普氏原羚人工繁育取得成功

从青海湖国家级自然保护区管理局获悉 ,世界上第 1只人工饲养的普氏原羚“玲玲”,8月 6日成功产下第 1胎幼仔 ,经过近 1个月的精心呵护 ,取名为“陶陶”的幼仔生长发育良好。普氏原羚是中国的特有物种、世界极度濒危级动物 ,目前仅生存在青海湖环湖地区 ,数量不足 2 0 0只。国家林业局野生动物研究与发展中心李迪强博士说 :“普氏原羚的人工饲养和繁育非常不易 ,如果能通过人工繁育的方式建立人工种群 ,对这个物种的保护将很有意义。”普氏原羚人工繁育取得成功     

普氏原羚研究概述

普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)是我国特有的珍稀动物。在20世纪90年代以前,人们对普氏原羚的系统地位、生态行为和濒危现状了解有限。从20世纪90年代中期开始,中国研究人员对普氏原羚开展了系统的研究。除了普氏原羚的生态学、行为学、种群和栖息地现状以外,研究者还研究普氏原羚种群间的基因流,澄清了原羚属的分类地位,发现青海湖地区是目前普氏原羚的惟一分布区。有关普氏原羚的研究发现不仅有助于认识普氏原羚及中国羚羊的系统演化与科学地位,而且为实施对普氏原羚的有效保护提供了科学依据。     

2004年拯救普氏原羚国际研讨会召开

普氏原羚(Gazelle przewalskii)是我国特有物种,目前其分布地仅局限于青海省青海湖环湖部分区域,种群数量仅300多只,是日前世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物。1988年,普氏原羚被列为国家一级保护动物,1996年被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)评定为极危(CR)级动物。     

普氏原羚种群大小及影响因素的初步研究

普氏原羚（P,ocar,a卯。ewal枕扣）为国家一级保护动物。其历史分布区为内蒙、甘肃和青海,而现只分布于青海省的青海湖周围;其种群数量由1986年的350只（蔡桂全等．1992．高原生物学集刊,11：63～90）降为1994年的300／q左右（蒋志刚等．1995．兽类学报,15（4）：241～245）,已成为世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物之一。因此对其种群动态、行为的胁迫适应及g！起种群数量下降原因的研究迫在眉睫。在对青海湖周围普氏原羚的种群数量进行调查的基础上,分析了繁殖后期普氏原羚的种群结构,提出引起种群数量下降的主要原因。1．研究地点和方…     

普氏原羚的分布和种群数量调查

2003 年8 ～9 月,对青海省境内普氏原羚的分布和种群数量进行了专项调查。调查结果表明,普氏原羚现存7 个种群,累计数量为602 只;其中塔勒旋果种群属首次报道。与以往报道相比,目前元者和鸟岛种群数量呈下降趋势;海晏—刚察种群数量增长明显;湖东—克图种群数量有所回升,但仍没有达到20 世纪80 年代中期时的种群数量。普氏原羚种群数量变化与栖息地质量及人为干扰程度有密切相关。本次调查显示,普氏原羚现存栖息地呈不连续的间断分布,随着区域经济开发力度的加大,其栖息地在不断缩减、生存环境质量仍在继续恶化。     

青海湖地区普氏原羚的种群结构

普氏原羚是中国的特有动物。 1986年在青海湖地区仅发现 35 0只普氏原羚 ,分布于鸟岛、湖东 克图和元者 3个种群之中。 1996～ 1998年 7月至 8月 ,我们沿设定的 10条样线对青海湖地区的普氏原羚进行了考察。调查样线总长度为 37 5 5km。观察记录距样线两侧 10 0m以内普氏原羚足迹链和狼足迹链、粪堆和尿迹。同时记录观察样线两侧 6 0 0m以内的普氏原羚个体 ,记录群体大小、性别和年龄 ,然后 ,计算单位样带面积上普氏原羚和狼的密度。 1997年湖东 克图种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 5 0 %和幼羚占 2 1% ;元者种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 43%和幼羚占 2 7%。狼捕食是 1997年湖东 克图种群数量下降的主要原因。在湖东 克图沙漠中 ,1996年普氏原羚群体大小为 9 0± 6 9只 (平均数±方差 ) ,密度为 3 19± 3 5 9只 /km2 ,而 1997年为 4 2± 3 9只 /km2 ,密度为 1 14± 1 0 9只 /km2 。 1997年冬季猎狼后 ,湖东 克图种群数量回升到 2 14± 3 13只 /km2 ,幼羚占群体的2 7%。     

