Compliance with Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and nutrition knowledge levels in adolescents. A case study from Turkey

Adopting an eating pattern complying with the Mediterranean diet not only decreases body fat mass and obesity risk, but also reduces development of various health problems. This study investigated the nutritional awareness and diet quality Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) of Turkish adolescents. The study was conducted with 890 voluntary participants (464 boys and 426 girls) aged 10-14 years. A questionnaire form was used to learn demographic characteristics of the participants. Participants’ nutritional awareness was determined through a 20-item knowledge form and their nutritional habits through a 16-item Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED). The average nutritional knowledge score was X = 82.22 ± 0.42. Results indicated that 17.9% of the participants had a low quality diet (≤3 points), 59.2% had a mid-quality/needs-improvement diet (4-7 points) and 22.9% had an optimal quality diet (≥8 points). The study results showed that the subjects’ diet quality was low and that their nutrition knowledge levels were related to their nutritional habits.     

Nutrition Intervention to Hispanic Groups: Pilot Studies with Children and Caregivers

Childhood obesity is a pressing public health issue, especially in the Hispanic community. Two pilot studies were performed; Study 1 was performed to assess the effect of a nutrition education intervention on the nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Hispanic children in an after-school program. Nutrition educational lessons were administered 1 h per week. Evaluation was conducted as a baseline Pre-test, a Post-test (following the last session) and a 4-month follow-up. Children showed a significant decrease in the consumption of less-healthy foods from the time of the Pre-test to the Post-test measure (P < .05) and could identify healthy foods. Study 2 was performed to assess the effect of a nutrition education intervention on Hispanic children’s caregivers’ willingness to engage in healthy behaviors. Caregivers increased their willingness to engage in healthy behaviors (P < .05). This indicates that knowledge and attitudes about foods can be altered, and that caregiver education is needed so to ensure that healthy foods are available in a child’s diet and to reinforce positive attitudes about foods.     

慢性支气管炎患者的临床营养与免疫状况

应用SGA(主观的全面评价)方法结合外周血淋巴细胞计数和血浆蛋白及T细胞亚群检测,对40例慢性支气管炎患者进行综合营养与免疫状况评价.结果表明,被SGA评价为正常营养者30例(占75%);中度营养不良者6例(占15%);重度营养不良者4例(占10%).初步检测结果提示,SGA方法能较好地反映慢支患者外周血淋巴细胞计数及血浆蛋白质水平,重度营养不良者辅助T细胞水平显著下降,中度营养不良的慢支患者血浆球蛋白变异有待进一步探讨.     

营养门诊糖尿病医学营养治疗模式的研究

目的 观察门诊2型糖尿病患者医学营养治疗(MNT)后膳食结构及血糖的变化,以期构建更为合理有效的门诊MNT模式.方法 60例2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组,分别采用新型MNT模式和单纯个体化MNT模式,比较两组患者门诊宣教所用时间、饮食达标所用时间及饮食达标前后营养素供热比、各类食物摄入比例及血糖的变化.结果 新型MNT组患者门诊宣教人均用时[(12.3±2.3)min]少于单纯个体化MNT组[(31.9±3.9)min],差异有统计学意义(t=23.97,P＜0.01)；全部做到饮食达标所用时间[(4.3±2.4)周]少于单纯个体化MNT组[(9.0±4.4)周],差异有统计学意义(t=2.54,P＜0.05)；与营养治疗前比较,2组患者饮食达标后热量、三大营养素供热比、食物摄入比例均有较大改善.新型MNT组青中年患者餐后2h血糖(2h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)及老年患者空腹血糖(FPG)达标平均用时均少于单纯个体化组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.23、9.53、5.50,P＜0.01).与营养治疗前相比,2组患者上述血糖值均有下降.结论 新型MNT模式可以帮助患者尽快做到合理饮食,有效控制血糖水平,值得在营养门诊推广.     

谷氨酰胺对肿瘤病人的影响

谷氨酰胺是肿瘤细胞的主要能源物质,荷瘤后机体谷氨酰胺的合成和利用发生显著变化,给机体带来不利影响。提供外源性的谷氨酰胺有助于维持荷瘤状态下机体的正常结构和功能,并增强某些化疗药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用,减少放疗或化疗的不良反应。而外源性的谷氨酰胺是否刺激肿瘤生长,仍存有争论。     

