients with measurable lesions had confirmed partial responses. Of 3 patients without measurable lesions, one had confirmed CR. Median progression-free survival time without re-accumulation of MPE was 312 days. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, or proteinuria was observed in 2, 2, 1, or 1 patient, respectively.

Conclusions

This is the first study to report that bevacizumab plus chemotherapy is highly effective for the management of MPE in non-squamous NSCLC patients. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab for MPE.     

Pleuritis carcinomatosa

The most used standard therapy for malignant pleural effusion(MPE)is tube thoracostomy drainage, except in cases where there are few pleural effusions or no symptoms. It has been reported that instilling an intrapleural agent is necessary for producing pleurodesis after tube thoracostomy drainage. To date, numerous chemical agents for the treatment of MPE have been studied. These include antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, biological response modifiers and others, that showed various degrees of chemical sclerosis. It was entered on a randomized comparison of tetracycline and bleomycin for treatment of MPE. The rate and time to recurrence were both significantly greater with bleomycin. In comparison, Talc was superior to bleomycin for control of MPE. Therefore, thoracoscopic pleurodesis with talc is now considered to be the gold standard treatment for MPE. However, talc has not been commercially available in Japan. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of three intrapleural therapy regimens consisting of bleomycin, OK-432 or cisplatin plus etoposide(PE), for the management of malignant pleural effusion in previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer. The primary endpoint, pleural progression-free survival did not differ significantly between groups. Intrapleural treatment using OK-432 in the management of MPE was selected because it had the highest 4-week pleural progression-free survival rate and toxicity was tolerable. At present, OK- 432 is the standard agent used in Japan.     

高聚金葡素、香菇多糖联合顺铂治疗肺癌并发恶性胸腔积液的临床观察

目的:观察高聚金葡素、香菇多糖及联合应用顺铂治疗肺癌并发恶性胸腔积液的有效性和安全性。方法:选取我院2003年8月至2010年8月间肺癌并发恶性胸腔积液住院患者131例,分成5组,进行临床分析。其中高聚金葡素联合顺铂(A组)25例,香菇多糖联合顺铂(B组)27例,单用高聚金葡素(C组)31例,单用香菇多糖(D组)25例,及单用顺铂(E组)23例。采用中心静脉导管行胸腔置管闭式引流术。结果:A组有效率84.00%、B组81.48%、C组54.84%、D组52%、E组52.17%,A组及B组疗效及生活质量明显优于其他组,P<0.05;A组、B组间疗效相近,C、D、E组间疗效相近,均无显著差异,P>0.05;全部不良反应轻微、可控;A、C组发热发生率显著高于其他3组,具有显著统计学意义(A组与B、D、E组比较,P<0.01;C组与B、D、E组比较,P<0.05),其它不良反应相近。结论:高聚金葡素、香菇多糖联用应用顺铂治疗肺癌并发恶性胸腔积液的疗效优于单药治疗,不良反应轻微。     

Osteopontin is involved in the formation of malignant pleural effusion in lung cancer

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is associated with advanced-stage lung cancer and is a poor prognostic sign for these patients. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in the tumor progression and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate and provide evidence for the role of OPN in the formation of MPE associated with lung cancer. In this study, we established an OPN knockdown murine lung cancer cell line, 3LL cells, utilizing the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. To reveal the effect of OPN on the formation of MPE associated with lung cancer, we directly injected OPN knockdown 3LL cells, 3LL/OPN siRNA, or control cells, 3LL/control siRNA, into the pleural space of C57BL/6 mice. OPN knockdown significantly reduced the formation of MPE, but did not inhibit in vivo tumor growth of 3LL cells in mice. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in MPE was markedly decreased in the 3LL/OPN siRNA in comparison with that of the 3LL/control siRNA. In vitro, recombinant OPN protein enhanced VEGF secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) or human mesothelial cell line, Met5A cells, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that OPN is positively involved in the formation of MPE of lung cancer presumably by promoting VEGF secretion from vascular endothelial cells or mesothelial cells. OPN could be an effective target molecule for reducing MPE in lung cancer patients.     

