水中涕灭威、克百威和甲萘威的测定柱后衍生—液相色谱法

本文建立了柱后衍生—液相色谱法测定水中涕灭威、克百威和甲萘威的分析方法,对水样预处理方法进行了研究。该方法操作简单、精密度好、准确度高、检出限低,可用于地表水、地下水和饮用水水体中痕量涕灭威、克百威和甲萘威的测定。     

O/A/O工艺强化处理焦化废水研究

介绍了在O/A/O工艺系统的生化池中加入HSB高效菌剂,强化处理经过除油、蒸氨预处理的焦化废水,结果表明:焦化废水中COD、NH3—N、挥发酚、氰化物、硫化物的去除率分别达到96%、98%、99%、98%、99.7%,pH也维持在6～9,其出水水质达到了《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456—2012)的要求。     

取水口水源水生物预处理中试研究

为了探索直接在取水口对水源水进行生物预处理的途径，将中试装置直接设在现有取水口附近的水体中，考察弹性填料生物预处理对水源水的处理效果。阐述了水力停留时间、水温、气水比对该装置除污染效果的影响，结果表明：该装置不仅对水源水有一定的综合净化效果，而且不占用土地，管理方便     

连续流动分析仪测定水中硫化物方法优化的研究

对连续流动分析仪测定水中硫化物方法优化进行研究,提出用0.01 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液代替硫化物配位溶液对标准物质及标准溶液进行配制,通过曲线线性相关系数、测定结果相对偏差、质控样及样品回收率与原配位溶液配置方法进行比较,验证采用优化后的方法测定硫化物的适用性。     

不同预处理方法对纳氏试剂比色法测定水中氨氮影响分析

氨氮是水环境质量评价的重要指标,目前水环境监测领域测定氨氮应用最广泛的是纳氏试剂比色法,该法适用于各类地表水、地下水、生活饮用水及废水,但水样带色或浑浊以及含其他一些干扰物质,影响氨氮的测定,为此在分析时需作适当的预处理。现通过实验,对不同类型水样分别采用取上清液、过滤、离心、絮凝沉淀、蒸馏等方法进行预处理,通过比较不同预处理方法下纳氏试剂比色法氨氮测定结果,分析各种预处理方法对测定结果的影响。     

预处理对污水中氨氮测定的影响分析

生活污水和工业废水成分复杂,其中含有的各种干扰物质会使水样带色或浑浊,影响氨氮的测定,为此在分析时需作适当的预处理。现通过实验,对不同类型水样分别采用取絮凝沉淀（取上清液、过滤、离心）、蒸馏等方法进行预处理,通过比较不同预处理方法下纳氏试剂比色法氨氮测定结果,分析各种预处理方法对污水中氨氮测定结果的影响。     

粘胶短纤维生产废水处理工程

某粘胶短纤维生产企业扩大产能后,废水水量由6000m3/d增至12000m3/d。为此对原有以物化工艺为主体的处理工程进行改造,采用物化—两级好氧工艺,并增设了曝气吹脱除硫化物、石灰乳中和除锌预处理,提高了废水的可生化性。工程实践表明,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)一级标准。     

亚硝酸盐氮测定中水样预处理的实验分析与改进

如何对浑浊有色水样进行预处理是亚硝酸盐氮含量测定中经常遇到的问题。按照水质分析方法，水样应采用氢氧化铝悬浮液进行预处理，但采用该法处理后，测定结果并不理想而且存在很多干扰。采用氢氧化锌沉淀法对水样进行了预处理，结果表明，该方法测定结果更符合实际，而且降低了干扰，提高了测定结果的准确性。     

改进流动注射光度法测定含悬浮颗粒水样中总氮含量

用流动注射法测量含颗粒物水样中总氮,采用较粗管路和快速微波消解法,水样经预处理后,再使用自制在线过滤装置除去消解残渣。总氮的检出限为0.040mg/L,检测范围为0～10.0mg/L。本方法连续测定含悬浮颗粒水样,流路无堵塞,对湖水、生活污水和工业废水实际含悬浮颗粒水样中总氮的测定,加标回收率为99.6%～103.5%。     

反渗透技术在俄罗斯净化饮用水中的应用

论述了应用反渗透方法净化饮用水的必要性和可能性。介绍了俄罗斯应用反渗透净化饮用水工艺的两个特点：１反渗透装置前不设预处理；２净化后的水质符合卫生要求。     

污水中含硫化合物对AB工艺的影响及对策

淄博市污水处理公司AB工艺的进水是包含大量高浓度有机废水的城市污水,硫酸盐和硫化物浓度较高。通过控制A段的运行参数,减少硫酸盐在A段的厌氧转化及将大部分硫化物去除,可以消除对B段的影响,保证AB工艺的正常运行。     

Recent findings on sinks for sulfide in gravity sewer networks.

