装甲钢马氏体相变塑性的实验研究

采用Gleeble热模拟实验机对装甲钢马氏体相变塑性进行了研究。通过对热变形中的热应变、组织应变和弹性应变进行分离,从总应变中分离了相变塑性,并得到了相变塑性的定量关系式,采用Greenwood-Johnson模型得到该种材料的相变塑性系数。分析结果表明,该种材料的相变塑性、组织应变和热应变是引起变形的主要原因,相变塑性与组织应变数值相当,在热处理变形分析中不容忽视;随着温度降低及马氏体体积分数增大,相变塑性迅速增大,马氏体体积分数达到0.8后,相变塑性基本保持不变;随着施加应力的增加,相变塑性逐渐增大,相变塑性与施加应力呈线性关系。文章研究结果不仅为该种材料热处理、焊接过程形状畸变和残余应力研究提供基础,还为该材料复杂热力学行为研究提供参考。     

应力应变对马氏体相变动力学及相变塑性影响的研究

针对应力应变对马氏体相应动力学及相变塑性的影响进行了研究。得到了应力作用下相变动力学和相变塑性的计算模型，而且发现相变前预应变限制了相变塑性的数量和相变反应的速度，使之不能用弹性状态下得到的模型进行简单的外推，并利用应力应变诱导相变，母亲上强化等理论进行了解释。     

3Cr2Mo钢马氏体相变塑性及应力对其相变动力学的影响

通过不同单轴拉/压应力载荷作用下的膨胀试验研究了3Cr2Mo钢中马氏体相变的相变塑性和应力对马氏体相变动力学的影响。结果表明:所测定的Greenwood-Johnson相变塑性模型中参数K随等效应力增加而增加,表征马氏体相变动力学的Koistinen-Marburger方程中系数α约为0.0236,应力状态对其没有明显影响。马氏体点(MS)范围在410～438℃之间,且随等效应力值的增加而升高。     

基于物理模拟的相变塑性应变分离方法

相变塑性是材料在相变过程中由于外部应力引起的材料的不可逆变形。在大型金属零件的焊接和热处理等复杂热力循环过程中,相变塑性对残余应力和变形的影响不可忽视,因此,对材料的相变塑性开展研究十分必要。文章以马氏体相变塑性为例,采用施加不同单轴载荷水平的热力循环实验确定材料相变塑性;通过对该过程热力循环变形和组织演化的分析,在考虑弹性应变、热应变、组织应变基础上,得到了材料相变塑性应变随温度和应力变化的定量关系式。研究结果为分析和研究钢铁材料焊接和热处理过程中复杂热力行为提供了方法。     

304不锈钢应变诱发α''''马氏体相变及对力学性能的影响

借助于C射线衍射，研究了C、Mn、Cr和Ni含量对304奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能和应变诱发马氏体相变倾向的影响。结果表明：C、Mn、Cr和Ni在允许的成分范围内变化，应变诱发α’马氏体相变倾向差异很大，这导致屈服强度和抗拉强度复杂的变化，尽管应变诱发α’马氏体相变使加工硬化速率提高，相变可以诱发塑性，但相变速率较快，相变倾向较大的钢塑性反而下降，此外，由于室温变形还增大热诱发马氏体相变倾向，从而限制了C、Mn、Cr和Ni下限钢在高精度和低温环境下构件的应用。     

应力与相变相互作用对马氏体淬火残余应力的影响

本文进行了有关钢在马氏体淬火过程中应力与相变相互作用的实验研究，在此基础上提出了一种预测钢的马氏体淬火残余应力的较完整的数学模型。根据实测的材料参数用有限元方法对２６Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ４ＭｏＶ钢圆筒形试件的淬火过程进行了计算分析，着重考察了相变塑性和应力诱导相变对残余应力形成的影响。结果表明，由本模型给出的残余应力预测值与实测值吻合较好，而不考虑相变塑性的模型实际上是不适用的，忽略应力诱导相变则倾向于在较大程度上低估淬火后的残余应力     

A508-3核电大锻件用钢连续冷却贝氏体的相变塑性

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了A508-3钢在单轴压应力下的连续贝氏体相变诱发的相变塑性.借助于从膨胀曲线分离相变塑性应变的数据处理方法,获得了压应力对贝氏体相变塑性的影响规律.结果表明:基于Greenwood-Johnson模型的贝氏体相变塑性参数K随着外加压应力的增大而增大,并且相变塑性应变占总应变的比重显著增加.相变塑性应变随贝氏体相变进行逐渐增大,增速先快后慢.     

