青藏高原新生代隆升研究现状

新生代青藏高原的隆升过程倍受世界关注。国内外学者从不同角度围绕青藏高原成为统一整体(印度-欧亚碰撞)的时限、隆升阶段性和空间差异性、青藏高原作为高海拔高原形成的时间、青藏高原隆升的动力机制等重大事件进行了深入的研究。对印度板块-欧亚板块的碰撞时间存在70Ma、65Ma、55Ma、50Ma、45Ma和40～34Ma等多种观点。印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞不是在某个时间点完成的,其碰撞持续时间约10～15Ma。碰撞方式存在由西向东迁移、由东向西迁移等多种观点。青藏高原的隆升过程具有强烈的时空差异性。青藏高原新生代隆升阶段存在多种划分方案,流行的有3阶段、4阶段和5阶段强隆升过程。青藏高原作为高海拔高原形成的时间可归纳为约3.6Ma以来、13～8Ma、26～20Ma、40～35Ma和55～45Ma 5类观点。青藏高原的形成机制模型存在较大分歧,流行的模式可分为碰撞、俯冲、挤出和拆沉-板片断离4类。青藏高原多阶段隆升及构造-岩浆演化造就了高原复杂多样的大陆成矿作用。高原隆升与环境和气候演变具耦合关系。     

矿物裂变径迹年龄与青藏高原隆升速率研究

本文通过对青藏高原冈底斯花岗岩带中段花岗闪长岩中不同矿物裂变径迹年龄研究表明,青藏高原南部的隆升是分阶段的,从岩体就位到约30Ma为高原缓慢隆升阶段,30Ma-7Ma期间高原隆升速度加快,7Ma以来高原快速隆升;结合已有的有关青藏高原不同地区隆升速率、时限研究成果认为,青藏高原的隆升具有整体性、阶段性、加速性和区域的不均衡性。      

青藏高原隆升三阶段模型的数值模拟

研究表明 ,青藏高原的隆升不仅是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的结果 ,它同时受到高原下部地幔物质运移以及地幔和岩石层之间耦合作用的影响。文中以青藏高原隆升三阶段模式(BCCM )为基本模型 ,对在印度板块向北推移、挤压而导致的高原隆升演化的数值模拟结果进行处理。处理中考虑了与抬升过程相应的剥蚀过程 ,同时还考虑在高原演化的后期大约 8～10Ma时发生的下伏岩石层底部的对流搬离 (convectiveremoval)而导致的隆升作用。结果表明 ,模型描述的青藏高原隆升演化过程和观测资料有较好的吻合 ,同时显示高原下部岩石层的对流搬离可能是最近 8～ 10Ma以来高原整体隆升的主导机制。     

青藏高原造山带的垮塌与高原隆升

印度与亚洲的碰撞及前期的地体拼合产生了世界上规模最大的青藏高原碰撞造山带,并进而导致了高原的形成。但关于该造山带的形成演化过程与高原隆升的关系,一直未能取得明确的共识。本文通过对近几年来的资料总结发现,印度与亚洲的碰撞大约发型在55 Ma左右。由于新特提斯大洋板块的断离作用,形成冈底斯地区大规模的古新世—始新世花岗岩和火山岩,并发生青藏高原第一次较大规模的隆升。随着印度板块的持续向北挤压和朝亚洲大陆下的不断俯冲,该造山带岩石圈不断增厚,并在≈26 Ma左右发生岩石圈拆沉和减薄,形成全区的新生代钾质与超钾质岩浆活动,并发生全区范围内的大规模地壳隆升与剥蚀。中新世及以后,除局部地区外,青藏高原总体隆升幅度不大。因此,青藏高原的隆升与造山带的垮塌有关,而并不是由印度与亚洲碰撞而直接产生的。     

