真空烧结Fe-Al多孔材料的元素挥发及其对孔结构的影响

以Fe、Al元素混合粉末为原料,采用粉末冶金法,通过偏扩散/反应合成—烧结,制备Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料。根据烧结前后多孔试样的质量变化,并结合XRD、SEM、EDS等测试手段,对烧结过程中多孔试样基础元素挥发行为及孔结构变化进行研究。结果表明,真空烧结元素粉末制备Fe-Al多孔材料过程中,最终烧结温度为1 000℃、保温4 h时,Fe-Al多孔试样质量损失率为0.05%,而最终烧结温度为1300℃时质量损失率达到10.53%;随着最终烧结温度升高,合金元素沿孔壁表面挥发程度增大,导致Fe-Al多孔试样的孔径、开孔隙率和透气度变大。采用MIEDEMA模型和LANGMUIR方程,对真空烧结过程中的质量损失原因进行理论分析,表明Al的挥发是导致多孔试样的质量和孔结构变化的主要原因。     

多孔Ti-Al合金材料的制备与性能研究

采用粉末冶金技术,通过元素粉末混合、偏扩散、反应烧结的方法制备多孔Ti-Al合金材料,研究不同的Al粉添加量对其相结构、孔隙形貌、孔隙率、抗压性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。研究表明:多孔Ti-Al合金材料在Al含量为5%～15%时,主要平衡相为α-Ti和少量Ti_3Al,具有大小并存的闭孔结构;在Al含量为20%～30%时,主要平衡相为Ti_3Al和少量TiAl,具有相互贯通的开孔结构;随着Al含量的增加,材料的孔隙率逐渐增大,抗压强度逐渐减小,耐腐蚀性呈先增大后减小趋势,在Al含量为20%时,多孔Ti-Al合金材料的孔隙率为26.7%,抗压强度为63.9 MPa,耐腐蚀性最强。     

造孔剂(NH_4)_2CO_3含量对FeAl多孔材料性能的影响

以Fe、Al元素粉末为原料,通过添加造孔剂(NH4)2CO3,利用偏扩散/反应合成,制备具有可控孔结构特征、高孔隙率的FeAl多孔材料;采用XRD、SEM、OM及孔结构与力学性能检测等测试手段研究造孔剂(NH4)2CO3添加量对FeAl多孔材料的孔结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随造孔剂添加量增加,FeAl多孔材料的孔隙率升高,当造孔剂质量分数为15%时,孔隙率高达60%;力学性能随孔隙率增加而下降,抗弯强度与孔隙率呈指数递减关系;并得出了孔隙率与抗拉强度关系的定量方程σb=165(1-p)2.4。     

Ni-Cr-Co-W-Mo-Al-Ti合金制备多孔材料的组织与性能研究

用粉末烧结法制备了孔结构为球形中空孔和线型中空孔的镍基多孔高温合金材料.对试样进行显微组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明:制备的多孔高温合金材料的孔隙分布均匀,孔径大小一致.通过高温烧结,多孔合金骨架处的金属颗粒之间形成了烧结颈,发生了烧结结合.生成孔的孔隙度随造孔剂(尿素)的添加量增加而增加,当造孔剂的质量分数为40%时,可得到孔隙度为81.62%的球形多孔材料.多孔材料具有优良的能量吸收性能,其压缩性能随孔隙度和孔径的增加而下降.     

Al-Mg金属间化合物多孔材料的制备

以Al和Mg元素混合粉末为原料,用粉末冶金模压成形和无压反应烧结方法制备出Al-Mg金属间化合物多孔材料,研究反应过程中Al-Mg金属间化合物多孔材料的相转变、体积膨胀、孔结构参数和显微形貌的变化,并对其孔隙形成机理进行讨论。研究结果表明:烧结后Al-Mg金属间化合物形成了均一的Al3Mg2相并发生了显著的体积膨胀,开孔隙率随温度的升高而增大,经435℃烧结后,达到24.7%;造孔机理是压制过程中粉末颗粒间隙孔的产生和固相扩散过程中的Kirkendall效应造孔。     

粉末粒径和烧结温度对K418高温合金多孔材料显微结构及性能影响

以气雾化K418镍基高温合金球形粉末为原料，经过粉末松装烧结制备出高温合金多孔材料。通过对多孔材料微观结构、渗透性能、毛细性能及压缩强度进行表征，研究了原始粉末粒径和烧结温度对多孔吸液芯样品显微结构及性能的影响。结果表明，随烧结温度增加，样品的平均孔径和孔隙率减小；在相同烧结温度下，随着原始粉末粒径增加，样品的平均孔径和孔隙率增大。在烧结温度为1230℃，粉末粒径为53～150μm的条件下，多孔材料样品综合性能最优，渗透率为13.69×10-15 m2，毛细压力为22.1 kPa，压缩强度为86 MPa。     

