ASM在近底泥沙浓度剖面观测中的应用研究

ASM是现场悬浮物浓度的高分辨率剖面观测仪,在测量悬沙浓度方面具有多点同步的优点。将ASM应用于长江口北槽近底三脚架观测系统,观测近底1m的泥沙浓度剖面。结合同步的OBS实测数据,对比分析了ASM所测浊度数据的可靠性及敏感度。通过对ASM的浊度参数进行含沙量转换的室内标定实验,分析了水体浊度、悬浮物颗粒和浓度间的关系,讨论了泥沙颗粒大小及级配差对ASM观测的影响。结合近底层水沙观测系统,给出了ASM的应用前景,可为基于该仪器的河口海岸滩槽水沙观测及相关研究提供科学依据。     

长江口南槽非均匀细颗粒泥沙起动流速的近似估算

利用文献中的泥沙起动流速公式，推导出非均匀细颗粒泥沙起动流速近似估算公式。采用长江口南槽定点测量涨落潮过程中水深、水面以下lm的流速与近底床悬沙粒径d95资料，拟合该近似估算公式。估算结果表明：近底床悬沙粒径d95小于0．06mm的细颗粒泥沙起动流速值大于已有水槽实验值。     

长江口南槽河道水沙特性及河床沙再悬浮研究

为研究河口地区泥沙在陆海动力共同作用下的再悬浮过程和机制,基于长江口南槽河道连续8 d的水文泥沙同步观测数据,对拦门沙河道潮流速、悬沙浓度、悬沙粒径随时间变化和河床沉积物再悬浮进行了分析研究。结果表明:涨、落潮的水动力和历时存在不对称性;水体悬沙浓度随小潮到大潮的变化而逐渐增加;水体悬沙粒径也随小潮至大潮的变化而不断粗化,但细砂含量略有增加,致使细砂类出现再悬浮现象;一个潮周期内,出现3次悬沙浓度峰值;水体悬沙浓度以及悬沙粒径的变化与流速及底床切应力都有着显著相关性。     

基于ADCP测量的长江口推移质运动速度研究

利用ADCP测量底床推移质运动是近年来水下泥沙研究的新动向。长江河口南港和北港为粉砂-细砂质河床,采用ADCP定点观测方法对其底床推移质运动速度进行研究。结果表明:近底高浓度悬沙对ADCP现场监测推移质运动可能存在一定的影响,但是其影响不随近底悬沙浓度和厚度的变化而变化;床沙普遍运动是利用ADCP底跟踪方法在野外现场监测推移质运动速度的适用条件;南港床沙普遍运动的临界起动流速为1.0m/s,北港床沙普遍运动的临界起动流速为0.9m/s;在满足床沙普遍运动条件下,Va与τsk的2.1次呈幂函数相关,满足水槽实验研究中两者相关性的结果。说明利用ADCP方法估算推移质运动速度合理有效,可用作底沙输运机制现场研究。     

基于ADCP的长江口推移质运动遥测技术研究

利用ADCP底跟踪技术遥测了长江河口北港段推移质运动过程,并对推移质运动状态进行了分段研究。结果表明:无推移质运动状态下,测量误差主要受近底悬沙影响,推移质流速沿水流方向被高估;部分推移质运动状态下,推移质运动视速度与垂线平均流速呈指数相关;普遍推移质运动状态下,两者线性相关显著,且推移质运动速度误差将随流速变化而改变,测量精度主要受脉冲长度和近底悬沙影响。基于ADCP测量数据的推移质单宽输沙率公式合理有效,可以用于河口推移质输沙率的快速定量。     

崇明东滩水文泥沙过程分析

基于2005年9月在崇明东滩采集的现场观测数据,分析了水流和泥沙在潮滩上从光滩到植被区域的不同输运过程。研究结果表明,从光滩到植被带,涨潮和落潮流速逐渐变小,大潮时最大流速由113 cm/s(光滩)减小到8.1 cm/s(植被带);从光滩外侧(靠海)到内侧(靠岸),含沙量逐渐增加,至植被带再减小。潮周期内,流速和水体含沙量变化过程均呈现双峰,峰值出现在涨潮初期和落潮中期,最大含沙量高达7.7kg/m3。测点各潮周期内流速最大值、平均含沙量均与潮汐强弱显著相关。流速增大引起泥沙再悬浮,瞬时含沙量响应流速变化。表层沉积物由光滩外侧(靠海)到内侧逐渐变细,得出泥沙由光滩外侧区域再悬浮,经潮流输移至潮滩内部的泥沙输运模式。分析光滩和植被水沙数据差异表明,植被具有较强的缓流滞沙作用。     