青藏高原多向碰撞─揳入隆升地球动力学模式

论证了青藏高原形成与隆升过程中的变形构造格局。岩石圈结构、青藏高原隆升与周边前陆沉积盆地耦合关系、高原隆升的地球动力学模式等。提出青藏高原碰撞-隆升过程中,高原边缘以走滑-挤压构造为主,高原内部以伸展构造为主;高原隆升过程中,岩石圈变形总体是：上部以伸展变形为主,中部以挤压变形为主,下部以伸展变形为主。通过青藏高原及周边岩石圈结构及隆升过程变形作用时-空耦合关系的对比研究,建立起青藏高原隆升机制的多向碰撞-入隆升地球动力学模式。     

青藏高原多向碰撞─揳入隆升地球动力学模式

论证了青藏高原形成与隆升过程中的变形构造格局。岩石圈结构、青藏高原隆升与周边前陆沉积盆地耦合关系、高原隆升的地球动力学模式等。提出青藏高原碰撞-隆升过程中,高原边缘以走滑-挤压构造为主,高原内部以伸展构造为主;高原隆升过程中,岩石圈变形总体是：上部以伸展变形为主,中部以挤压变形为主,下部以伸展变形为主。通过青藏高原及周边岩石圈结构及隆升过程变形作用时-空耦合关系的对比研究,建立起青藏高原隆升机制的多向碰撞-入隆升地球动力学模式。     

青藏高原的形成和隆升机制综述

青藏高原的形成和降升问题是十分复杂的热点问题,受到了全球地质学者的普遍关注。高原的形成是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞挤压导致地壳增厚、挤压抬升、地面剥蚀均衡和深部热作用的共同结果。目前青藏高原隆升过程是多阶段、非均一、隆升速率由慢到快、更新世（约3Ma）以来进入快速隆升期的认识日趋达成共识,但在隆升机制方面存在着多种模式（三阶段模式、叠加压扁热动力模式、拆沉模式、陆内俯冲模式和人隆升模式等）。随着来自地质、地球物理和地球化学等方面的资料积累、测量仪器精度的提高以及数学模拟方法的改进,以高原的形成和隆升机制将会有更为合理的解释。     

青海循化盆地新近纪磁性地层学

青藏高原东北部是研究高原隆升和东亚季风演化的重要地区.通过对青藏高原东北部循化盆地西沟剖面新近纪河湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究, 建立了西沟剖面约14.6~5.0 Ma沉积物的磁极性年代框架.沉积相的分析表明, 循化盆地在约14.6~5.0 Ma期间总体上处于充填萎缩阶段.西沟剖面巨厚层砾岩首次出现的时间约为7.3 Ma前, 应是青藏高原东北部快速隆升的沉积响应.这与青藏高原在约8.0 Ma前快速隆升的时间相近, 进一步说明约8.0 Ma前青藏高原的构造隆升具有准同时性.      

青藏高原隆升对中国构造-地貌形成、气候环境变迁与古人类迁徙的影响

对中国新生代以来构造-地貌形成的认识,必须建立新生代重大环境事件的年代序列,既需要不同地区构造变形、隆升年代学的依据,又需要宏观背景的把握。现今中国大陆构造-地貌格架及相关问题,诸如青藏高原的隆升、西部北西西向盆-山地貌和东部北北东向阶梯状盆-山地貌的形成时代、发育过程等,一直是地学界关注但尚未得到统一认识的一些重要科学问题。20世纪70年代以来通过青藏高原隆升的研究、提供了大量隆升年代学和古高程信息的数据,使得对其开展定量分析成为可能。青藏高原何时形成现今的高原面貌?这是国内外学者长期争议的科学问题。笔者从20世纪80年代对柴达木盆地及其邻区开展了20余年研究,发现柴达木作为一个现今的高原盆地经历了青藏高原隆升的全过程,高原隆升和环境变迁的所有事件,在盆地的沉积、构造上都有比较完整的记录,因此它可以作为青藏高原隆升大阶段划分的最佳参考时空坐标,并依此提出古近纪期间(55~24 Ma)青藏高原整体并未隆升;青藏—闽粤高原的初次隆升发生在中新世早—中期(23~17 Ma),上新世晚期—早更新世基本被夷平;形成现今高原面貌的末次快速隆升发生在上新世晚期—早更新世(3.6~0.8 Ma)和中更新世之间。新生代以来由于青藏高原的隆升和中国构造-地貌格架的形成,直接影响了中国和全球气候环境的变迁以及古人类迁徙的路径,因此需要地质学家、古气候和古人类学家共同探索,对中国及亚洲新生代以来古地貌、古气候变迁的历史和中国古人类的发源与迁徙得出科学的结论。本文通过青藏高原分阶段隆升依据的论证,阐明青藏高原隆升与中国构造地貌形成、气候环境变迁的关系,并探讨中国古人类迁徙的可能路径。     