Sulfide buildup in sewer networks is associated with several problems, including health impacts, corrosion of sewer structures and odor nuisance. In recent years, significant advances in the knowledge of the major processes governing sulfide buildup in sewer networks have been made. This paper summarizes this newly obtained knowledge and emphasizes important implications of the findings. Model simulations of the in-sewer processes important for the sulfur cycle showed that sulfide oxidation in the wetted biofilm is typically the most important sink for dissolved sulfide in gravity sewers. However, sulfide emission and thereby potential hydrogen sulfide buildup in the sewer atmosphere is of particular importance in sewers constructed with large diameter pipes, in sewers constructed with steep slopes and in sewers conveying low pH wastewater. Precipitation of metal sulfides is only important when the sulfide concentration in the wastewater is low; i.e. less than 1 g Sm(-3).     

Biological treatment of heavy metals in acid mine drainage using sulfate reducing bioreactors.

The uncontrolled release of acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned mines and tailing piles threatens water resources in many sites worldwide. AMD introduces elevated concentrations of sulfate ions and dissolved heavy metals as well as high acidity levels to groundwater and receiving surface water. Anaerobic biological processes relying on the activity of sulfate reducing bacteria are being considered for the treatment of AMD and other heavy metal containing effluents. Biogenic sulfides form insoluble complexes with heavy metals resulting in their precipitation. The objective of this study was to investigate the remediation of AMD in sulfate reducing bioreactors inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge and fed with an influent containing ethanol. Biological treatment of an acidic (pH 4.0) synthetic AMD containing high concentrations of heavy metals (100 mg Cu(2+)l(-1); 10 mg Ni(2+)l(-1), 10 mg Zn(2+)l(-1)) increased the effluent pH level to 7.0-7.2 and resulted in metal removal efficiencies exceeding 99.2%. The highest metal precipitation rates attained for Cu, Ni and Zn averaged 92.5, 14.6 and 15.8 mg metal l(-1) of reactor d(-1). The results of this work demonstrate that an ethanol-fed sulfidogenic reactor was highly effective to remove heavy metal contamination and neutralized the acidity of the synthetic wastewater.     

Metals,acid-volatile sulfides,organics, and particle distributions of contaminated sediments

An overview of key physical/chemical parameters for contaminated sediments is presented. While sediment cores from remote lakes show little or no enrichment with heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu) and PAHs in top layers, the contamination near industrial areas is more significant. Cd in more bioavailable geochemical phases can occur in response to Cu inputs to sediments, and aeration during dredging operations of anaerobic sediments can reduce the pH causing release of heavy metals. The toxicity of anaerobic sediments to benthos can be effectively predicted based on interstitial water concentrations and the molar ratio between simultaneously extracted metals and acid-volatile sulfides (SEM/AVS). The toxicity of PAHs and other organics can be predicted based on equilibrium partitioning. Principal component analysis indicates that PAHs are associated with organic carbon and silt, and PCBs with inorganic clay. Finally, formulated reference sediments appear to be useful in toxicity testing by creating uniform parameters matching field conditions, and by isolating the effects of specific contaminants.     

Water Quality in the Future Alcolea Reservoir (Odiel River,SW Spain): A Clear Example of the Inappropriate Management of Water Resources in Spain

The Odiel River is located in southwestern Spain; the greater portion of its basin is composed of materials from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IBP), an area with numerous massive sulfide deposits that have been highly exploited since the third millennium BC. As sulfides come into contact with the atmosphere due to mining activity, oxidation occurs, generating a highly toxic acidic leachate with large concentrations of sulfates and metals, a process which is known as acid mine drainage (AMD). As a result, the Odiel River and most of its tributaries are severely contaminated. The construction of two large dams in the Odiel River basin is planned. The most advanced project is that of the Alcolea reservoir, with a storage capacity of 274 hm³, whose construction has already begun, with a total budget of around €164 million. There are reasonable doubts about the final quality of the reservoir water, as this dam will regulate a river with a mean pH close to 3.5 and large concentrations of toxic elements. This paper analyzes the data of water quality in the Alcolea reservoir. The results show that the reservoir water will be acidic and not useful at all, although more specific studies are necessary to obtain the exact estimation of its hydrochemical characteristics. It seems unwise to start building the dam, which requires a large economic investment and will have a vast environmental impact, without first conducting these studies. This proves that water management in Spain is still based on political motivation rather than on technical criteria and good management of natural and economic resources.     

