Cockroaches as carriers of bacteria in multi-family dwellings.

The potential risk of bacterial dissemination due to the presence of cockroaches (Blattella germanica, Blattellidae) in low-income flats was investigated. Cockroaches can carry a great variety of bacterial species; we identified 30 different species from 52 different flats. Klebsiella oxycytoca, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae were the most frequently found. Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria represented 54% of all the bacterial identifications. Bacteria were carried either on the cuticle or in the gut. Contamination through external contact is sufficient to insure bacterial diffusion. There was a very low level of overlap estimated by Pianka's index (a) between the bacterial flora of neighbouring blocks of flats, and (b) between bacterial flora of different flats in the same block.     

不同方式冲洗马桶对卫生间空气中细菌群落特征的影响研究

目的 研究冲洗马桶的两种不同方式对卫生间空气中的细菌多样性以及种群结构等特征的影响,倡导良好的居家生活卫生习惯。方法 采集卫生间空气本底（SB）、以及加盖冲洗（SC）和敞开冲洗（SO）马桶时卫生间的空气样品,提取样品基因组DNA,扩增细菌16S rRNA基因V3区,对扩增产物进行Illumina Miseq宏基因组测序,并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析和处理。结果 SB、SC,和SO分别得到优质序列43 183、55 372,和64 187条。除Shannon指数以外,其余反映物种丰富度的Chao1和ACE指数,冲洗马桶时无论加盖与否,均较未冲洗马桶时的空气微生物本底要高,表现出SO >SC >SB的趋势。在门分类阶元上,共鉴定出卫生间空气相关细菌16个门,SO与SC的优势菌顺位一致,均与SB不同。结论 冲洗马桶可触发卫生间空气微生物在数量和种类上的增加,且敞开冲洗比加盖冲洗有着更高的物种丰富度,无论加盖与否,抽水动作所造成的气旋都会干扰卫生间空气细菌的群落特征。     

Distribution of bacteria in tropical freshwater fish and ponds

Bacteriological examination of the various organs (liver, kidney, intestine and inner muscle) of four freshwater fish species belonging to the family cyprininae reared in experimental ponds were compared to those reared in conventional pond. A total of 16 bacterial species were recovered from the water samples and the various organs of the fish. The intestines of all the fish species harboured the most number of different bacterial species. No bacteria was found in the muscle of any of the fish. In general, the bacterial species isolated from the intestine were also found in the water samples from the ponds. The common species found in the intestine of the fish belonged to seven Gram negative bacterial species: Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp, Vibrio anguillarum and three Gram positive bacterial species: Bacillus sp., Listeria and Staphylococcus. The presence of the former group of bacteria which are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio-Aeromonas is a cause for concern as these organisms are potential enteropathogens, and any mishandling of the fish can lead to the transmission of the pathogen to humans. The type of bacterial species present in the water of the conventional ponds were similar to those found in the experimental ponds.     

Microbial evaluation of foodservice surfaces in Texas child-care centers

Children under the age of 5 years experience a disproportionately high rate of bacterial enteric infections. Research has shown a relationship between inadequate child-care center sanitation and illnesses in children. This cross-sectional study assessed the sanitation levels of foodservice surfaces in a sample of 36 Texas child-care centers via recovery and identification of selected enteric gram-negative bacteria. The centers in this study had the capacity to care for 50 to 332 children and represented diverse socioeconomic and racial profiles. Forty-one percent (68 of 167) of total swab samples collected tested positive for bacteria. Twenty-seven different types of bacteria were identified from positive swab samples. Most of the bacteria found are considered opportunistic pathogens, which can pose serious health risks to those with compromised immune systems, such as young children. Two types of bacteria recovered, Salmonella paratyphi A and Klebsiella pneumonia, are considered nonopportunistic and can infect healthy individuals. The most common areas of bacterial contamination were the sink drain area of the dishwashing sink, the hand-washing sink faucet handles, the handle of the garbage can lid, and cutting boards. It is vital for child-care staff to wash their hands often and disinfect all surfaces, because even surfaces that appear clean can harbor microorganisms.     