青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应

青藏高原隆升对中国西部环境变迁起着决定性影响。通过对柴达木、吐鲁番—哈密、塔里木盆地的演化及其与青藏高原隆升的耦合研究,以柴达木盆地为时空坐标,认为高原隆升可分为三大阶段:(1)古近纪期间青藏高原隆升仅限于冈底斯山一带。当时,受行星纬向气候带控制,中国西北地区为干旱亚热带草原和热带雨林环境,大面积准平原化、泛盆地化,在构造上处于伸展-夷平的拉张环境,与现今亚洲大陆东部相似;(2)青藏高原整体的初次隆升发生在中新世早—中期(23~11·7Ma)。因青藏高原和大兴安岭的阻隔,古近纪的纬向气候带逐渐转变为中亚季候风,古黄土(22Ma)、三趾马动物群的发育,说明高原北缘当时为干旱的荒漠草原环境。同时,这次隆升引起中—晚中新世中国西部广袤地域古地形-构造面貌的变化;(3)形成现今高原面貌的末次快速隆升发生在0·9~0·8Ma。早更新世晚期,印度洋快速扩张,印度板块向中亚大陆脉冲式(A型)陆内俯冲,使得高原快速挤压隆升。这次隆升不仅使高原本身的环境骤变,出现第四纪以来最大的冰川,形成世界上最大的高寒草原,而且引起了全球气候的变化,促使北极圈冰盖的形成。同时,高原隆升使高原内部和周边出现强烈的挤压构造变形,如柴达木、河西走廊、塔里木、吐鲁番—哈密、准噶尔等诸盆地内几万米厚度中—新生界的构造变形与昆仑山、祁连山、天山、阿尔泰山的挤出式双向推覆隆升,形成了中国西北的盆-山地貌。现今,随着青藏高原的持续隆升,高寒草原开始退化,造成中国西北地区大面积的荒漠化,成为制约我国西部生态环境的重要因素。     

青藏高原隆升的历史背景和机因

青藏高原自中、上新世大幅度的隆升、形成，是亚洲大陆壳体演化-运动历史中，与地洼构造活动有直接关系的重大事件之一。对青藏高原形成的原因，运用历史一动力大地构造学的研究方法，从多方面的资料综合分析，可以得到较为合理的解释。根据上地壳结构、历史背景、占植物区、地热活动状态等资料，对隆升运动的物质基础、物理因素、内动力和外动力因素；及其对壳体演化一运动史的制约等的综合分析，表明青藏高原的隆升运动发生于亚洲大陆接纳印度外来壳体的过程完结之后，是在另一次和另一种地壳运动中出现的。从力学上说是在碰撞力及后继挤压力已衰退，又经青藏统一古地台形成、以垂向运动占主导的稳定区阶段的间断之后，再度转入活动区阶段，由于多方面的挤压力才开始发生的，是属于另一个壳体演化阶段和另一个应力场的产物。在造山带的性质上，隆升事件是在印度壳体与中亚壳体汇聚接合已经完成，印度大陆已成为亚洲大陆的一部分，并且碰撞造山力及其后继厂力都已为地台型地壳运动所代替之后，才由于大陆内部的地洼型造山作用所致的。     

Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin

Geologists agree that the collision of the Indian and Asian plates caused uplift of the Tibet Plateau.However,controversy still exists regarding the modes and mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau uplift.Geology has recorded this uplift well in the Qaidam Basin.This paper analyzes the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin using sub-surface seismic and drill data. The Cenozoic intensity and history of deformation in the Qaidam Basin have been reconstructed based on the tectonic developments,faults growth index,sedimentary facies variations,and the migration of the depositional depressions.The changes in the sedimentary facies show that lakes in the western Qaidam Basin had gone from inflow to still water deposition to withdrawal.Tectonic movements controlled deposition in various depressions,and the depressions gradually shifted southeastward.In addition,the morphology of the surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin shows that the Cenozoic tectonic movements controlled the evolution of the Basin and divided it into(a) the southern fault terrace zone, (b) a central Yingxiongling orogenic belt,and(c) the northern fold-thrust belt;divided by the XI fault (Youshi fault) and Youbei fault,respectively.The field data indicate that the western Qaidam Basin formed in a Cenozoic compressive tectonic environment caused by the India—Asia plate collision. Further,the Basin experienced two phases of intensive tectonic deformation.The first phase occurred during the Middle Eocene—Early Miocene(Xia Ganchaigou Fm.and Shang Ganchaigou Fm.,43.8—22 Ma),and peaked in the Early Oligocene(Upper Xia Ganchaigou Fm.,31.5 Ma).The second phase occurred between the Middle Miocene and the Present(Shang Youshashan Fm.and Qigequan Fm., 14.9—0 Ma),and was stronger than the first phase.The tectonic—sedimentary evolution and the orientation of surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin resulted from the Tibetan Plateau uplift,and recorded the periodic northward growth of the Plateau.Recognizing this early tectonic—sedimentary evolution supports the previous conclusion that northern Tibet responded to the collision between India and Asia shortly after its initiation.However,the current results reveal that northern Tibet also experienced another phase of uplift during the late Neogene.The effects of these two stages of tectonic activity combined to produce the current Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原东南部及三江地区新生代构造隆升——来自裂变径迹热史反演分析

通过对青藏高原东南部及三江地区8个样品磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹分析、热史反演,对这一地区构造运动及隆升作用进行定量分析.表明青藏高原东南部新生代以来经历两次构造抬升期,在50 Ma和6～5 Ma,其特点是早期为缓慢隆升;晚期为快速抬升期,抬升速率为0.5 mm/a.位于三江地区杨子地块的楚雄盆地构造隆升受青藏高原隆升的影响...     

GEOMORPHIC EVIDENCES FOR CENOZOIC UPLIFT IN THE EASTERN MARGIN OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

GEOMORPHIC EVIDENCES FOR CENOZOIC UPLIFT IN THE EASTERN MARGIN OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU     

Cenozoic Stratigraphy Deformation History in the Central and Eastern of Qaidam Basin by the Balance Section Restoration and its Implication

The Qaidam Basin, located in the northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is a large Mesozoic–Cenozoic basin, and bears huge thick Cenozoic strata. The geologic events of the Indian-Eurasian plate–plate collision since ~55 Ma have been well recorded. Based on the latest progress in high-resolution stratigraphy, a technique of balanced section was applied to six pieces of northeast–southwest geologic seismic profiles in the central and eastern of the Qaidam Basin to reconstruct the crustal shortening deformation history during the Cenozoic collision. The results show that the Qaidam Basin began to shorten deformation nearly synchronous to the early collision, manifesting as a weak compression, the deformation increased significantly during the Middle and Late Eocene, and then weakened slightly and began to accelerate rapidly since the Late Miocene, especially since the Quaternary, reflecting this powerful compressional deformation and rapid uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau around the Qaidam Basin.     