住院肝炎患者的营养调查

通过对301例肝炎住院患者的膳食调查、体格检查、营养缺乏病检查,以及实验室检查,对患者营养状况进行客观的综合评价,提出肝炎患者营养治疗的原则及重要性。     

小儿中等面积烧伤的营养支持

为证明中等面积烧伤小儿部分静脉营养支持的必要性与可行性，我们对1995～1996年收治的1～3岁，烧伤面积20％～50％，深度为浅Ⅱ°～Ⅲ°。在正常饮食情况下，接受静脉营养支持的10例病儿及除未接受静脉营养，其他情况均与之逐一对应相同的10例病儿的临床指标进行对比。结果发现及时合理的部分静脉营养支持可使病儿体重增加，创面愈合加快，植皮成活率提高，并发症减少。因此，我们认为静脉管养支持在治疗中等面积小儿烧伤中是值得重视的。     

根治性胆囊切除术对胆囊癌患者营养水平的影响

目的探讨根治性胆囊切除术对胆囊癌患者营养水平的影响。方法27例行根治性胆囊切除术的胆囊癌患者，分别于术前和术后第三天、第一周、第二周及第三周测定血清白蛋白、胆固醇、总铁结合量、转铁蛋白、铁、镁、锌浓度。结论术后第三天，所有的营养评估指标均急剧下降(P<0．01)。术后二～三周，血清白蛋白、镁、锌浓度已恢复到术前水平，但血清铁、转铁球蛋白和血清总铁结合量在术后第三周仍未恢复。结论胆囊癌根治性切除术对患者营养水平的影响是暂时的和可逆转的，患者应补充足量的铁，同时要定期检查血清微量元素水平。     

肠外联合肠内序贯营养降低重症卒中病人肺部感染及上消化道出血风险

目的 :通过对缺血性卒中危重病人急性期采取不同营养支持方案的对照研究,探讨卒中危重病人急性期合理的营养支持策略。方法 :采用前瞻性研究方法,将50例急性卒中病人按照随机单盲原则分为入院发病24 h内给与单纯肠内营养组及肠内营养联合肠外营养组。比较两组间肺部感染、胃潴留、上消化道出血、低血糖及高血糖的发生率。以20 d转出ICU为终点事件,Kaplan-Meier法比较分析两组之间差异。结果 :肠外营养联合肠内营养(PN+EN)组和肠内营养(EN)组在高血糖和低血糖发生率上无差异(P0.05),EN组胃潴留及上消化道出血、腹泻及肺炎发生率明显高于PN+EN组(P0.01)。结论 :危重卒中病人急性期采取肠外联合肠内序贯营养可降低肺部感染、胃潴留及上消化道出血等并发症,可能缩短ICU住院时程。     

胃癌围手术期营养支持

对连续24例根治性胃癌手术病人回顾分析,有营养支持14例(A组),无营养支持10例(B组)。PN给1075～1950kcal/d,EN给国产复方要素饮食300～400g/d。测定A、B组手术前后体重、白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数:A组体重平均下降5.0±0.65kg,白蛋白下降4.0±1.25g/L,淋巴细胞计数下降0.014±0.206×10~9/L,B组体重平均下降5.2±1.20kg,白蛋白下降4.5±0.72g/L,淋巴细胞计数下降0.555±0.246×10~9/L,两组下降值比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。A组平均年龄62.82±2.3岁,B组54.9±4.3岁,两组年龄无显著性差异,但A组12/14例为全胃或近端根治性胃大部切除,常规切除左半胰脏及脾脏,术后禁食9天,B组9/10例为远端胃大部切除,不需切除左半胰和脾,术后禁食3天,A组手术范围、创伤、禁食时间远超过B组。因此认为A组的营养支持是有效的。     

Health care providers' attention to food insecurity in households with children

Objective

To determine the extent to which physicians and nurse practitioners monitor household food insecurity (FI) of families with children, and to examine factors that influence FI monitoring.

Method

A 2007 mail survey of family practice and pediatric physicians and nurse practitioners in the Portland, Oregon, region yielded 186 responses. Factor analysis was used to identify barriers to asking about FI. Regression analysis was used to determine whether monitoring of household food status was predicted by those barriers, attentiveness to potential FI indicators, and other variables.

Results

Most respondents did not routinely inquire about household FI during clinic visits. However, 88.8% expressed willingness to use a standardized screening question, if available. Monitoring of household food nutritional quality was significantly predicted by one of three identified barriers (providers' time availability). Monitoring of household food sufficiency was predicted by years in practice, attentiveness to FI indicators, and the remaining two identified barriers (inadequate knowledge about FI, discomfort in discussing FI).

Conclusion

Routine monitoring of patients' household FI by health care providers is an underutilized strategy for reducing this condition, which poses serious risks to children's health and development. Addressing providers' concerns and introducing standardized screening procedures can increase their monitoring behaviors.     

