背压对U阀排料特性的影响

实验研究了背压对U阀排料特性的影响,建立了可调节背压的立管?U阀实验平台,发现随背压增大,U阀排料速率明显减小,进气速率对排料速率的调控能力变弱,且背压波动时,孔口的高度越小,U阀的运行越稳定. 针对本实验装置,背压小于7 kPa时,U阀孔口高度小于0.11 m,背压大于13 kPa时,孔口高度大于0.15 m,使U阀获得良好的排料特性. 根据实验数据和理论分析建立了U阀排料速率与背压、进气速率和孔口高度之间的经验方程,计算值与实验值的平均相对误差为20.9%.     

压力脉动法预测硅粉颗粒最小流化速度的实验

应用压力传感器研究了不同筛分粒径的硅粉的流化性质，证实流化床层的压力脉动标准方差σp随着表观气速的增加而线性增大, 根据σp=0的条件即可确定流化床的初始流化气速Umf. 此Umf与传统压降变化法得到的实验结果基本一致. 对测得的不同筛分粒级的硅粉的Umf进行拟合，得到了Umf与相应粒级平均粒径的关联式Umf=0.014e10(d–0.28)–0.012e–10(d–0.28)+0.065. 对双粒级复配混合颗粒体系的σp进行的实验研究发现，其σp介于相关单粒级体系的σp之间，并且粗颗粒组份的比例对σp的影响较大.     

一种脱油油砂颗粒流态化特性的研究

在一套直径300mm、高7000mm有机玻璃冷模实验装置上对一种脱油油砂颗粒流态化特性进行了实验研究。粒度测试结果表明该脱油油砂颗粒的粒度分布宽,细颗粒含量较多。采用FXC-Ⅱ/32型压力迅检仪测量了不同表观气速下脱油油砂颗粒沿流化床轴向平均颗粒浓度分布,采用压力梯度法测量了脱油油砂颗粒的密相床膨胀,采用容积法测量了自由空域内脱油油砂颗粒的夹带量。实验结果表明,该脱油油砂颗粒的流化性能较好;轴向平均颗粒浓度分布整体表现为下浓上稀,其中,在密相区随表观气速增加而减小,在稀相区随表观气速增加而增大;基于床高比表示的密相床膨胀随表观气速增加先增大后减小,在表观气速为0.362m·s-1时密相床最大;自由空域内的夹带量随表观气速增加而增大;建立了密相轴向平均颗粒浓度的数学模型,模型预测值与实验值吻合较好。     

不同流型下组合约束型提升管出口段固含率分布

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,研究了气力输送和快速流态化两种流型下,出口段局部固含率分布规律及不同操作条件对固含率的影响。结果表明:局部固含率径向分布整体上呈中心小、边壁大的分布特征,并随分布器开孔率和表观气速的降低而增大,随上部流化床层压降和颗粒循环强度的降低而减小;在快速流态化操作下,局部固含率曲线分布形式与常规提升管类似,而在气力输送状态下,临近出口区域局部固含率最大值通常不出现在边壁处,其位置随表观气速和分布器开孔率增加以及颗粒循环强度和上部流化床层压降降低而远离边壁;两种流型下局部固含率径向分布的均匀性均随表观气速及分布器开孔率的增加而升高,随颗粒循环强度及流化床层压降的增加而降低。     

耦合流化床提升管流动结构及边壁层厚度的研究

在射流流化床与提升管耦合的多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,采用压力传感器和PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪,对提升管流动结构和边壁层厚度进行了系统研究。结果表明,一定的操作气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管中气固流动状态从稀相气力输送过渡到快速流态化区域。当提升管处于快速流态化区域时,一定固体循环量下,表观气速增加使提升管轴向各个位置的边壁层厚度减小;一定气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度增加,且低气速时提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度随固体循环量增加的程度明显高于高气速时。拟合得到了边壁层厚度与截面平均固体浓度的关系式,较好地预测了快速流态化区域内边壁层厚度随截面平均固体浓度的变化关系,该表达式的计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

