山东省采暖空调度日数及其分布特征

在分析山东地区气象变化规律的基础上。应用近10年的实测气象数据，选出了平均月。研究了山东地区标准年气象参数的构成方法，求出了全省各地的采暖度日数和空调度日数，探讨了采暖度日数和空调度日数的分布特征。该研究为计算采暖能耗、空调能耗和推行建筑节能技术，奠定了坚实的基础。     

西部地区居住建筑太阳能采暖利用辐射分区

为区分西部地区居住建筑太阳能采暖的辐射资源差异,针对不同辐射资源强度的太阳能采暖设计开展太阳辐射分区研究。提出以光热采暖度日数辐射比、光电采暖度日数辐射比作为太阳辐射分区指标。为计算南向立面辐射量、光伏板在最佳倾角下接收到的辐射量,通过对比3种太阳辐射模型选择适宜西部地区使用的模型。选择西部地区12个省(自治区、直辖市)的46座城市作为分区数据源,采用聚类分析得到4个居住建筑太阳能采暖辐射区域,并对各区域的太阳能建筑采暖利用潜力进行分析。     

不同典型气候区内建筑屋面及外墙使用隔热涂层后节能作用的分析与评价

利用典型气象年逐时数据,讨论寒冷、夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区典型城市的建筑在屋顶和外墙上使用低太阳辐射吸收率的隔热涂层后,全年空调和采暖能耗变化的情况。发现在属寒冷地区的北京使用隔热涂层,建筑冬季采暖能耗的增加量超过夏季空调能耗的减少量,这类地区更适合使用降低热损的保温层;在属夏热冬冷地区的上海,隔热涂层对全年能耗的影响与冬季采暖的方式有关:当采暖的能效比(EERh)与空调能效比(EERc)满足EERh/EERc<1.24时,使用隔热层全年没有节能收益;而采用集中暖气供暖方式(EERh=4.3),无保温层的建筑加装隔热涂层后,全年节能收益可达5.54kWh/m2,有保温层的建筑加装隔热涂层,全年节能收益也可达1.28kWh/m2。在属夏热冬暖地区的广州,与使用保温层相比,使用隔热涂层降低建筑空调能耗的效果更显著,全年单位面积节能收益是加装保温层时的2.65倍。     

极端天气对被动式太阳能建筑采暖效率的影响

为研究极端天气对被动式太阳能建筑采暖效率的影响,选取关键气象参数（直射辐射、干球温度）来构造极端冷气象条件,主要分析太阳低辐射和极端低温对拉萨、乌鲁木齐、兰州、哈尔滨4个城市的被动式太阳能建筑采暖效率的影响。结果表明：随着太阳直射辐射和温度的降低,哈尔滨整个采暖季的采暖潜力下降最大,拉萨、兰州、乌鲁木齐在太阳直射辐射下降超过50%时,采暖潜力下降最大,哈尔滨在辐射下降43%时采暖潜力下降最大。在温度下降不超过10℃的情况下,拉萨和哈尔滨的采暖潜力下降最大,兰州和乌鲁木齐则是在温度分别下降11和15℃时,采暖潜力下降最大。气象参数对采暖潜力的敏感性分析表明,太阳直射辐射对太阳能采暖潜力的影响大于温度。同时,对不同设计因素进行全局敏感性分析,建筑保温材料的物理参数对采暖潜力的影响高于其他设计参数。     

气象要素对建筑能耗的效用差异性

为研究不同气象参数对建筑能耗的作用规律,结合建筑能耗模拟与敏感性方法,分析气温、相对湿度、水平面总辐射、直射辐射和风速对采暖能耗和空调能耗的影响规律。针对5个建筑热工气候分区,计算上述参数对采暖能耗和空调的敏感系数,量化不同气象参数对采暖能耗和空调能耗的影响差异,发现气象参数对建筑能耗影响具有典型的季节性和地域性特征。     