ICU感染患者病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房（ICU）感染患者病原菌分行和耐药情况，为合理使用抗生素提供理论依据：方法 对本院2003年ICU病房510份标本进行培养、分离、鉴定和药敏试验。结果 从510份标本共分离出460株病原菌，其中G^＋杆菌280株，占60．9％，以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯茼、铜绿假单胞菌为主；G^＋球菌128株。占27．8％。全部为金黄色葡萄球菌、血清凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌；真菌52株．占11．3％。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和MR-SA、MRCNS的检出率分别为22．2％、367%和57．7％、40%。各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多重耐药：在G^＋杆菌中，铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率达到20％以上；而大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0．00％：三种G^＋球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为000％：结论 通过了解ICU病房病原菌分布和耐药情况，为临床合理使用抗菌药提供依据，从而达到控制感染、减少新的耐药菌株出现的目的。     

血流感染病原体的分布及耐药性分析

摘要:目的　了解我院血流感染病原体的分布及其耐药性情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法　采用BDBACTEC 9120全自动血培养仪对我院2010年1月至2013年12月收集的血液标本进行培养,用BD phonix-100对分离菌株进行鉴定和药敏试验,检测结果用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果　共分离出377株细菌,革兰阴性菌202株,占53.6%,其中主要是大肠埃希菌106株（28.1%）,肺炎克雷伯菌39株（10.3%）;革兰阳性菌175株,占46.4%,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌103株（27.3%）,金黄色葡萄球菌33株（8.8%）;未发现对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株,也未检出对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。结论　血流感染的病原体以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药性普遍,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

重症脑卒中后继发感染患者病原菌及预后的临床观察

目的 观察重症脑卒中后继发感染患者的病原菌、药敏率及预后的特点,为临床工作提供支持.方法 应用回顾性研究,观察181例重症脑卒中后继发感染的患者,进行病原菌种类统计,观察药敏情况及预后的影响.结果 181例重症脑卒中后继发医院感染患者,其中发生肺部感染146例,泌尿系感染19例,其他感染16例；共检出病原菌183株,主要为真菌55株占30.5％,克雷伯菌属39株占21.3％和大肠埃希菌32株占17.5％；克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南的敏感率为97.4％,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为100.0％；患者不同住院时间医院感染率,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；死亡17例.结论 重症脑卒中后继发感染临床多见,临床治疗及护理中要严格无菌操作,对感染患者及时进行细菌培养及耐药性检测,对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义.     

临床分离病原菌及耐药谱变迁分析

目的 了解8年来医院临床分离病原菌构成及耐药性的变化并作出趋势分析。方法对1997-2004年住院患者临床标本分离出的5746株病原菌及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果 临床分离的病原菌以革兰阴性（Gˉ）杆菌为主，革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌检出率呈上升趋势，真菌检出率明显逐年增加G^＋球菌、Gˉ杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药，对氨苄西林普遍耐药率高;G^＋球菌对万古霉素敏感率高，大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南敏感率高。结论 医院感染病原菌构成及耐药谱在不断发生变化，临床应注重细菌耐药性监测，合理选用抗菌药物。     

住院患者医院感染病原菌对药物敏感性的调查及护理干预

目的 探讨特定的护理干预对住院患者医院感染发生率的影响,并观察病原菌及药敏率.方法 选取医院住院治疗的患者,共406例,依患者来院的顺序分为观察组与对照组,观察组共203例,应用特定的护理干预措施,对照组共203例,应用普通的护理干预,观察两组患者医院感染的发生率、医院感染患者病原菌及药敏率.结果 观察组医院感染的发生率为3.9％,明显低于对照组的8.9％,患者共26例出现医院感染,以铜绿假单胞菌(11株)、肺炎克雷伯菌(8株)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9株)和溶血葡萄球菌(8株)为主.结论 特定的护理干预能减少住院患者医院感染的发生率,临床中可以推广应用,对感染的患者,治疗前及时进行药敏试验有重要价值.     

亚丁湾海域海水理化性质和主要细菌调查

目的:了解亚丁湾海域海水主要理化特性、细菌种类及其对抗菌药物的敏感性。方法:采集亚丁湾海域不同地理位置海水样本;用自动生化分析仪测定海水主要理化指标;海水经增菌培养和细菌分离,对所分离细菌进行菌株鉴定及其对不同抗菌药物敏感性试验。结果:亚丁湾海域海水Na+、K+、Cl-和Ca2+离子含量分别为525.0±14.0、12.5±0.25、86.8±16.1和11.7±0.3 mmol/L;从8份不同地理位置海水水样中共分离和培养细菌菌株80株,均鉴定为斯氏假单胞菌;药敏实验分析表明该海域斯氏假单胞菌对头孢呋辛、头孢他啶、奈替米星和环丙沙星等18种临床常用抗菌药物均敏感。结论:亚丁湾海域海水理化性质和常见致病菌具有特殊性,对指导该海域从业人员健康保障和维护具有科学意义。     