青海湖东-克图地区普氏原羚生境适宜性评价

普氏原羚(Procapraprzewalskii)是我国特有珍稀濒危动物,历史上曾分布于我国的内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏和青海等地,现仅分布在青海湖周边地区。作者通过2002–2004年不同季节的实地调查,在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,以可食植物丰富度、坡度、隐蔽条件和人类活动等为评价因子,采用生境评价模型,对普氏原羚的主要分布区之一青海湖东-克图地区进行了适宜性评价。评价结果表明,不考虑人类活动影响时普氏原羚的适宜和次适宜生境面积分别为2493.76hm2和18624.06hm2,分别占研究区总面积的8.05%和60.15%;考虑人类活动影响时,普氏原羚的适宜和次适宜生境面积分别减少了5.81%和33.09%,而不适宜生境面积增加了38.90%。由于普氏原羚的生境受到居民地、道路、围栏等人类活动的强烈影响,导致大量适宜生境丧失,生境隔离和破碎化日益加剧,建议重新规划保护区,将普氏原羚的适宜生境划入保护区的核心区;建立生境廊道,拆除部分围栏,以提高普氏原羚的生境质量,促进其种群的发展。     

青海湖地区普氏原羚阿坝革蜱感染状况和防治对策

本文对青海湖地区6只死亡普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)携带的蜱虫进行了鉴别和统计,发现普氏原羚均染有阿坝革蜱(Dermacentor abaensis),平均感染数量为14只,主要寄生于头、颈部和背腰部。根据普氏原羚的带虫和周边畜牧业状况,提出预防和减少普氏原羚寄生蜱虫的建议。     

藏原羚

藏原羚属于羚羊亚科原羚属。原羚属只有三个物种:蒙古原羚(又叫黄羊)、普氏原羚和藏原羚,在我国都有分布。其中,普氏原羚和藏原羚是我国的特有物种。原羚的屁股都是白色的,而藏原羚的白色面积最大,又特别毛茸茸的,几乎是个标准的"心"形图案,使看到它们的人都忍不住想摸一摸。在西藏,大家给它取了个好听的昵称"白屁股",这个名字比它的学名更加广为流传。藏原羚是天生的萌物。我们在牧区做调查的时候,唯独藏原羚没有任何人不喜欢,连最     

青海布哈河上游地区同域分布的普氏原羚与藏原羚草青期的集群比较

2005年6—7月和9月,运用样线法研究了青海省天峻县布哈河上游同域分布的普氏原羚（Procapra przewalskii）和藏原羚（Procapra picticaudata）的集群行为。该地区的普氏原羚和藏原羚集群类型分为雌性群、雄性群、混合群及母子群。四种集群类型中,雄性群出现的频次均为最高（普氏原羚和藏原羚分别为4l％和50％）;其次为雌性群（普氏原羚和藏原羚分别为34％和30％）;再次为母子群和混合群。比较集群规模发现,除藏原羚母子群显著大于普氏原羚（P=0．015）外,两个种其余集群类型规模差异不显著。集群规模出现频次：单只出现的频次最高（普氏原羚和藏原羚分别为21．9％和18．7％）;2—8只,普氏原羚和藏原羚分别为62．6％和67．6％;大于9只,普氏原羚和藏原羚分别仅占15．5％和13．7％。另外,普氏原羚和藏原羚产羔后平均集群规模显著减小（普氏原羚,P=0．014;藏原羚,P=0．008）;在雄性群、混合群规模均较产羔前略有增大的情况下,雌性群的规模却显著减小（普氏原羚,P〈0．001;藏原羚,P=0．002）,成为普氏原羚和藏原羚产羔后集群规模变小的主要原因。布哈河上游同域分布的普氏原羚和藏原羚草青期的集群类型、集群规模相差不大。     

Do local communities support the conservation of endangered Przewalski’s gazelle?