气候变化下的建筑能耗预测

该文梳理并讨论4种产生未来逐时气象数据的方法:度日法、补偿法、随机气象模型法及全球气候模型法,并着重阐述补偿法中变形法的原理和计算过程;使用西安的历史观测数据及IPCC月尺度预测数据,产生2050年的逐时气象数据;应用Energy Plus对西安高层住宅及办公建筑进行气候变化下的建筑能耗动态模拟。建筑能耗模拟用未来逐时气象数据的精细化研究是进行建筑节能设计和可持续发展的基础工作。     

黑龙江省农村住宅利用太阳能采暖的实践

１前言黑龙江省位于我国最北部，冬季严寒。一月份平均最低气温－２０～－３０℃，地面极端最低气温曾达－５２．３℃。采暖期长达１４５～１９８d，采暖度日值高达３４７７～６７５０（℃·t）。全省农村每年户均生活耗能３．５５t标准煤，其中采暖能耗占６０％。这种高能耗也仅维持室温在５～７℃。为改善采暖条件，降低能耗，我们进行了利用太阳能采暖的实践。２太阳能辐射量黑龙江省的太阳能资源，年总辐射量居全国中等水平。１２月份辐射总量为１４．６～１９．７kJ／cm２。人们曾对黑龙江省冬季太阳辐射资源的利用价值表示怀疑，甚至…     

相变材料和隔热材料在不同地区建筑中应用效果之比较分析

利用典型气象年逐时数据,讨论了5个热工分区中典型城市的建筑采用外保温或相变材料后,全年室温和采暖空调能耗的变化情况,并分别采用"全年累计满足舒适度小时数"和"单位面积耗电量"作为两种材料在被动式和主动式建筑中应用效果的评价指标,结合"峰谷电价"、采暖或空调运行费用和材料的初投资,对其在不同地区的应用进行了可行性分析。研究发现:外保温随采暖能耗在整个建筑能耗中比例的增大而愈显重要;内墙为相变材料可使被动式建筑夏季具有较好的舒适度,使主动式建筑夏季空调能耗降低,但其成本较高,北京、上海和广州地区投资回收期至少为15a;在仅需考虑采暖需求的哈尔滨地区,相变蓄能式地板采暖系统节能效果较好,投资回收期可控制在5a,但采用外保温比相变材料更具经济性,投资回收期仅为1.5a。     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖的探讨

通过对夏热冬冷地区采暖现状大样本的调研,综合该地域的能源现状以及国家能源安全和能源消费对环境的影响,提出了适合夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖的技术途径。     

中国帕米尔高原太阳辐射演变规律

该文基于2016年7月—2021年7月中国帕米尔高原陆-气相互作用观测站的观测资料，挑选总辐射、散射辐射、直接辐射等指标，研究该地区太阳总辐射和散射辐射收支的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：中国帕米尔高原太阳总辐射、散射辐射、水平直接辐射年曝辐量分别为6474.41、2219.95、3497.35 MJ/m²。其中，总辐射、散射辐射、水平直接辐射年的最高辐照度为1171.18、676.23、1003.52 W/m²，分别在2017年7月23日、5月31日和4月3日出现。总辐射、散射辐射、水平直接辐射平均辐照度的峰值分别为690.85、218.66、417.02 W/m²，均在12:00前后出现。中国帕米尔高原地表反照率均值在0.24～0.49之间，年均值为0.30。降水和沙尘天气对地表辐射收支产生影响，其中降水天气使总辐射平均辐照度日峰值比晴天时减小约18%，散射辐射平均辐照度日峰值增加约1.8倍，扬沙或浮尘天气发生时总辐射辐照度日峰值与晴天相比变化不大，散射辐射平均辐照度日峰值增加约1.8倍。此外，当喀什市周边发生沙尘...     