胆总管结石合并感染患者鼻胆管引流前后胆汁细菌分布及其耐药性

目的分析胆总管结石合并胆道感染患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)取石术中及术后48 h胆汁中病原菌种类、分布特点及药敏情况,为临床抗菌药物的选择提供指导依据。方法选取2015年10月—2016年12月某院收集的胆总管结石合并胆道感染行ERCP取石术患者,分别对ERCP取石术中获得的胆汁(术中组)及ERCP取石术后48 h经鼻胆管引流获得的胆汁(术后组)进行细菌培养及药敏检测。结果共收集117例患者资料,术中组、术后组胆汁细菌培养阳性率分别为73.50%、47.86%,两组胆汁标本细菌培养阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组234份胆汁标本共培养出174株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌138株(79.31%),革兰阳性菌33株(18.97%),真菌3株(1.72%);术中组细菌105株,术后组细菌69株;术中组和术后组不同细菌种类分布比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术中组和术后组检出率居前5位的细菌均为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌。革兰阴性菌检出率居前3位的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对10种抗菌药物的敏感率均≥60.00%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶及左氧氟沙星耐药率相对较高;3种细菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南敏感率均为100.00%。革兰阳性菌中检出率较高的屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素及利奈唑胺的敏感率均为100.00%。结论胆汁细菌感染仍以革兰阴性菌为主,胆总管结石合并胆道感染患者在无禁忌的情况下应尽早行ERCP取石术解除胆道梗阻;胆道感染经验性使用抗菌药物时,建议联合用药。     

层流ICU病区病人呼吸系统常见细菌及对策

目的监测层流净化重症监护病房(ICU)病人呼吸系统常见感染细菌,完善护理对策,控制感染。方法执行2011年制定的层流净化病区管理流程,每日监测住院病人呼吸系统医院感染发生病例,统计2011年1～12月监测情况,与医院监测结果相比较,检验相关对策的有效性。结果层流净化ICU病区细菌生长以酵母菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌发生率得到有效控制。结论层流净化ICU区域在严格管理下,借助空气净化系统能控制医院内感染常见致病菌铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的发生率,目前针对层流净化ICU病区制定的预防措施科学有效。     

医院环境和医院感染病原菌的调查

本文结果表明:院内环境中细菌分布广泛,种类繁多。从院内环境及用具采取65份标本,分离出细菌38个种,共245株,革兰氏阳性球菌占51.8％(其中金黄色葡萄球菌占42.5％,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占44.1％),革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌22.4％,革兰氏阴性杆菌占20.8％。对各科住院病人随机抽样调查667例,院内获得性感染47例,院内感染率7.0％。引起医院感染的病原菌主要是表皮葡萄球菌(20.0％),金黄色葡萄球菌(17.8％),大肠埃希氏菌(17.8％),克雷伯氏菌属(11.1％),非发酶菌(13.3％)。     

Seasonal variation in aerobic bacterial populations and endotoxin concentrations in grain dusts

Settled and respirable grain dust samples were collected at intervals over a 16-month period at two grain terminals on the lower Mississippi River. Total and gram-negative aerobic bacterial (GNB) populations, as well as endotoxin concentrations, were studied. Plate counts indicated that no viable bacteria were found to be present in the respirable samples. Endotoxin concentrations ranged from 0.0 to 6.4 ng (0.0 to 7.9 ng/m3 air) per respirable sample, indicating that bacteria were once viable in dust of respirable size or contamination occurred from larger, non-respirable particles. Numbers of bacteria from settled dusts, both total and GNB, remained relatively stable; however, the genera of the GNB populations varied. Enterobacter agglomerans was the predominant species in warm months, but not in winter. Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species increased in winter and decreased in summer. Other genera found were Citrobacter and Serratia. Endotoxin concentrations in settled dust samples ranged from 1.7 to 5.6 ng/mg dust.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道细菌感染的特性及耐药性分析

目的 分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道细菌感染的特性及耐药性分析.方法 选取2010年1月至2011年3月在医院确诊并有完整病原学资料的260例COPD住院患者进行痰标本采集,对痰标本进行细菌培养及耐药性分析.结果 共检出细菌21种195株,总阳性率为75.0％,革兰阴性菌127株,占65.1％,革兰阳性菌68株,占34.9％;铜绿假单胞菌对加替沙星、头孢噻肟和环丙沙星的耐药性较强,分别为55.9％、47.5％、47.5％；大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林及环丙沙星的耐药性较强,分别为75.6％、84.4％；肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟及头孢他啶的耐药性较强,均87.0％；金黄色葡糖球菌和肠球菌属对除万古霉素外的其他抗菌药物的耐药性均较强.结论 COPD患者检出主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,耐药性明显,临床医师应注意气道细菌感染的种类及耐药性分析,合理使用抗菌药物,及时调整治疗方案,利于尽早控制感染,降低患者的死亡率.     