FeCl_2·4H_2O晶体流态化煅烧过程实验研究

在φ44mm的流化床反应器中用空气对FeCl_2·4H_2O晶体进行流态化煅烧,采用氯离子选择电极测定尾气吸收液中氯离子浓度,得到FeCl_2·4H_2O煅烧反应转化率随反应时间的变化关系,考察表观气速、晶体平均粒径和床层温度对流态化煅烧过程的影响。研究结果表明,FeCl_2·4H_2O晶体煅烧生成的Fe_2O_3质地疏松,在流化状态下自颗粒表面剥落随气流带出煅烧炉,类似缩粒反应过程。FeCl_2·4H_2O晶体流态化煅烧,表观气速增大,反应速率加快,煅烧时间缩短,表观气速达0.64m/s外扩散影响基本消除,再增大表观气速对煅烧反应影响不明显,过程为表面反应控制。FeCl_2·4H_2O晶体初始平均粒径越小,反应速率随时间的变化越明显,完成煅烧反应的时间越短。床层温度对煅烧反应影响显著,煅烧反应与颗粒表面积成正比。     

粘附性颗粒添加组份流态化实验

以不同粒径的ＳｉＣ为物料,考察了表观气速和添加颗粒对其流化性能的影响．实验表明,平均粒径大于１０μｍ的ＳｉＣ物料,可通过增大表观气速使其流化;而小于５μｍ的ＳｉＣ５和ＳｉＣ２物料,不能使用增大表观气速的方法使其流化．添加颗粒能使ＳｉＣ５很好流化,利用流态化聚团准数Ａｅｆ可计算颗粒的最佳添加量ｘｍ．     

大差异颗粒分级再生设备的性能研究

通过改变表观气速U、颗粒循环速率W、粉尘/捕集颗粒比R等操作参数,考察了大差异颗粒空气分级设备在设置内构件前后的压降和分级效率的变化。结果表明,自由床时,压降随表观气速的增大而增大,分离效率在U=0.27 m/s时达到最大值87%。捕集颗粒循环量对压降的影响较小,分级效率随W的增大而持续下降。粉尘/捕集颗粒比较低时,压降无变化,但增大至超过约翰逊网的阻塞限度后,操作压降呈指数型增长,分级效率迅速下降。设置内构件后,由于其起到了整流和分布作用,设备压降和分级效率的变化不如自由床时敏感,拓宽了可操作的粉尘/捕集颗粒比范围,但缩小了可操作的表观气速范围。将设备实际压降划分为约翰逊网压降、颗粒摩擦压降、气体出口压降三个部分,基于实验结果,给出了计算压降的模型。     

布风结构对埋管浅床内非均匀颗粒流化特性的影响

针对含内埋管的3维浅层流化床，以空气和非均匀铝矾土铸造砂颗粒为气相和固相开展冷态实验，采用压差变送器测量了5种不同开孔率布风板的床层压降，考察了开孔率、静床高度及流化仓室配风模式对非均匀颗粒流态化特征参数及流化质量的影响。结果表明，非均匀颗粒的床层压降特性曲线不存在明显的突变，流化过程分为固定床、半流态化和完全流态化三个阶段，各阶段分界点特征速度受开孔率影响不大。对于平均粒径为215μm的非均匀颗粒，床层压降标准差随开孔率的变化存在极小值，开孔率为0.79%的布风板流态化稳定性最高。配风模式对多仓室流化床局部床层压降有重要影响，采用等风速模式可有效降低仓室之间的压降差异，提高整体流化空间的均匀性。     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3~20 mm的4个气?固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,气?固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异。在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与壁面间的相互作用更强,导致实验压降值偏离计算值更大;在流化床阶段,较大颗粒粒径和密度的B类颗粒在床层内表现出了更高的气泡聚并和破裂程度,加剧了颗粒间的碰撞,增加了能量损失,从而形成了较高的实验压降。气?固微型流化床的最小流化速度除了与操作条件和物相性质有关外,床内径与静态床层高度对其也会产生显著影响。随着床径减小及静态床高增加,最小流化速度逐渐增加。综合考察各影响的因素,提出了适用于实验考察范围内预测微型流化床最小流化速度的经验关联式。     