Understanding local attitudes and opinion is vital to the success of conservation programs, especially in areas of expanding human populations such as China. Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is an endangered ungulate found only in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The gazelle is a conservation focus; however, little is known regarding how this animal is perceived by local people. To understand the relationship between demography, levels of conservation knowledge, and attitudes, we conducted 174 interviewer-led surveys in villages located inside, near, and away from the gazelle’s home ranges around Qinghai Lake, China. About half of the interviewees were aware of gazelle conservation. No more than half of the interviewees were aware that grassland fence, livestock, roads, and wolves negatively impact upon gazelle. On the whole, the majority of interviewees supported the conservation of gazelle. There were high levels of support for both establishing a special protected area and investing more funds in conservation but very few interviewees reported personal benefits from gazelle conservation. Overall attitude of interviewees toward the gazelle differed significantly among regions and people living near the range of gazelle were the most positive. Interviewees with conservation information were more positive than interviewees lacking such information. People who had more education or possessed more grassland had more positive attitudes toward the gazelle. This study suggests that greater communication is needed with local people. Programs that promote public engagement and participation are required for the conservation of Przewalski’s gazelle and other larger herbivores on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

野生绿孔雀生态学及保护生物学研究进展

绿孔雀(Pavo muticus)是我国国家I级重点保护野生动物, 也是中国传统文化中具有重要代表意义的物种。在历史上, 绿孔雀曾广泛分布于我国南部大部分地区, 但目前在国内只分布于云南省部分地区。在国外有绿孔雀分布的东南亚国家, 绿孔雀同样经历了从广布到局部甚至零星分布的严重退缩。关于野生绿孔雀生态学和种群现状的研究已开展了不少工作, 但仍有许多空缺; 而该物种面临的生存威胁给保护和管理工作带来了巨大挑战。本文通过梳理国内外野生绿孔雀生态学和保护生物学方面的研究, 阐述了绿孔雀在国内外种群和分布区的变迁与现状、栖息地选择、与同域分布物种的种间关系, 分析了主要的致危因素, 同时为今后的研究方向和保护措施提出了建议。现有研究显示: (1)绿孔雀在国内的种群数量已不足500只, 在东南亚主要分布于中南半岛的部分区域及印度尼西亚的爪哇岛; (2)绿孔雀对水源地有很强的依赖, 倾向于利用远离居民点的区域, 并偏爱利用生境开阔、旱季落叶的热带季雨林, 喜爱与大型有蹄类混群; (3)大型猫科动物可能是绿孔雀潜在的天敌; (4)偷猎和栖息地丧失是绿孔雀面临的最主要的致危因素。综上, 我们建议尽快建立起中国绿孔雀监测网络, 评估野生绿孔雀的种群动态, 识别不同区域绿孔雀的受胁因素, 并结合分子生物学等技术开展保护遗传学研究。在保护实践上, 应在目前中国野生绿孔雀分布较为集中、原生栖息地保存较为完整的红河(元江)中上游河谷地带建立自然保护区, 同时加强巡护工作, 启动栖息地恢复工程, 并杜绝在野生绿孔雀栖息地附近的蓝孔雀(Pavo cristatus)养殖。     

A Spatially Explicit Model of Functional Connectivity for the Endangered Przewalski’s Gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) in a Patchy Landscape

Background

Habitat fragmentation, associated with human population expansion, impedes dispersal, reduces gene flow and aggravates inbreeding in species on the brink of extinction. Both scientific and conservation communities increasingly realize that maintaining and restoring landscape connectivity is of vital importance in biodiversity conservation. Prior to any conservation initiatives, it is helpful to present conservation practitioners with a spatially explicit model of functional connectivity for the target species or landscape.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) as a model of endangered ungulate species in highly fragmented landscape, we present a model providing spatially explicit information to inform the long-term preservation of well-connected metapopulations. We employed a Geographic Information System (GIS) and expert-literature method to create a habitat suitability map, to identify potential habitats and to delineate a functional connectivity network (least-cost movement corridors and paths) for the gazelle. Results indicated that there were limited suitable habitats for the gazelle, mainly found to the north and northwest of the Qinghai Lake where four of five potential habitat patches were identified. Fifteen pairs of least-cost corridors and paths were mapped connecting eleven extant populations and two neighboring potential patches. The least-cost paths ranged from 0.2 km to 26.8 km in length (averaging 12.4 km) and were all longer than corresponding Euclidean distances.