柴达木路乐河地区新生代碎屑组分变化及其对构造隆升的指示

碎屑组分变化是反映盆地物源演化历程的重要物质表现。路乐河地区作为柴达木盆地的重要组成部分,沉积地层记载着印度-欧亚板块碰撞以来青藏高原北缘造山带的构造隆升过程。高长石组分含量、物源方向及毗邻山脉岩性对比揭示,路乐河物源主要受南祁连和赛什腾山控制,其碎屑组分变化对毗邻造山带构造活动具有很好的耦合性。新生代53.5~2.9Ma期间,路乐河地区存在3次物源转换事件,发生时间依次同印度-欧亚板块碰撞及高原内部构造隆升事件相吻合。其中早期50.1~46.6Ma,南祁连山的快速抬升是对大陆初始碰撞的远程响应;44.5Ma,高原以垂向增生和推覆构造发育为特点,赛北断裂高速剥露,致使路乐河地区物源发生转变;渐新世末期(22.6Ma),青藏高原准同时整体隆升,赛什腾山和南祁连山协同为路乐河地区供给沉积物。所获认识为深入了解高原隆升演化和板块碰撞远程效应提供新的沉积依据。     

Crustal response to continental collisions between the Tibet, Indian, South China and North China Blocks: geochronological constraints from the Songpan-Garzê Orogenic Belt, western China

We report SHRIMP U–Th–Pb monazite, conventional U–Pb titanite, Sm–Nd garnet and Rb–Sr muscovite and biotite ages for metamorphic rocks from the Danba Domal Metamorphic Terrane in the eastern Songpan‐Garzê Orogenic Belt (eastern Tibet Plateau). These ages are used to determine the timing of polyphase metamorphic events and the subsequent cooling history. The oldest U–Th–Pb monazite and Sm–Nd garnet ages constrain an early Barrovian metamorphism (M1) in the interval c. 204–190 Ma, coincident with extensive Indosinian granitic magmatism throughout the Songpan‐Garzê Orogenic Belt. A second, higher‐grade sillimanite‐grade metamorphic event (M2), recorded only in the northern part of the Danba terrane, was dated at c. 168–158 Ma by a combination of U–Th–Pb monazite and titanite and Sm–Nd garnet ages. It is suggested that M1 was a thermal event that affected the entire orogenic belt while M2 may represent a local thermal perturbation. Rb–Sr muscovite ages range from c. 138–100 Ma, whereas Rb–Sr biotite ages cluster at c. 34–24 Ma. These ages document regional cooling at rates of c. 2–3 °C Myr^?1 following the M1 peak for most of the terrane. However, those parts of the terrane affected by the higher‐temperature M2 event (e.g. the migmatite zone) experienced initially more rapid (c. 8 °C Myr^?1) cooling after peak M2 before joining the regional slow cooling path defined by the rest of the terrane at c. 138 Ma. Regional slow cooling between c. 138 and c. 30 Ma is thought to be the result of post‐tectonic isostatic uplift after extensive crustal thickening caused by collision of the South and North China Blocks. The clustering of biotite Rb–Sr ages marks the onset of rapid uplift across the entire terrane commencing at c. 30–20 Ma. This cooling history is shared with many other regions of the Tibet Plateau, suggesting that uplift of the Tibet Plateau (including the Songpan‐Garzê Orogenic Belt) occurred predominantly in the last c. 30 Myr as a response to the continuing northwards collision of India with Eurasia.     

Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleomagnetic Chronology of the Zanda Basin, Tibet, and Records of the Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The characteristics of Late Cenozoic tectonic uplift of the southern margin of the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau may be inferred from fluvio-lacustrine strata in the Zanda basin, Ngari, Tibet. Magnetostratigraphic study shows that the very thick fluvio-lacustrine strata in the basin are 5.89- 0.78 Ma old and that their deposition persisted for 5.11 Ma, i.e. starting at the end of the Miocene and ending at the end of the early Pleistocene, with the Quaternary glacial stage starting in the area no later than 1.58 Ma. Analysis of the sedimentary environment indicates that the Zanda basin on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began uplift at -5.89 Ma, later than the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Presence of gravel beds in the Guge and Qangze Formations reflects that strong uplift took place at -5.15 and -2.71 Ma, with the uplift peaking at -2.71 Ma.