磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在土壤中的好氧降解及对微生物呼吸的影响

实验研究了抗生素药物在不同土壤中（不同种类以及有无添加牛粪）的降解行为,同时采用基质诱导呼吸法考察了药物在土壤中对微生物呼吸的影响．结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤在前20d内轻微促进了磺胺甲恶唑的降解效率,磺胺甲恶唑的快速降解主要是微生物作用引起,而甲氧苄氨嘧啶则在好氧条件下表现出较强的持久性．同控制土壤样品对比,药物对土壤...     

铁碳微电解降解磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平

以两种典型人工合成有机物(磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平)为主要研究对象,采用铁碳微电解法降解上述两种目标污染物,研究了铁碳质量比、反应时间、pH、铁投加量等因素对磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,pH=1,铁碳比为1∶1,铁投加量为80 g·L~(-1)时,磺胺甲恶唑的去除率最高,60 min几乎全部去除.pH=1,铁碳比为1∶4,铁投加量为80 g·L~(-1)时,卡马西平的去除率最高,60 min卡马西平去除率接近90%.在这过程中磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平发生氧化还原反应,它们的氮被还原成氨氮.磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平的降解符合假一级反应动力学.     

5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性

水产集约化养殖的迅速发展带来的抗生素环境问题已经受到各国学者的关注,尤其是环境残留抗生素对微生物耐药性的诱导和抗生素在食物中的残留,直接影响水生生态系统健康以及人类健康。应用固相萃取-高压液相色谱-串联质谱方法（SPE-LC-MS/MS）研究不同生物养殖水体（鱼塘、螃蟹池、蛏池、虾池、鸭池）中残留抗生素类型和质量浓度。结果表明,基于LC-MS/MS分析的固相萃取方法对滨海养殖水体中5类14种抗生素残留的检测具有较高的萃取效率,并且检测方法回收率在63%~124%之间;在典型滨海养殖区不同养殖水体中检出了3类7种抗生素（含磺胺类增效剂甲氧苄氨嘧啶）残留,最高质量浓度分别为诺氟沙星（3.54 ng.L-1,虾池）、氧氟沙星（14.8 ng.L-1,蛏池）、磺胺嘧啶（5.36 ng.L-1,鸭池）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（7.35 ng.L-1,虾池）、磺胺甲噁唑（18.5 ng.L-1,虾池）、氟甲砜霉素（5.00 ng.L-1,虾池）和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（40.2 ng.L-1,鸭池）,均低于已有的报道质量浓度水平。养殖水体中残留抗生素种类和质量浓度与养殖生物类型有关,螃蟹养殖水体抗生素残留种类（4种）最少,鱼和鸭养殖水体抗生素残留检出达6种,而检出的抗生素最高残留质量浓度主要来自于虾养殖水体。     

甲黄隆,氯黄隆,苄嘧黄隆及其降解产物对蛋白核小球藻生长的效应

本文研究了甲黄隆、氯黄隆、苄嘧黄隆及其降解产物对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorellapyrenoidosa）的96h生长抑制急性毒性和化合物氮的生物可获得性。急性毒性试验表明:黄隆的毒性比其降解产物取代磺胺和氮杂环化合物大得多（EC_(50)相差2—3个数量级）,降解产物取代磺胺、均三嗪、取代嘧啶存在明显的低浓度促进生长现象,氮的生物可获得性试验表明:小球藻能有效利用低浓度取代磺胺、均三嗪、取代嘧啶化合物中的氮促进生长,促进程度:氯磺胺>苄磺胺≈二甲氧基嘧啶>甲磺胺>均三嗪。     

α-MnO2/水界面磺胺嘧啶的氧化降解动力学

通过反歧化法合成α-MnO2,并以α-MnO2为氧化剂,研究了不同锰氧化物剂量、不同磺胺嘧啶初始浓度和不同pH值下α-MnO2/水界面磺胺嘧啶的氧化降解动力学,并讨论了不同的反应条件对反应动力学的影响.结果表明,α-MnO2可以有效的氧化降解甚至矿化磺胺嘧啶,反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,在25 ℃,pH 4.6的反应条件下,反应120 min后,11.5 mmol·L-1的α-MnO2对0.02 mmol·L-1磺胺嘧啶去除率达到99.98%.α-MnO2剂量和磺胺嘧啶的初始浓度均与磺胺嘧啶氧化降解的动力学常数呈显著正相关关系,相关因子分别为0.67和0.18,相关系数R分别达到0.9961和0.9979;而磺胺嘧啶的降解动力学常数与体系的pH则呈显著负相关关系,相关因子为-0.25,相关系数R达到0.9975.初步探讨了锰氧化物氧化降解磺胺嘧啶机理.研究表明,土壤及沉积物中的锰氧化物可以有效促进其中残留抗生素类药物磺胺嘧啶的降解消除过程.     