Conclusions/Significance

The model outputs were validated and supported by the latest findings in landscape genetics of the species, and may provide impetus for connectivity conservation programs. Dispersal barriers were examined and appropriate mitigation strategies were suggested. This study provides conservation practitioners with thorough and visualized information to reserve the landscape connectivity for Przewalski’s gazelle. In a general sense, we proposed a heuristic framework for species with similar biological and ecological characteristics.     

三种珍稀有蹄类动物的警戒行为数据

警戒行为是野生动物重要的反捕食策略之一, 警戒行为的研究已经成为行为生态学中继动物的采食行为、繁殖行为之外的另一热点研究领域。然而, 尽管研究人员至今已经在数百种鸟类、兽类中开展了各种类型的警戒行为学研究, 但相关研究的原始数据却鲜有共享。本文公开了利用焦点取样法采集的我国3种珍稀有蹄类动物警戒行为数据样本716个, 其中普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii) 175个、藏原羚(P. picticaudata) 180个、麋鹿(Elaphurus davidiamus) 361个, 并同时公布了采集该行为学数据时的相关变量, 包括性别、群体类型、群体大小、捕食风险、人类干扰等。结果显示在上述3种有蹄类动物中, 均存在明显的集群效应, 且此效应与性别及捕食风险存在交互作用。本文尝试建立标准的行为学数据规范, 以期为未来的行为学研究数据的共享及深度挖掘提供可能。     

青藏高原有蹄类动物多样性和特有性: 演化与保护

青藏高原是地球上一个独特的自然地理单元, 具有丰富的生境类型和生物种类, 是生物多样性与全球环境变化领域的热点研究区域。青藏高原发育着独特的动物区系, 尤其是有蹄类动物, 如藏羚(Pantholops hodgsonii)、野牦牛(Bos mutus)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)、普氏原羚(P. przewalskii)、白唇鹿(Przewalskium albirostris)等青藏高原特有动物。在本文中, 我们探讨了如下问题: 青藏高原有多少种有蹄类动物?有多少种特有有蹄类动物?其分布格局如何?生存状况如何?保护现状如何?我们首先确定了青藏高原动物地理区的地理边界。发现青藏高原有28种有蹄类, 其中10种是青藏高原特有种。青藏高原有蹄类种数占中国有蹄类的42%, 单位面积上的有蹄类物种密度比中国现生有蹄类物种平均密度高62%。特有种比例高达36%。然而, 青藏高原有蹄类物种分布不均匀, 其丰富度呈东部高西部低格局, 而高原特有有蹄类则分布于高原腹地。青藏高原有蹄类动物生存受威胁比例高, 其中71%为受威胁物种, 54%被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录I或附录II。野外调查发现大额牛(Bos frontalis)已经野外灭绝, 目前仅在高黎贡山有人工养殖的群体。青藏高原有蹄类物种红色名录指数从1998-2015年呈现持续下降趋势, 全球气候变化将加剧这一趋势。青藏高原有蹄类受威胁局面仍在继续, 物种生存状况持续恶化。虽然经过40年的自然保护区建设, 但一些青藏高原有蹄类的重要种群与栖息地并没有被自然保护区和新建的三江源国家公园所覆盖。因此, 在开发青藏高原、实现人类社会经济发展目标的同时, 应尽量保存高原野生动物种群与生境, 实现青藏高原草地生态系统的可持续利用与生物多样性保护的双赢目标。     

Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii

The objective of this study was to examine the spatial genetic relationships of the Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii within the Lake Qinghai system, determining whether genetic evidence supports the current taxonomy of Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and Gymnocypris przewalskii ganzihonensis and whether Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii are returning to their natal rivers to spawn. Comparison of mitochondrial (control region) variation (42 haplotypes in 203 fish) of G. przewalskii with the postulated ancestral species found in the Yellow River, Gymnocypris eckloni (10 haplotypes in 23 fish), indicated no haplotype sharing, but incomplete lineage sorting. Consistent with the sub-species status, an AMOVA indicated that the Ganzi River population was significantly different from all other river populations (F(ST) = 0·1671, P < 0·001). No genetic structure was found among the other rivers in the Lake Qinghai catchment. An AMOVA of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, however, revealed significant genetic differences between most spawning populations (F(ST) = 0·0721, P < 0·001). Both mitochondrial and AFLP data found significant differences among G. p. przewalskii, G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni (F(ST) values of 0·1959 and 0·1431, respectively, P < 0·001). Consistent with the incomplete lineage sorting, Structure analysis of AFLP loci showed evidence of five clusters. One cluster is shared among all sample locations, one is unique to G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni, and the others are mostly found in G. p. przewalskii. Genetic evidence therefore supports the current taxonomy, including the sub-species status of G. p. ganzihonensis, and is consistent with natal homing of most Lake Qinghai populations. These findings have significant implications for the conservation and management of this unique and threatened species. The evidence suggests that G. p. przewalskii should be treated as a single population for conservation purposes. Exchangeability of the populations, however, should not be used to promote homogenization of fish spawning in the different rivers. As some degree of genetic divergence was detected in this study, it is recommended that the spawning groups be treated as separate management units.     

青海湖鸻鹬类群落特征和时空分布

于2006年至2009年间对环青海湖鸻鹬类的群落特征和时空分布进行了资源调查,以期对青海湖保护管理提供科学依据。根据青海湖的地形、植被和水系分布以及水鸟聚集特点,环青海湖选择了15个调查地点,采用直接计数法进行了14次调查,并应用Shannon-wiener指数进行了多样性分析。共记录到鸻鹬类4科28种。数量上红脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)和黑尾塍鹬(Limosa limosa)是当地的主要物种,分别占鸻鹬类调查总数的33.3%、22.0%和16.2%。分布上环颈鸻最为广泛,在各调查地点均有发现,其次为红脚鹬、黑尾塍鹬和青脚滨鹬(Calidris temminckii),分布地点达10处以上。黑马河和布哈河口多样性较高,这与其适宜的河漫滩和沼泽等栖息环境以及丰富的食物有关。季节上8~10月多样性较高,其次是4~5月。青海湖鸻鹬类的数量高峰依次为10月、8月和5月,物种数高峰为8月和4月,并且秋季物种数高于春季。主要物种红脚鹬和环颈鸻的迁徙动态较为一致,均是8月份达到全年数量最高值,次高峰为5月和10月;黑尾塍鹬的数量在10月份达到全年最高峰。青海湖鸻鹬类迁徙时间与渤海湾较为一致,这可能与历史上长期形成的迁徙模式有关。鄱阳湖和洞庭湖的鸻鹬类主要物种与青海湖比较接近,但数量远远多于青海湖。近年来,游客和游船等人为活动的增加导致青海湖产生局部污染,因此应重视环青海湖生态环境的保护管理,减少对鸻鹬类等水鸟栖息地的人为干扰。     

Mitochondrial phylogeography and genetic diversity of Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata): implications for conservation

The Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) is a threatened species and distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China (Qinghai Province, Tibet Autonomous Region and the adjacent Gansu Province, Sichuan Province, and Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region). Small peripheral populations of Tibetan gazelle were once found in northern Sikkim and Ladakh, but now these are close to extinction. To describe the evolutionary history and to assess the genetic diversity within this monotypic species and population structure among different geographic locations in China, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA from the control region (CR) and cytochrome (cyt) b gene for 46 individuals from 12 geographic localities in Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Sichuan. A total of 25 CR haplotypes and 16 cyt b haplotypes were identified from these gazelle samples. CR haplotype diversity (0.98+/-0.01) and nucleotide diversity (0.08+/-0.009) were both high. Phylogenetic trees indicate that the Tibetan gazelle in China can be divided into three main clades: Tibet, Sichuan (SCH) and Qinghai-Arjin Shan-Kekexili (QH-ARJ-KKXL). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and network analysis consistently support this geographic structure in both datasets. Significant differentiation between populations argues for the presence of management units (MUs). Such differentiation may reflect a geographic separation resulting from the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Mismatch distribution analysis implies that Tibetan gazelle has undergone complex population changes. We suggest that the present population structure has resulted from habitat fragmentation during the recent glacial period on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and population expansion from glacial refugia after the glacial period. It is likely that the present populations of Tibetan gazelle exhibit a pattern reminiscent of several bottlenecks and expansions in the recent past.