营养指标预测口腔颌面恶性肿瘤患者术后局部并发症

对10个营养指标与口腔颌面恶性肿瘤患者术后局部并发症之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,上臂肌围(MAMC)、握力(GS)、肌酐身高指数(CHI)及白蛋白(ALB)与术后局部并发症的发生有关(P<0.05),这四个指标可用于预测术后并发症发生情况;而理想体重百分率(I%).体重下降率(P%)、三头肌皮脂厚度(TSF)、上臂围(MAC)、运铁蛋白(TNF)及总淋巴细胞计数(TLC)则无意义.GS是最简便、准确的预测并发症指标.     

重型颅脑损伤患者营养支持的临床研究

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤营养支持的临床疗效及最佳途径。方法 64例重型颅脑损伤患随机分为肠内营养组（EN组）和肠外营养组（PN组）,每组32例。急诊手术后36－48h开始经不同途径进行额定热卡和氮量的营养支持,监测各项营养指标、代谢指标及营养支持并发症,计算营养费用。结果 EN与PN均有效地维持了各项营养指标,但PN组代谢指标、营养支持并发症及营养费用均显高于EN组。结论 早期EN与PN均能改善机体的营养状况。EN更具有营养全面、简易安全、方便价廉等优点,应作为营养支持的首选途径。     

合并甲状腺功能减退脑卒中患者的营养状况

目的评估合并甲状腺功能减退脑卒中患者在治疗期间的营养状况及其与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析比较了28例合并甲状腺功能减退（研究组）和28例甲状腺功能正常急性脑卒中患者（对照组）的临床资料。结果住院（104-4）d时，研究组患者的血红蛋白和血清白蛋白水平明显低于住院前（P〈0．05），其住院天数、肺部感染、消化道出血和腹泻发生率及对营养支持治疗的热量和蛋白质量均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论合并甲状腺功能减退脑卒中患者的营养状况较差，易出现临床并发症且预后不佳，应及时和足量给予营养支持。     

The nutrition of Australian aboriginal infants and young children

An anthropomentric survey of more than 600 Australian Aboriginal children aged up to 30 months has shown that there is a widespread fall-off in growth commencing in the second half of infancy. Fourteen percent of infants and 22% of older children were under-weight. Twelve percent of all subjects were stunted but, by weight for length analysis, only 2.5% of subjects were moderately malnourished. Only three individuals were severely malnourished and none had kwashiorkor. Despite widespread and prolonged breast-feeding by remote Aboriginal mothers, their children have poor growth patterns and recurrent infections. Breast-feeding is much less prevalent in and around country towns and this decline is associated with loss of traditional culture and increasing affluence and “sophistication”.     

新疆地区三级甲等医院住院患者营养风险、营养不良(不足)、超重和肥胖发生率及营养支持应用状况

Objective To investigate the incidences of nutrition risks, malnutrition ( undernutrition),overweight, and obesity, and nutrition support in tertiary hospitals in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region. Methods Using fixed-point consecutive sampling, we collected the clinical data of inpatients in 6 departments of five tertiary hospitals in Xinjiang. According to the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002 ) published by European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, patients were graded as at nutritional risk when their NRS 2002 scores ≥3 and as malnutrition when the body mass index (BMI) was ＜ 18.5 kg/m2 (or albumin ＜ 30 g/L). NRS 2002 screening was performed on the next morning after a patient was admitted. The nutrition supports within 2 weeks after admission were also investigated. The relationship between nutrition risks and nutrition support was analyzed.Results A total of 4036 inpatients were investigated, among them 3913 patients received NRS 2002 screening.The malnutrition (undernutrition) rate and the proportion of patients at nutritional risk were 8.4% and 34. 2%, respectively. The percentage of nutrition support was 10. 2%, which included parenteral nutrition (8. 5% ) and ena simple, fast and convenient tool for the investigation of nutrition risks and can provide a basis for reasonable nutrition support Therefore, it should be widely applied in clinical practice.     

营养支持在乳糜胸病人中的应用

目的:回顾性分析乳糜胸病人的营养支持治疗以及手术治疗方法.方法:6例病人接受非手术方法治疗(部分EN PN支持 生长抑素),其中3例病人最终行手术治疗.结果:有3例病人通过非手术方法和营养支持而治愈,另3例通过剖胸或胸腔镜手术治愈.结论:生长抑素 营养支持是控制乳糜胸的良好方法,但对于手术继发乳糜胸的病人,手术仍是根治性方法.