Impact of the ambient temperature rise on the energy consumption for heating and cooling in residential buildings of Greece

Annual values of heating and cooling degree-days for two typical base temperatures, namely 15 °C for heating and 24 °C for cooling, and for the two main cities of Greece (Athens and Thessaloniki) from 1983 to 2002 are presented in the study, calculated using hourly dry bulb temperature records from the meteorological stations of the National Observatory of Athens and of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The decade average (1983–1992 and 1993–2002) values of the heating and cooling degree-days of the two cities are compared, for various base temperatures. The results show that the average value of heating degree-days of Athens for the decade 1993–2002, depending on the base temperature, is reduced from 8% to 22% as compared to the corresponding value of the decade 1983–1992. Similarly, the reduction in the Thessaloniki case is found in the range 4.5%–9.5%. The difference in the average value of cooling degree-days of the decades is more pronounced, the increase ranging from 25% to 69% for Athens and from 10% to 21% for Thessaloniki. In order to evaluate the effect of these changes on the energy requirements for heating and cooling of a typical residential building, the latter were calculated using the variable base degree-day method and the data sets of the two decades. The results show a reduction of the heating energy demand by 11.5% and 5% and an increase of the cooling energy demand by 26% and 10%, for Athens and Thessaloniki respectively.     

Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey

The degree-day method is one of the well-known and the simplest methods used in the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning industry to estimate heating and cooling energy requirements. In this study, the heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey are determined by using long-term recent measured data. Five different base temperatures ranging from 14 to 22°C are chosen in the calculation of heating degree-days. In the case of cooling degree-days, 6 different base temperatures in the range 18 to 28°C are used. Yearly heating and cooling degree-days are given both in tabular form and as counter maps for all the provinces of Turkey (78 weather stations).     

A study on optimum insulation thickness in walls and energy savings in Tunisian buildings based on analytical calculation of cooling and heating transmission loads

In Tunisian climate, both heating in winter and cooling in summer are required to reach comfort levels. Due to the significant increase in building energy consumption, insulation of external walls is recently applied with a thickness typically ranging between 4 cm and 5 cm regardless of structure and orientation of walls and of economic parameters. In the present study, optimum insulation thickness, energy saving and payback period are calculated for a typical wall structure based on both cooling and heating loads. Yearly transmission loads are rigorously estimated using an analytical method based on Complex Finite Fourier Transform (CFFT). Considering different wall orientations, the west and east facing walls are the least favourite in the cooling season, whereas the north-facing wall is the least favourite in the heating season. A life-cycle cost analysis over a building lifetime of 30 years shows that the south orientation is the most economical with an optimum insulation thickness of 10.1 cm, 71.33% of energy savings and a payback period of 3.29 years. It is noted that wall orientation has a small effect on optimum insulation thickness, but a more significant effect on energy savings which reach a maximum value of 23.78 TND/m² in the case of east facing wall. A sensitivity analysis shows that economic parameters, such as insulation cost, energy cost, inflation and discount rates and building lifetime, have a noticeable effect on optimum insulation and energy savings. Comparison of the present study with the degree-days model is also performed.     

窗墙比对某大型商场冷热负荷的影响分析

通过DeST软件模拟某大型商场的冷热负荷,重点分析建筑窗墙比对其冷热负荷的影响,得出建筑负荷值随窗墙比变化的曲线,并应用曲线分析了负荷值的变化趋势,拟合出负荷值随着窗墙比变化的关系式,分析结果对建筑设计具有一定的参考价值。     

The impact of the projected changes in temperature on heating and cooling requirements in buildings in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a fast growing megacity with a population of 12.8 million. Due to its tropical location, dense urban morphology and higher than average density of population, buildings in Dhaka are likely to be adversely affected by the projected changes in climate, in particular by the increases in temperature. Buildings play a vital role in most aspects of our lives and their energy consumption patterns affect climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. It is important to understand the likely impact of the projected increases in temperature on cooling and heating requirements in buildings in future climates. In this research, global projections on changes in temperature are temporally downscaled using a statistically averaged baseline present-day hourly weather data to generate future weather data in three timeslices: 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Time series data for the present-day and future climates are analyzed as well as heating and cooling degree-days are calculated.     