Effect of agitation on the fluidization behavior of a gas–solid fluidized bed with a frame impeller

The effect of agitation on the fluidization performance of a gas–solid fluidized bed with a frame impeller is experimentally and numerically investigated. A 3‐D unsteady computational fluid dynamics method is used, combining a two‐fluid model and the kinetic theory of granular flow. The rotation of the impeller is implemented with a multiple reference frame method. The numerical model is validated using experimental data of the bed pressure drop and pressure fluctuation. Although the minimum fluidizing velocity and bed pressure drop are independent of the impeller agitation, a sufficiently high agitation speed yields higher fluidization performance with reduced bubble diameters and internal circulations of particles. The fluidized bed can be divided into three zones: inlet zone where the gas distribution plays a major role, agitated fluidization zone where the impeller agitation has a positive effect on fluidization, and free fluidization zone where the impeller agitation has no effect on fluidization. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1066–1074, 2013     

Correlations for critical fluidization velocity and maximum bed pressure drop for heterogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles in gas–solid tapered fluidized beds

The tapered fluidized bed is a remedial measure for certain drawbacks of the gas–solid system, by the fact that a velocity gradient exists along the axial direction of the bed with increase in cross-sectional area. To study the dynamic characteristics of heterogeneous binary mixture of irregular particles, several experiments have been carried out with varying tapered angles and composition of the mixtures with various particles. The tapered angle of the bed has been found to affect the characteristics of the bed. Models based on dimensional analysis have been proposed to predict the critical fluidization velocity and maximum bed pressure drop for gas–solid tapered fluidized beds. Experimental values of critical fluidization velocity and maximum bed pressure drop compare well with that predicted by the proposed models and the average absolute errors are well within 15%.     

Effect of Operating Conditions on Discharge Characteristics of Petroleum Coke Powder from a Top-Discharge Blow Tank at High Pressure

Discharge experiments of petroleum coke powders were carried out in a pilot-scale top-discharge blow tank at high pressure. The effects of operating conditions (including fluidizing gas flow rate, blow tank pressure, differential pressure between blow tank and receiving tank, supplementary gas flow rate) on solid discharge rate and solid loading ratio were investigated. The results indicate that the maximum solid discharge rate corresponds to the most effective fluidization of the powders near the riser inlet when the fluidizing gas flow rate reaches a critical value. The solid loading ratio shows the same variation tendency as solid discharge rate with increasing fluidizing gas flow rate, which first increases then decreases. Increasing blow tank pressure can improve the fluidization of powders in the tank, which contributes to the increase of solid discharge rate; however, it would not change the basic discharge law. As the differential pressure between blow tank and receiving tank increases, the solid discharge rate increases, while the solid loading ratio first increases then decreases. Solid discharge rate and solid loading ratio both decrease as supplementary gas flow rate increases. A modified solid discharge rate prediction model is proposed for the top-discharge blow tank at high pressure with errors below ±12%.     

细粉下料过程的气固流体动力学作用分析

细颗粒粉体下料时受气固流体力学作用在料仓出口附近形成逆压力梯度,使得粉体下料流率实验值远低于理论预测值。而且该压力梯度力直接测量较困难,对模型修正和发展提出了挑战。以玻璃微珠、流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯（PVC）颗粒为实验材料,首先开展粉体静力学与动力学测试,借助休止角（AOR）、豪斯纳比（HR）和卡尔流动指数（CFI）多个粉体流动性判据综合分析不同粉体的流动特性;在分析粉体料仓出口附近气固流动特征的基础上,结合Jenike流动与不流动判据,将作用在细颗粒粉体上的逆压力梯度力引入到拱应力平衡方程;进一步,提出了利用迭代算法获得逆压力梯度力的方法,实现了对逆压力梯度力与粉体料仓下料流率的预测。建立的粉体下料流率模型考虑了气固流体动力学作用对粉体下料流动的影响,有效改善了传统模型对细粉体流率预测偏高的问题,模型预测偏差从60%以上降低至±20%。     