CD163+ tumor-associated macrophage is a prognostic biomarker and is associated with therapeutic effect on malignant pleural effusion of lung cancer patients

CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the progression of cancer. However, the significance of CD163+ TAMs in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is still unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of CD163+ TAMs in MPE, and the regulatory effect of an immune adjuvant (pseudomonas aeruginosa - mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin, PA-MSHA, which is used for MPE treatment in clinic) on CD163+ TAMs in MPE. Here, we found that the percentage of CD163+ TAMs in MPE was significantly higher than that in non-malignant pleural effusion (P<0.001). More importantly, CD163+ TAMs in MPE patients were an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival. M2-related cytokines were highly expressed in MPE-derived CD163+ TAMs than in MPE-derived CD163− macrophages (P<0.05). CD163+ TAMs frequency in MPE patients was obviously reduced after PA-MSHA treatment in clinic (P<0.05). After treatment with PA-MSHA, M2 macrophages were re-educated to M1 macrophages in vitro. TLR4 blocking antibody inhibited M2 macrophages polarization to M1 macrophages induced by PA-MSHA. These findings highlight that accumulation of CD163+ TAMs in MPE caused by lung cancer is closely correlated with poor prognosis. CD163+ TAMs are associated with therapeutic effect in MPE. PA-MSHA re-educates CD163+ TAMs to M1 macrophages through TLR4-mediated pathway in MPE.     

Closing faucets: the role of anti-angiogenic therapies in malignant pleural diseases

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) represents 15–35 % of pleural effusions and markedly worsens the prognosis and quality of life of patients with cancer. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) and lung adenocarcinoma are the most frequent primary and secondary causes, respectively, of MPE. Effective treatments for cancer-related MPE are warranted in order to improve symptoms, reduce the number of invasive pleural procedures, and prolong patient life. Since angiogenesis plays a key role in MPE development, the potential role of bevacizumab and other anti-angiogenic therapies have been explored in this review. No relevant phase III trials have specifically analysed the benefit from adding bevacizumab to platinum-based chemotherapy in lung cancer-related MPE. However, small retrospective series reported 71.4–93.3 % MPE control rate, a reduction in invasive procedures, and a safe profile with this combination. Being approved for the first-line treatment of non-squamous advanced NSCLC, the addition of bevacizumab should be considered for patients presenting with MPE. In addition, further studies in this are recommended. In MM, the addition of bevacizumab to platinum-based chemotherapy did not meet primary endpoints in two phase II trials. However, the beneficial results on OS reported in comparison with historical cohorts and the statistically significant benefit on PFS and OS observed in the phase III MAPS trial foretell an eventual role for the combination of platinum/pemetrexed/bevacizumab as front-line systemic therapy for pleural MM. To date, no other anti-angiogenic drug has showed significant benefit in the treatment of patients with either MPE or MM. However, new promising drugs such as ramucirumab or recombinant human endostar warrant further investigation.     

Developing a Prediction Score for the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion: MPE Score

Background: The objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic prediction model for diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) from pleural fluid cytology (MPE score). Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of pleural fluid cytology was conducted in patients with MPE between 2018 and 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the potential predictors. The selected logistic coefficients were transformed into a diagnostic predictive scoring system. Internal validation was done using the bootstrapping procedure. Results: The data of pleural fluid cytology from 155 MPE patients were analyzed. Seventy-eight positive pleural cytology patients were found (50.32%). Lung cancer was the cancer most commonly sent for pleural fluid testing, with 66.67% positive cytology.  The predictive indicators included pleural fluid protein > 4.64 g/dL, pleural fluid LDH > 555 IU/L, and pleural fluid sugar > 60 mg/dL. Lung mass from imaging and double tap for pleural cytology were used for the derivation of the diagnostic prediction model. The score-based model showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.74 (95% CI 0.66-0.82). The developed MPE score ranged from zero to 17. The cut-off point was 15 with 88.31% of specificity, 37.18% of sensitivity, positive predictive value of 0.76, and negative predictive value of 0.58. The measurement of the calibration was illustrated using a calibration plot (p-value = 0.49 for the Hosmer-Lemeshow based goodness of fit). Internal validation with 1,000 bootstrap resampling showed a good discrimination. Conclusions: The MPE score, as the diagnostic prediction model can be used in planning for more efficient diagnosis of MPE in patients with cancer under MPE.