Influence of environmental factors on abundance and temporal variation of benthic fauna resources in the eutrophic Tha Chin estuary, Samut Sakhon province, Thailand

The influence of environmental factors on the abundance and temporal variation of benthic fauna resources was studied in the eutrophic Tha Chin estuary located in Samut Sakhon province. The objectives were to analyze the status of abundance and temporal variation of the benthic fauna and to clarify the impacts from environmental factors (water and sediment quality). Field surveys were conducted monthly from August 2007 to March 2008 at 11 sampling stations in the estuary. Based on freshwater runoff volumes, the high-, medium-, and low-loading periods were categorized to be from August to October 2007, November to December 2007, and January to March 2008, respectively. The benthic fauna resources were composed of 57 species in eight phyla. Annelids were the dominant species (with the maximum density being 19,885 individuals/m2), followed by the mollusks. Both densities decreased during the low-loading period in 2008. Water quality deteriorated during the high-loading period. Land-based wastewater discharges decreased the levels of salinity and dissolved oxygen but dramatically increased various nutrients. Consequently, the sediment quality deteriorated during the medium-loading period. Bottom deposits during this time depicted high accumulation of acid volatile sulfides (more than 0.76 mg/g dry weight). Analyzing the environmental relationships, deposit feeders (for example, Nereis sp. and Prionospio sp.) and a clam (Arcuatula sp.) showed potential as bio-indicators for environmental monitoring. The overall results revealed the importance of changes in the water and sediment qualities that had an influence on related benthic resources. The increase in the level of NH4(+)-N had a negative impact on the economic clam species, while the sedimentary TOM showed positive correlation (P < 0.05) with this increase. The succession of groups based on feeding behavior seemed to correspond with stress in eutrophication along the salinity gradient and in different estuarine parts. In addition, the economic clam population decreased noticeably during the medium-loading period, as a consequence of deteriorated sediment conditions. Thus, the land-based runoff should be controlled for the protection of resources. Further effective sustainable management will be enhanced by giving serious consideration to an eco-based zoning scheme for conservation and restoration of the Tha Chin estuary.     

MQ点插值法在地下水稳定流计算中的应用

Multi-quadric（MQ）点插值法是一种求解偏微分方程的新方法。为探讨该方法在地下水稳定流问题中的应用效果，及MQ函数的形状参数、支持域大小、场节点间距对计算结果的影响，将该方法分别用于参数不变的二维地下水稳定流动、参数连续变化的二维地下水稳定流动和地下水向承压完整井的稳定流动3种算例的求解中，并将计算结果与解析解进行比较。结果表明该方法求解二维稳定流问题时具有较好的效果。MQ函数的形状参数、场节点间距和支持域大小对计算结果的误差具有较大影响。     

综合指数法在地下水水质评价中的应用

对综合指数法及在地下水水质评价中的应用进行了研究，评价结果与内梅罗指数法和综合评判法进行了比较。结果表明：综合指数法使用简便，评价结果直观、精确度较高，能较完整地反映地下水污染程度，是一种实用而准确的评价方法，值得推广应用。     

边坡稳定性分析的Sarma模式及其可靠度计算方法

推导了边坡Sarma力学模式稳定性分析的有关公式，揭示了其稳定性系数是隐式函数的特点，研究了该隐式稳定性系数的迭代计算方法。针对Sarma模式和经典响应面法的特点，将响应面中的有限元数值模拟以Sarma模式中隐含稳定性系数的迭代方法代替，而隐含稳定性系数迭代计算过程中随机变量的抽样则遵从响应面中的规则，将传统的响应面思路与Sarma模式结合起来，形成了一种新的边坡稳定可靠性响应面分析方法。最后采用此方法分析了某一边坡工程的稳定可靠性，并把分析过程与结果与蒙特卡洛模拟法计算结果进行对照，表明该方法计算效率较高，原理简单，精度满足要求。     

A simplified dynamic method for field capacity estimation and its parameter analysis

This paper presents a simplified dynamic method based on the definition of field capacity. Two soil hydraulic characteristics models, the Brooks-Corey （BC） model and the van Genuchten （vG） model, and four soil data groups were used in this study. The relative drainage rate, which is a unique parameter and independent of the soil type in the simplified dynamic method, was analyzed using the pressure-based method with a matric potential of -1/3 bar and the flux-based method with a drainage flux of 0.005 cm/d. As a result, the relative drainage rate of the simplified dynamic method was determined to be 3% per day. This was verified by the similar field capacity results estimated with the three methods for most soils suitable for cultivating plants. In addition, the drainage time calculated with the simplified dynamic method was two to three days, which agrees with the classical definition of field capacity. We recommend the simplified dynamic method with a relative drainage rate of 3% per day due to its simple application and clearly physically-based concept.