建筑学的重要研究方向—— 使用后评价

使用后评价是指对建筑，建筑综合体及建成环境所开展的一套系统的评价程序与方法。它关注的是建成环境的实际使用状况以及使用者的意见和要求。通过收集使用者的意见和建议，以及将建筑师与规划师的规划设计目标与建筑及其环境的实际使用情况加以比较，使用后评价者能为建筑师与规划师提供极具价值的反馈信息，使建筑师与规划师得以据此有针对性地改进其规划设计工作。本文简要介绍建筑使用后评价的意义和重要性，建筑使用后评价的发展简史以及建筑使用后评价常用的技术和方法。     

急流绕桥墩流动时的水力特性及桥墩设计

本文分析了急流绕桥墩流动时的水流现象;提出了急流冲击水柱的计算方法,并以试验验证;提出了桥墩外形和跨距的设计原则,以及防止冲击水柱影响的措施;最后给出水流正向冲击力的计算方法并加以试验验证。     

关于院校教学效果跟踪评价的探讨

针对教学效果评价中存在的学员评价缺乏连续性的问题，本文从教育控制论和教学效果滞后性的视角，就其科学性从其理论方面加以论述；并从实施方法方面提出建设性的意见。     

水泥与高效减水剂相容性分析探讨

分析了水泥与高效减水剂相容性的影响因素,探讨了评价水泥与高效减水剂相容性的方法,分析了不同水灰比条件时评价方法的选择。结果表明,水泥与高效减水剂相容性同时受水泥矿物成份含量和形态,以及高效减水剂对水泥流变性能作用的影响;检测低水灰比条件下水泥-高效减水剂相容性时宜采用测定净浆流动度的试验方法,检测大水灰比条件下水泥-高效减水剂相容性时宜采用测定水泥净浆流动时间的试验方法     

水泥净浆流变常数与高流动度混凝土流动性能之间的关系

为了通过水泥净浆来评价高流动度混凝土的流动性能,研究了水泥净浆流变常数与混凝土坍落流动度之间的关系。实验采用普通波特兰水泥。改变水泥净浆的拌和方法、超塑化剂掺和量以及粘度计的操作环境,用平板旋转粘度计来测其流变常量。     

试析建筑设计中的仿西洋西典风

近年来，仿西洋古典风格的建筑物已在我国的不少城市出现，本文拟比城市环境和整体形象以及这类建筑单体自身质量两方面来评价这种现象，并分析其成因。结论是建筑设计中的仿洋古风应加以抑制。     

试析建筑设计中的仿西洋古典风

近年来，仿西洋古典风格的建筑物已在我国的不少城市出现，本文拟从城市环境和整体形象以及这类建筑单体自身质量两方面来评价这种现象，并分析其成因。结论是建筑设计中的仿洋古风应加以抑制。     

基于统计科学的游憩影响定量分析方法--游憩影响的量化评价方法研究(一)

游憩影响的量化评价是以资源保护和可持续利用为目的的科学游憩管理的基本前提。为了对游憩影响进行有效的量化评价，通常需要将定量分析和评估的过程分离，分别采用统计分析和定量决策的方法进行研究。对基于统计科学的游憩影响定量分析方法及相关研究成果进行了总结介绍，引介了相关技术和操作要点，并对其应用实效加以评价，作为实践参考。     

用Orimet法（漏斗法）评价高流动性混凝土工作的研究

指出高流动性混凝土工作度与普通混凝土工作度的主要影响因素的区别，并用Orimet法流出速度，坍落度，坍落度流动值评价了高流动混凝土的工作度，结果表明用Orimet流出速度与坍落度流动值可以综合评价高流动性混凝土的工作废。     

基于气体动力学对通风空调工程检测的研究与分析

通风空调工程检测时,需要对气流进行检测。由于气体流动产生风,根据施工现场实际环境,通风管道选型和走向更需要因地制宜,适应现场各种复杂情况,在此过程中,风管内部以及各风口处的风向和风量会发生各种变化。本文运用气体动力学的理论,加深对相关检测标准中检测方法的认识,以及对检测数据加以研究分析,确保检测结果真实可靠。     

景观延续与重塑的人文之道——记安亭中学绿化环境改造更新

校园作为城市公共设施体系中的重要组成部分,对人们的社会生活和精神文明起着重要的影响、教育、服务作用。结合安亭中学的景观改造工程实例,从校园的区位环境因素、历史文化积淀、园内景观现状等方面,分析了改造的必要性,改造工作的原则及人文理念的改造方法,重点阐释了对原有历史和景观的发现、挖掘、保护、改造和再利用。通过简洁、现代的手法,把新景观融入校园的建筑环境、历史环境和人文环境之中,重建具有视觉、生态和文化三重效益的校园景观,把校园环境变成凝固的诗、流动的画、无言的歌,从而达到"润物细无声"的效果。     