长江三角洲地区典型废水中抗生素的初步分析

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,对城市生活污水、养猪场和甲鱼养殖场废水进行抗生素污染检测.污水处理厂污水中检出磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑3种磺胺类抗生素,浓度都低于5 μg·l-1.养猪场废水中检出磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺氯哒嗪5种磺胺类抗生素(＜5μg·l-1),四环素类的四环素、土霉素和强力霉素(30.05-100.75μg·l-1).甲鱼养殖场废水检出氯霉素、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素3种氯霉素抗生素,浓度低于检测下限0.1μg·l-1.结果表明,在3种典型废水中,养猪场废水检出抗生素的种类最多,浓度也最高;磺胺类在3种废水中检出频率最高,尤其是磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺甲氧嘧啶.说明城市生活污水、畜禽养殖场废水和水产养殖废水都是水环境潜在的抗生素污染源.     

水体中不同形态氮对兽药磺胺二甲基嘧啶溶液光降解的影响

研究了兽药磺胺二甲基嘧啶在水相中的光降解行为以及在氙灯光照条件下,水体中不同浓度水平NO-3、NO-2和NH+4等形态的无机氮对磺胺二甲嘧啶光解的影响,模拟研究了由于水体p E值发生变化导致无机氮形态发生转化过程中所引起的磺胺二甲嘧啶光解速率的变化.结果表明,硝酸根对磺胺二甲嘧啶光降解起促进作用,亚硝酸根起抑制作用,铵根几乎没有影响.当环境p E值逐渐增加时,无机氮的形态经历了由NH+4到NO-2,再到NO-3的变化,相应地,磺胺二甲嘧啶的光降解速率常数先减小后增大.NH+4和NO-2共存或者NO-3和NO-2共存都会在磺胺二甲嘧啶光降解反应中产生一定的拮抗作用.     

2种黏土矿物对磺胺嘧啶的吸附

选择蒙脱土和高岭土2种典型黏土矿物为吸附体, 通过静态吸附试验研究其对磺胺嘧啶的吸附行为,考察温度和pH值对磺胺嘧啶吸附的影响.结果表明,2种黏土矿物对磺胺嘧啶的吸附等温线均能较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附方程,且Langmuir方程拟合效果优于Freundlich方程;高岭土对磺胺嘧啶的吸附量大于蒙脱土;温度升高和pH值过高或过低均不利于磺胺嘧啶的吸附.     

水和土壤中磺胺和激素类药物的同时分析方法

建立了一种水和土壤中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲(噁)唑6种磺胺类药物和17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、雌酮、雌三醇、炔雌醇、乙烷雌酚6种激素类药物同时分析的方法.具体步骤:水样过滤后使用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱进行净化富集;土壤样品经加速溶剂提取(ASE)之后过Oasis HLB小柱净化富集;采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)进行检测,分别以乙腈和1mL·L-1甲酸溶液、乙腈和1 mL· L-1氨水溶液作为流动相.磺胺在水和土壤中的回收率分别为87.4％～ 103.6％和58.2％～80.0％,激素在水和土壤中的回收率分别为84.8％～ 101.8％和62.8％～79.3％,相对标准偏差均小于10.3％.水和土壤中磺胺的检测限分别为0.11～0.24ng·L-1和0.01～0.02ng·g-1,激素的检测限分别为0.31 ～2.14 ng·L-1和0.03～0.21ng·g-1.用上述方法检测宿迁某典型养殖场周边的地表水和土壤,结果表明采用该方法检测环境样品中的磺胺和激素类药物是可行的.     

渭河西安段磺胺类抗生素的分布特征及生态风险评价

采用HPLC-MS/MS对渭河西安段(咸阳至西安)表层水体中的磺胺类抗生素污染物进行检测分析,丰水期共检出包括磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺喹喔啉、磺胺氯哒嗪和磺胺增效剂甲氧苄啶8种药物残留,检出率50%—100%,检出浓度nd—178.44 ng·L~(-1);平水期检测到除磺胺氯哒嗪外7种,检出率25%—100%,检出浓度nd—114.46 ng·L~(-1).与国内其他河流相比,渭河西安段检出的磺胺类抗生素种类较多,浓度处于中等水平.磺胺类抗生素的浓度分布呈现:平水期,上游中游下游;丰水期,中游下游上游的特点;平水期和丰水期共同检出的磺胺类抗生素比较,平水期检出总浓度高于丰水期.源分析初步表明,生活污水、工业和医疗废水、禽畜和水产养殖是渭河西安段磺胺类抗生素浓度水平较高的主要原因.此外,渭河西安段表层水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP等其他同步水污染指标无明显相关关系.风险商值RQs分析表明除磺胺甲唑(RQs≥1)对相应物种存在高风险,其他抗生素的风险较低(RQs0.1).     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.