Seasonal evaluation of fine and coarse culturable bacterial aerosols from residences within a rural and an urban city in Egypt

Non-complaint Egyptian homes were examined to determine the residential culturable airborne bacterial concentrations so that these could be used as comparisons in indoor air quality investigations. Concentrations of airborne bacteria were investigated in 26 urban flats across Cairo and 17 rural flats in the Dakahlia governorate. Air samples were collected using a two-stage viable cascade impactor sampler, dividing particles into coarse (>8 μm) and fine (<8 μm) sizes. For urban flats, the year's median indoor and comparison site concentrations were 9133 CFU/m³ and 9423 CFU/m³, respectively. For rural flats, the year's median indoor and comparison site concentrations were 15,915 CFU/m³ and 10,859 CFU/m³, respectively. The median indoor bacterial concentrations increased in winter and spring compared to autumn and summer. Winter months had the greatest median concentration for coarse indoor organisms, whereas spring had the largest for the fine indoor organisms. Fine bacterial concentration composed more than 60% of the indoor bacterial fraction.     

1294份尿液培养及药敏试验结果分析

摘要:目的　分析泌尿系统感染患者的病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床提供可靠的诊断和治疗依据。方法　对某院2013年1月-2013年12月1294份住院及门诊尿液培养中分离出的796株病原菌进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验及归纳分析。结果　泌尿系统感染的病原菌中大肠埃希菌检出率最高（38.57%）,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（10.55%）、铜绿假单胞菌（10.05%）。革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率都较高（＞85%）,对其他抗生素耐药率呈上升趋势。革兰阳性球菌对喹诺酮类敏感率低,未检出耐万古霉素的菌株。结论　大肠埃希菌为泌尿系统感染的主要致病菌,病原菌耐药性呈上升趋势,临床医师应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

2018年湘西地区医院临床耐药菌株分布及耐药性分析

目的分析2018年1—6月湘西自治州人民医院常见临床分离菌株的分布及细菌耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供数据支持。方法对2018年1—6月湘西山区医院检出的908株细菌培养结果进行回顾性分析。结果按照美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLS)2019版标准判读结果。结果共分离病原菌908株,革兰阴性菌株占65.1%,革兰阳性菌占34.9%,前5位分离菌株依次为大肠埃希菌203株(22.4%)、金黄色葡萄球菌103株(11.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌95株(10.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌90株(10.0%)、肺炎链球菌58株(6.4%)。肠杆菌属细菌对氨苄西林耐药最高,高达84.3%,其次对一、二代头孢菌素类、头孢曲松、喹诺酮类耐药率高,对β-内酰胺酶复方制剂、阿米卡星耐药率低,即可作为经验性治疗备选药;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G耐药率最高,为79.5%,未检测出对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为19.1%和23.1%;革兰阴性菌中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为11.3%、18.9%。结论湘西山区医院大肠埃希菌检出率高,其对氨苄西林的耐药率高达84.3%,该药已不适宜用于控制肠杆菌感染;该地区细菌分布及耐药性与其他地区相比具有一定的差异性,应根据该地区甚至该医院的细菌培养及药物敏感试验结果进行选择,制定适合自己地区甚至该院的抗生素使用参考。     

Bacterial flora analysis of sediment samples from Doukai Bay in Kitakyushu City

The bacterial flora of 8 sediment samples taken from Doukai Bay in Kitakyushu City in May, 2006 was analyzed by using the culture-independent molecular method. The total bacterial numbers determined by epifluorescence microscopic method were in the range of 2.6 x 10(8) to 6.4 x 10(8) cells/g. The results of bacterial flora analysis suggested that unknown bacterium comprised over 80% of total bacterial flora in the sea sediment samples. Regarding the pathogenic bacteria, although 8 of the Vibrio species, 1 of the Staphylococcus species, and 2 of the Mycobacterium species were detected in the sediment samples, their frequency was low. A large proportion of bacteria related to sulfur circulation, such as sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (10.9 to approximately 30.5%) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (19.6 to approximately 25.1%), was detected in all of the samples from sea sediment. A remarkable difference in bacterial flora between ground soil and sea sediment was clarified by this experiment.     

新生儿细菌感染性肺炎的常见菌及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院新生儿细菌性肺炎的常见致病菌及其耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物,快速有效的控制新生儿细菌性肺炎提供实验依据。 方法 从医院2013年7月至2015年6月新生儿科送检的痰标本中分离致病菌,采用法国生物梅里埃分司的API系统进行细菌鉴定,K-B法和E-test法进行药物敏感性试验。用Whonet5.6对所有数据进行统计计算。 结果 从送检的痰标本中共分离出380株细菌,其中大肠埃希菌分离率最高,达35.8%,其次是金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,分别为24.2%和22.6%。其对新生儿常用抗菌药物均产生了一定程度的耐药性。 结论 大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是引起新生儿细菌性肺炎的常见致病菌,其对常用抗菌药物均产生了一定的耐药性,应当加强检测与控制,并根据药敏试验结果和新生儿抗菌药物的临床使用规范合理选用抗菌药物。