跨度120m三角锥体钢结构施工滑移监测方法研究

大跨度钢结构的滑移是一个动态过程,滑移推力、环境荷载、轨道承载力、轨道平顺性等因素对结构准确就位均有影响。为此,提出了一种能够监测滑移施工过程结构安全、稳定及滑移同步性的方法,该方法通过模拟分析施工滑移过程,准确预判滑移中结构出现损伤的位置和程度,提前采取措施;通过实时在线监测结构滑移施工过程中多项参数的变化,避免滑移过程中结构的应力集中、局部变形过大、脱轨、失稳及倾覆。以大同美术馆钢结构屋盖滑移施工监测为例,在滑移前对滑移施工过程进行模拟分析和监测系统安装,对滑移阶段结构关键构件的应变、位移、构件变形及环境温度进行实时监测、分析与反馈。结果表明：大跨度钢结构滑移受温度、轨道平顺性、轨道处结构变形值、顶推设备误差影响;采用有限元模拟分析、现场监测、实时分析与反馈的监测方法,可有效控制滑移过程中结构的内力、变形、各轨道滑移的同步性及结构的整体稳定性。     

公园绿地绩效的概念内涵及评测方法体系研究

绩效衡量评测能为公园绿地布局优化、功能完善和服务提升提供直接依据。但由于影响公园绿地绩效的因素众多且作用方式各异,在界定、衡量和评价上均有一定复杂性。本文首先结合不同视角和标准,将公园绿地绩效分解为核心绩效与延展绩效、功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效、系统绩效与单体绩效等概念展开内涵及应用特征梳理;其次以处于核心地位的游憩服务绩效为主体对公园绿地功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效的评测方法展开辨析;最后根据各个绩效评测方法的利弊特点对不同方法的组合应用模式以及精度校验途径提出建议。     

The Intension and Values of Urban Wildscapes

The process of urban sprawl, restructure, and shrinkage provides the possibility for the formation and evolution of urban wildscapes. Physically, urban wildscapes refer to the urban spaces where the ecology is basically dominated by natural processes and similar to the natural wilderness in appearance and functions. The existence and persistence of wilderness fragments in cities often result from the reduction of human management and with minimal intervention on the nature. Due to the different interactions and confrontations between natural processes and social processes, the wildness of urban wildscapes varies. The unique and irreplaceable values of urban widlscapes in ecology, culture, aesthetics, economy, and well-being have gained multi-disciplinary attention and been widely recognized. This paper defines the concept of urban wildscapes, reviews the conceptual development of its connotation, and analyzes the multiple benefits of urban wildscapes on the basis of value recognition research. It hopes to provide a value recognition framework for empirical studies, helping urban residents, planning designers, and managers identify, appreciate, experience, and sustainably manage natural resources and urban ecological network, and providing scientific guidelines for ecological urban development.     

身体经验与时空想象—— 基于场地、场景、场域的景观建构原型研究

Contemporary landscape is an important medium that resists the environmental homogeneity and diversifies the cultural imagery. The neglect of physical experience would intensify the perception contradiction and separation between people and the site. This paper proposes to use the prototype of the interactions between the body, time, and space to build an abstract discourse to study the design dimensions of site, sight, and insight based on different elements—the three dimensions are represented as perception, conception, and live. It then focuses on how to employ design methods (including the arrangement of spatial sequence and direction, the design of thresholds in the space, the creation of texts and syntaxes, and the stimulation of events and social imagery) to form the push-pull movement in the material space, the abschattung and gestalt of ideographic texts in the meaning space, and the apperception of the social field, so as to enhance people’s perception of the landscape. This paper studies physical experience and spacetime imagery to extract and deduce the thinking of landscape design within varied dimensions, and argues that a profound and intimate relationship between man and the site can be established by organizing different elements under the ternary system of site, sight, and insight.     

Building the Drawing

The understanding and, consequently, the status of the terms architect, drawing and building, alter through context and time. Less recognised are the interdependencies that lie beneath their constituent parts; the drawing and the building, the designer and maker, the material and the immaterial. By reversing typical patterns of exchange, Jonathan Hill disrupts the security of the familiar and the certainty of the stable, and considers how drawing and building are both similar and different. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理研究