Energy performance analysis of a dormitory building based on different orientations and seasonal variations of leaf area index

The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of vertical vegetation in terms of energy savings for a residential facility situated at KAIST campus. The research has been established through analyzing different building orientations to find out the most suitable combination of vegetation and orientation for reduced heating and cooling energy consumption. A simulation model has been developed where leaf area index, one of the contributing plant physiological parameters for improving building thermal performance, has been incorporated as per seasonal variations. This allowed observing thermal performance patterns of green wall throughout the year. Approximately 60 % savings in heating energy and 31 % increase in overall energy efficiency were achieved with the non-insulated studied building case, and the results showed extreme weather conditions lead to greater energy savings in winter. In cooling season, plant layers were found to be less effective in terms of facade thermal performance especially during relatively higher temperature period, with an average of 17 % cooling energy savings. The North-oriented green wall was observed to be the most effective in increasing heating energy efficiency, while the East-oriented wall was observed to be greatest in cooling energy savings. A higher LAI value proved to be beneficial in improving both heating and cooling energy performance for the studied building.     

LARGE BUILDING COOLING LOAD AND ENERGY USE ESTIMATION

We present a methodology for developing a set of cooling load and energy estimating equations for large commercial buildings. The methodology is developed from parametric simulations on the DOE-2 computer code for any given generic building type and annual weather data file of the location. The equations estimate the annual cooling energy use of a building, its peak cooling load and the sensible cooling load. Correlations are obtained using the concept of the overall thermal transfer value of building envelopes and the number of cooling degree-days in a year. Other key variables include space internal loads, design outdoor-indoor temperature difference, and the global efficiency of chiller plants. The set of simple equations are validated using results obtained from DOE-2 simulations of audited actual buildings. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳能吸收式空调系统的经济性分析

针对一个特定的对象,进行了太阳能吸收式空调系统寿命周期内的模拟计算及影响因素的分析,结果表明：（1）单纯太阳能空调（无采暖与热水供应）的经济性很差,太阳能空调与供热的复合系统的经济性要优于单纯的太阳能空调系统;（2）太阳能采暖与空调的复合系统,采暖与供冷的负荷比对系统的经济性有很大影响,即使在最佳的负荷比时仍无法和常规的系统竞争;（3）太阳能与生活热水系统的负荷系统中,热水负荷所占比重越大,经济性越好,当太阳能空调使用生活热水系统夏季多余的热量时,太阳能空调系统经济上可以和天然气锅炉＋电动制冷机竞争,并具有很好的节能性和环境效益。     

A simplified quadratic expression for the approximate estimation of heating degree-days to any base temperature

A simplified second-degree expression is developed for the approximate estimation of annual heating degree-days to various base temperatures. The only data needed for the application of this relation is the degree-days value to some reference base temperature and the mean annual temperature of the location. No statistical analysis is required for the identification of the parameters of the suggested relation, and so it is location insensitive. The quadratic relation proved to be quite accurate when applied to data from many cities from Greece and other Countries. Apart from the estimation of heating degree-days, the suggested expression can be useful for analytical purposes, due to its explicit and simple form.     

Performance analysis & energy benefits of a desiccant based solar assisted trigeneration system in a building

In this paper, performance details and operational benefits of a large scale solar trigeneration system that provides for solar assisted desiccant cooling, heating and hot water generation installed in a teaching institute building have been reported. A two-rotor desiccant system designed for handling 12 000 m3/hr of air was integrated into existing plant to provide a net reduction in energy consumption over the pre-existing heating ventilation and air-conditioning and domestic hot water systems. The system is controlled and monitored by a building management system which has been used to investigate and analyse the typical system behaviour. Heat from solar energy contributed consistently to reduce gas usage for water heating and on an annual basis showed a reduction of 21% of consumed energy. The solar energy contribution for space heating varied over winter months and during some months it was observed to contribute more than 50% of the total energy requirements for space heating. Under suitable ambient conditions, approximately 35% of total building cooling load was met by the solar driven desiccant cooling system. Continuous monitoring has also helped understand some of the operational issues of the system.