Fe-Mn-Si合金循环变形中马氏体相变和应变疲劳特性

用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察以及应变疲劳试验研究表明,Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金在承受正负交变应力作用时,可相应地发生应力诱发γ(←→)ε马氏体相变及其逆相变.Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金循环变形过程中的应力诱发γ(←→)ε马氏体相变及其逆相变能降低应力集中,抑制塑性滑移变形,减少疲劳裂纹的形成和扩展,使合金具有较高的应变疲劳强度.其弯曲疲劳断口类呈脆性断裂.Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-5Ni试验合金在应变幅值为±1.5%下的应变疲劳寿命达1300次,是U71Mn轨钢和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的10倍左右.     

18Ni马氏体时效钢的相变超塑性

本文研究了18Ni(2450MPa级)马氏体时效钢的相变超塑性。通过冷变形量、应力以及冷却速度对相变应变影响规律的研究,开发了该合金的相变超塑性成形工艺。当冷变形量为60％时,在最佳工艺条件下,经14cyc γ?α’循环相变,可获得320％的极限延伸率。经TEM观察发现,该合金应力诱发马氏体形态为块状马氏体。     

支承辊钢接触疲劳过程中的表层组织变化

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,对滚动接触疲劳前后Cr5型支承辊用钢的表层组织演变进行了研究.结果表明:经940 ℃保温2h淬火+450℃保温4h回火处理后,Cr5型支承辊用钢的热处理组织由回火马氏体+残余奥氏体+球型碳化物组成.接触疲劳过程中片状马氏体组织发生细化,碳化物由球型转变成杆状,在接触疲劳循环应力作用下发生应变诱发马氏体相变,接触前后试样表层的残余奥氏体含量由6.4％下降到0.8％.     

无钛热冲压成形钢的连续冷却与等温转变规律

利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件(TCFE 9数据库)、DIL805A/D变形热膨胀相变仪和场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)研究了连续冷却转变及等温转变过程中无钛热冲压成形钢的微观组织演化规律。结果表明:试验钢的Ac₁=749 ℃,Ac₃=863 ℃。绘制了CCT曲线和TTT曲线;无钛热冲压成形钢的马氏体相变开始温度Ms=385 ℃,马氏体相变结束温度Mf=130 ℃。过冷奥氏体冷却过程中,发生马氏体相变的临界冷却速度为5 ℃/s;当等温温度高于750 ℃时,热冲压成形后可获得全马氏体组织。     

Surface hardening by strain induced martensitic transformation

The hardness and fatigue strength achieved by strain hardening are normally noticeable lower than those attained by thermal or thermochemical heat treatments. Strain or deformation induced martensitic transformation of residual austenite can increase the strength achieved by mechanical surface hardening processes considerably. In this paper, an approach is presented where workpieces with a high content of metastable austenite are used for hardening the surface layer. The microstructure has to be sufficiently stable, in order to ensure that the material can be machined without being changed by strain induced transformation of the residual austenite. After machining, high Hertzian contact stresses are introduced by deep rolling, so that a strain induced martensitic transformation of the residual austenite takes place. At the same time deep rolling produces the surface finish of the part. By this method, a surface hardening without a heat treatment process within the production line can be realized. A conceivable use of this method could be the production of bearings or guideways.     