我国西部地区盐湖分布广泛,土壤及地下水中含有高浓度硫酸盐、镁盐及氯盐,与衬砌喷射混凝土发生一系列物理化学反应,造成其结构耐久性能下降。为系统研究盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理,以5%Na2SO4+5%MgSO4+3.5%NaCl混合溶液为侵蚀介质,采用干湿交替法,分别模拟盐湖环境地下水及隧道衬砌侵蚀方式,开展喷射混凝土耐久性试验,对其物理力学性能、侵蚀产物矿物组成及含量、微观形貌、孔结构和离子含量进行测试分析。喷射混凝土SO2? 4含量随侵蚀时间快速增大,Cl-和Na+含量缓慢增大,而Ca2+和混凝土pH值降低。喷射混凝土侵蚀过程包含水镁石、石膏及钙矾石形成阶段,C-S-H分解和碳硫硅钙石形成阶段,M-S-H形成等三个阶段。最终,在碳硫硅钙石、水镁石、石膏、钙矾石以及结晶盐所形成的膨胀应力和结晶压力共同作用下,喷射混凝土内部孔数量及空气含量增大,形成网状裂纹,性能快速劣化。模筑混凝土微裂缝在盐结晶形成的结晶压作用下快速开裂,与气孔形成宏观裂缝导致断裂。钢纤维可显著消减喷射混凝土内部应力,提高其抗侵蚀能力。     

全过程咨询模式下 EPC 项目主体合作博弈研究

基于前景理论,构建业主、全过程咨询方、EPC 企业三方演化博弈模型,分析三方演化博弈系统的稳定点,对影响三方策略选择的要素进行模拟仿真,并分析博弈均衡点的稳定性。结果表明:合作成本与损失规避程度是制约三方合作的影响因素;风险态度系数、不合作时的项目收益损失值及合作的额外收益是促进三方合作的影响因素;三方合作收益分享系数与不合作损失分享系数对三方合作的促进作用存在某一阈值。据此提出政府制定相关激励政策,加强全过程咨询和工程总承包的工程教育及人力资源开发,合理使用BIM 技术、建立有效透明的沟通平台和协调机制等措施及建议,旨在提高三方合作概率,提升项目绩效。     

Effects of oil contamination and bioremediation on geotechnical properties of highly plastic clayey soil

Leakage of oil and its derivatives into the soil can change the engineering behavior of soil as well as cause enviro nmental disasters.Also,recovering the contaminated sites into their natural condition and making contaminated materials as both environmentally and geotechnically suitable construction materials need the employment of remediation techniques.Bioremediation,as an efficient,low cost and environmentalfriendly approach,was used in the case of highly plastic clayey soils.To better understand the change in geotechnical properties of highly plastic fine-grained soil due to crude oil contamination and bioremediation,Atterberg limits,compaction,unconfined compression,direct shear,and consolidation tests were conducted on natural,contaminated,and bioremediated soil samples to investigate the effects of contamination and remediation on fine-grained soil properties.Oil contamination reduced maximum dry density(MDD),optimum moisture content(OMC),unconfined compressive strength(UCS),shear strength,swelling pressure,and coefficient of consolidation of soil.In addition,contamination increased the compression and swelling indices and compressibility of soil.Bioremediation reduced soil contamination by about 50%.Moreover,in comparison with contaminated soil,bio re mediation reduced the MDD,UCS,swelling index,free swelling and swelling pressure of soil,and also increased OMC,shear strength,cohesion,internal friction angle,failure strain,porosity,compression index,and settlement.Micro structural analyses showed that oil contamination does not alter the soil structure in terms of chemical compounds,elements,and constituent minerals.While it decreased the specific surface area of the soil,and the bio re mediation significantly increased the mentioned parameters.Bioremediation resulted in the formation of quasi-fibrous textures and porous and agglomerated structures.As a result,oil contamination affected the mechanical properties of soil negatively,but bioremediation improved these properties.     

Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment - a multidisciplinary systematic review

There have been few recent studies demonstrating a definitive association between the transmission of airborne infections and the ventilation of buildings. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and current concerns about the risk of an avian influenza (H5N1) pandemic, have made a review of this area timely. We searched the major literature databases between 1960 and 2005, and then screened titles and abstracts, and finally selected 40 original studies based on a set of criteria. We established a review panel comprising medical and engineering experts in the fields of microbiology, medicine, epidemiology, indoor air quality, building ventilation, etc. Most panel members had experience with research into the 2003 SARS epidemic. The panel systematically assessed 40 original studies through both individual assessment and a 2-day face-to-face consensus meeting. Ten of 40 studies reviewed were considered to be conclusive with regard to the association between building ventilation and the transmission of airborne infection. There is strong and sufficient evidence to demonstrate the association between ventilation, air movements in buildings and the transmission/spread of infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, smallpox and SARS. There is insufficient data to specify and quantify the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools, offices, homes and isolation rooms in relation to spread of infectious diseases via the airborne route. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The strong and sufficient evidence of the association between ventilation, the control of airflow direction in buildings, and the transmission and spread of infectious diseases supports the use of negatively pressurized isolation rooms for patients with these diseases in hospitals, in addition to the use of other engineering control methods. However, the lack of sufficient data on the specification and quantification of the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools and offices in relation to the spread of airborne infectious diseases, suggest the existence of a knowledge gap. Our study reveals a strong need for a multidisciplinary study in investigating disease outbreaks, and the impact of indoor air environments on the spread of airborne infectious diseases.