Simulation and experiment of segregating/mixing of rice husk–sand mixture in a bubbling fluidized bed

The fluidization behavior of rice husk–sand mixture in the gas bubbling fluidized bed is experimentally and theoretically studied. The relevancy of the pressure drop profile of rice husk–sand mixture to the definition of its minimum fluidization velocity is discussed, and the minimum fluidization velocity of rice husk–sand binary mixture is determined. The distributions of mass fraction of rice husk particles along the bed height are measured, and the profiles of the mean particle diameter of mixture are determined. A multi-fluid gas–solid flow model is presented where equations are derived from the kinetic theory of granular flow. Separate transport equations are constructed for each of the particle classes, allowing for the interaction between particle classes, as well as the momentum and energy are exchanged between the respective classes and the carrier gas. The distributions of the mass fraction of rice husk particles and the mean particle diameter of binary mixture are predicted. The numerical results are analyzed, and compared with experimental data.     

Experimental and computational study of the bed dynamics of semi‐cylindrical gas–solid fluidized bed

With computational fluid dynamics (CFD) it is possible to get a detailed view of the flow behaviour of the fluidized beds. A profound and fundamental understanding of bed dynamics such as bed pressure drop, bed expansion ratio, bed fluctuation ratio, and minimum fluidization velocity of homogeneous binary mixtures has been made in a semi‐cylindrical fluidized column for gas–solid systems, resulting in a predictive model for fluidized beds. In the present work attempt has been made to study the effect of different system parameters (viz., size and density of the bed materials and initial static bed height) on the bed dynamics. The correlations for the bed expansion and bed fluctuations have been developed on the basis of dimensional analysis using these system parameters. Computational study has also been carried out using a commercial CFD package Fluent (Fluent, Inc.). A multifluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory for solid particles was applied in order to simulate the gas–solid flow. CFD simulated bed pressure drop has been compared with the experimental bed pressure drops under different conditions for which the results show good agreements.     

Fluidization of Group B particles with a rotating distributor

A novel rotating distributor fluidized bed is presented. The distributor is a rotating perforated plate, with 1% open-area ratio. This work evaluates the performance of this new design, considering pressure drop, Δp, and quality of fluidization. Bed fluidization was easily achieved with the proposed device, improving the solid mixing and the quality of fluidization.In order to examine the effect of the rotational speed of the distributor plate on the hydrodynamic behavior of the bed, minimum fluidization velocity, U_mf, and pressure fluctuations were analyzed. Experiments were conducted in the bubbling free regime in a 0.19 m i.d. fluidized bed, operating with Group B particles according to Geldart's classification. The pressure drop across the bed and the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations, σ_p, were used to find the minimum fluidization velocity, U_mf. A decrease in U_mf is observed when the rotational speed increases and a rise in the measured pressure drop was also found. Frequency analysis of pressure fluctuations shows that fluidization can be controlled by the adjustable rotational speed, at several excess gas velocities.Measurements with several initial static bed heights were taken, in order to analyze the influence of the initial bed mass inventory, over the effect of the distributor rotation on the bed hydrodynamics.     

固体颗粒通过孔口的流动

作者提出了固体颗粒通过孔口流动的模型,并导出在有压差和无压差条件下颗粒物料通过孔口的流率方程 W=0.58C_0C_g(D_0-d_p)~2γ_s(g(D_0-d_p)/(2μ)(1+ΔP/(Lγs)))~(1/2) 上式关联了五组作者的206个实验数据,平均偏差为18%。