Interplay of martensitic phase transformation and plastic slip in polycrystals

We study the interplay between martensitic phase transformation and plastic slip in polycrystalline media. The work is motivated by the phenomenon of superelasticity – the ability of the material to recover strains beyond their apparent elastic limit – observed in shape-memory alloys. Often the recovery is not perfect with residual strain after a deformation and recovery cycle, and the stress–strain curve changes with cycling. We develop a mesoscale model at the single crystal level, and use it to study polycrystals. The model is able to reproduce various observations and provide important insight into the interplay. In particular, we show that transformation and plasticity can occur synergistically, with plasticity providing a mechanism for bridging across poorly oriented and thus non-transforming grains.     

NiTi-W原位复合材料的马氏体相变与性能

为获得高性能NiTi基记忆合金复合材料,通过熔炼、锻造、拔丝等手段获得一种NiTi-W原位复合材料。利用SEM扫描电镜观察材料显微组织;DSC测试材料的马氏体相变行为;利用WDT II-20万能拉伸试验机测试材料的力学性能。SEM分析结果显示,拔丝加工使W纤维直径细化至几微米,甚至亚微米级别,在NiTi基体中沿拔丝方向一致排布。DSC测试结果显示,材料经不同温度退火后展现出复杂的可逆马氏体相变行为,在某些升、降温曲线上出现多个吸放热峰现象。拉伸测试结果显示,600 ℃退火样品经适当的预拉伸变形后,屈服强度会大大增加,由~200 MPa提升到~800 MPa,断裂应力超过1 GPa,断裂应变高达40%,材料展现出优秀的线性超弹性,是一种集高强度、高塑性、高线性超弹性于一身的高性能材料。     

Effect of external loading on the martensitic transformation – A phase field study

In this work, the effect of external loading on the martensitic transformation is analyzed using an elasto-plastic phase field model. The phase field microelasticity theory, incorporating a non-linear strain tensor and the effect of grain boundaries, is used to study the impact of applied stresses on an Fe–0.3%C polycrystalline alloy, both in two and three dimensions. The evolution of plasticity is computed using a time-dependent equation that solves for the minimization of the shear strain energy. Crystallographic orientation of the grains in the polycrystal is chosen randomly and it is verified that the said assumption does not have a significant effect on the final volume fraction of martensite. Two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) simulations are performed at a temperature significantly higher than the martensitic start temperature of the alloy with uniaxial tensile, compressive and shear loading, along with hydrostatic stresses. It is found that the 3-D simulations are necessary to investigate the effect of external loading on the martensitic transformation using the phase field method since the 2-D numerical simulations produce results that are physically incorrect, while the results obtained from the 3-D simulations are in good agreement with the empirical observations found in the literature. Finally, it is concluded that the given model can be used to predict the volume fraction of martensite in a material with any kind of external loading.     

N对TWIP钢马氏体相变及力学性能的影响

以传统TWIP钢为对比,测试了含N TWIP钢的力学性能,并利用XRD进行物相分析和TEM进行做观结构表征.结果表明,在由fcc或hcp结构向bcc结构马氏体进行相变时,晶体结构中的最大间隙由0.1047 nm降低至0.0725 nm.间隙原子N的存在显著增大bcc结构的晶格畸变能,提高α马氏体切变的阻力,因而强烈抑制α马氏体相变,导致组织中hcp结构ε相含量大幅度增加,提高了TWIP钢的强度,但也降低了钢的塑性.另外,奥氏体平均和区域层错几率的计算及微观组织分析结果表明,形变增加层错的数量,而马氏体相变消耗层错,从而减少层错数量.     

Effect of hydrogen on tensile behaviour of micrometre-sized specimen fabricated from a metastable austenitic stainless steel

This study was conducted by micro mechanical testing and scanning white-light interferometry (SWLI) to clarify the intrinsic effect of hydrogen on tensile properties of a metastable austenitic stainless steel. The stress–strain behaviour of the micrometre-sized specimens exhibited two distinct strain hardening stages controlled by dislocation gliding and martensitic transformation. In-situ SWLI of the micrometre-sized specimens during the tensile test revealed that plasticity localization caused by hydrogen is predominantly responsible for the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the austenite stainless steel.