长江口浑浊带近底泥沙浓度变化

基于近底边界层四角架系统观测的水沙过程完整资料,对近底悬浮泥沙浓度的变化及其动力响应关系进行了分析.结果表明:1)近底悬浮泥沙浓度变化过程的特征是多峰性.在一个潮周期内,一般会出现四次明显的悬浮泥沙浓度峰值;2)水体中始终存在一个背景含沙浓度;3)流速的大小并不是决定近底悬浮泥沙浓度大小的唯一决定性因素.潮流加速度、憩流阶段形成的背景泥沙浓度以及床面可供起动的泥沙量同样起重要的作用;4)泥沙浓度变化和动力的响应关系可以归为四类:第一类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而增大)、第一类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的增大而减小)、第二类负响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而增大)和第二类正响应过程(悬浮泥沙浓度随流速的减小而减小).综合分析紊动扩散作用、泥沙的起动和沉降作用及床面泥沙的供应率,对近底层悬浮泥沙浓度和动力响应变化的四个过程进行了详细的解释.     

台风期间长江口南槽近底部沉积动力过程

2017年10月在超强台风"兰恩"发生期间,使用三脚架坐底观测系统在长江口南槽进行了15个潮周期的大潮-小潮的连续观测,获得高精度的盐度、波浪和近底部沉积动力数据。分析表明:台风期间的浪流联合作用控制着南槽的沉积动力过程,实测最大波高为2.1 m,波浪对提高底床切应力有显著贡献;波浪存在明显的涨落潮变化,涨潮阶段有效波高是落潮的1.5～2.7倍,导致涨潮时波浪切应力显著大于落潮;台风对南槽的潮流过程和盐淡水混合程度有明显影响,西北风会抑制涨潮流速并增强水体层化;台风使南槽悬沙浓度显著提高,台风后期近底悬沙浓度高达10 kg/m~3,底床上出现厚度超过1.15 m的浮泥层。     

长江口粗粉砂和极细砂输移特性研究 ——幕式再悬浮和底形运动

在长江口区主航槽中利用悬浮物浓度测定系统(ACP-1)第一次获得了近底紊流“猝发”(burst)和床面泥沙喷发(ejection)的连续时间序列可视图像和数据，同时利用高分辨率流速仪以及旁侧声纳、热敏式双频测深仪等手段获得了大量底形沙波的实测图像和数据。这些图像和数据结果表明长江口南支-南港之间粗粉砂至极细砂在涨落潮流的作用下，呈现静止——细颗粒泥沙起、悬扬——粗颗粒喷发运移的同时进行大尺度底形运动—细颗粒起扬、悬扬—静止的输移循环模式，即当U＜50cm/s，泥沙在底床上基本不运动；50cm/s＜U＜65cm/s，小尺度紊流猝发发生，泥沙开始小尺度起扬，并有幕式猝发现象；65cm/s＜U＜100cm/s时，小尺度紊流猝发强度和持续宽度急剧增大，床面细颗粒泥沙开始喷发导致床面开始冲淤，形成中小尺度沙波；100cm/s＜U＜110cm/s时，大尺度紊流形成，床面粗颗粒泥沙开始喷发；到了U＞110cm/s时，宏观紊流规模更大，床面粗颗粒泥沙的喷发强度和持续宽度急剧增大，导致床面形成大尺度沙波运动。由于U＞110cm/s的落潮流速远远大于涨潮流速，且落潮最大流速达137cm/s，落急(流速＞100cm/s)历时(3小时16分)长，因而发育了大量陡坡朝向下游的大尺度底形沙波，尤其是波长＞10m的大尺度沙波都是朝向落潮流方向；而涨潮最大流速仅113cm/s，涨急(流速＞100cm/s)历时仅约40分钟，因而没有发育朝向上游方向的沙波。     

水—浮泥界面水沙分布及其对浮泥悬扬速率的影响

为探究浮泥层悬扬过程中水-浮泥界面的水沙变化特性,以高岭土为浮泥试样,在环形水槽中测定近底层水流结构和悬沙浓度分布,以此推求浮泥悬扬速率。结果表明:均匀剪切水流作用下水-浮泥界面水沙分布特性是影响浮泥悬扬速率的关键因素;近底层流速与浓度梯度随悬扬时间均呈减小趋势,即交界面处流体的掺混作用使水-浮泥分层流密度差显著减小,界面上浮泥层稳定性减弱,浮泥悬扬速率相应增强;同时考虑浮泥层对交界面处水流结构的影响,以界面实测局部流速代替断面平均流速对悬扬速率的经验公式进行了修正,所得计算结果更为合理。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.