W—Ni—Fe合金多孔材料的研究

研究了由细钨粉加1～2％Ni—Fe(wt),通过压制、预烧结、研碎、分级和强化烧结制预合金粉,再由合金粗粉加2％(wt)硬脂酸或0. 4％(wt)聚乙烯醇,通过成形、预烧结和烧结成W-Ni-Fe合金多孔材料的工艺。探讨了团粒强化烧结温度、粉末粒度、成形压力、烧结温度和时间等工艺因素对多孔W-Ni-Fe合金性能的影响。研制出具有最大孔径130. 7μm,相对透气系数1. 78×10~(-2)L/min·cm~2·mm·H_2O,开孔孔隙度26. 46％,抗弯强度141. 3MPa的多孔W-Ni-Fe合金多孔材料,经抗热震使用实验,证明能用于净化1523K和11. 8MPa的高温高压燃气。     

梯度孔径FeAl金属间化合物多孔材料的制备与性能

先以Fe、Al元素粉末为原料,采用偏扩散/反应合成-烧结工艺制备FeAl金属间化合物多孔材料支撑体,再用粉末湿法喷涂技术将羰基Fe-25Al混合粉喷涂于支撑体表面,经过压制和真空烧结,获得具有梯度孔径的FeAl多孔材料。通过XRD、SEM等测试手段对烧结后的支撑体以及孔结构性能进行表征,并研究压制压力对FeAl多孔材料孔结构性能的影响。结果表明,梯度孔径FeAl多孔材料的最大孔径、透气度及开孔隙度都随压制压力升高而减小。但相对于支撑体,涂层压制压力为120 MPa时最大孔径和透气度分别减小76.46%和32.86%,而开孔隙度略有增大。     

Ni-Al金属间化合物多孔材料的制备

以Ni、Al元素混合粉末为原料,用冷压成形和两阶段固态偏扩散反应烧结法制备Ni-Al金属间化合物多孔材料,系统地研究合金成分、Al粉粒度和烧结温度对孔结构的影响.研究结果表明:随着铝含量增加开孔隙率先缓慢增大而后迅速增大,最大孔径和透气度也随铝含量的增加而增大,开孔隙度则随温度升高增大到一定值后呈减小趋势;随着Al粉粒度增大,最大孔径和透气度都增加,透气度的增加趋势更为显著.     

TiH_2发泡制备TiAl基多孔材料及其组织性能研究

通过在Ti、Al粉末中使用少量TiH2发泡剂替代纯Ti粉,制备具有高孔隙率特征的TiAl基多孔材料。探索适合的粉末复合方法,研究不同含量TiH2、不同Ti、Al粉末成分配比以及烧结工艺对材料孔隙率的影响。结果表明:n(Ti)∶n(Al)=1∶2,TiH2质量比为5%,真空反应烧结温度620℃、保温时间4 h条件下材料的孔隙率最大,可达到63.5%。材料的孔隙率随TiH2含量的增多、Al含量的增多先增大后逐渐减小,随烧结温度的升高逐渐减小,且多为连通型孔隙。烧结后多孔材料热导率为2~14 W·(m·K)-1。不同TiH2含量TiAl基金属间化合物抗压强度在6~40 MPa之间。     

Fe-Al系金属间化合物多孔材料的制备及孔结构表征

以Fe、Al元素粉末为原料,采用分段无压反应合成工艺制备Fe-Al系金属间化合物多孔材料,并对其孔结构进行表征.通过改变Fe-Al元素的配比,研究Al含量对Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料透气度和最大孔径以及孔隙度的影响.结果表明,Al含量对Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料孔隙度的影响显著.在Al含量(质量分数)20%～45%的范围内,Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料的孔隙度与Al含量之间遵循严格的直线增加规律;Al含量对Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料最大孔径和透气度的影响与对孔隙度的影响相似.本实验条件下Fe-Al系金属间化合物多孔材料中透气度(k),开孔隙度(θ)和最大孔径(dm)之间的定量关系式为:K=0.2538dm2θ.     

添加Cr合金化FeAl金属间化合物多孔材料的制备及性能

在Fe-25%Al金属间化合物成分基础上,添加铬(Cr)元素进行合金化,通过元素偏扩散-反应合成-烧结的方法制备含Cr的铁铝(FeAl)金属间化合物多孔材料,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析反应合成过程中的物相变化,采用孔结构测试仪、排水法、弯曲试验和冲击试验研究Cr含量对FeAl金属间化合物多孔材料孔结构和力学性能的影响,通过静态腐蚀实验研究Cr合金化FeAl多孔材料的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:Cr含量为20%时,制得的FeAl多孔材料物相仍为单一FeAl相;其中,Cr含量为5%~10%时,FeAl多孔材料的强度和韧性值较高;随Cr含量增加,FeAl多孔材料的孔径和孔隙度均增大,材料的氧化和硫化速率显著降低。     

Reactive sintering in Fe-Co system

Abstract

Low porosity powder metallurgy compacts have been manufactured from treated elemental iron and cobalt powders sintered at 1150°C under an H_2(g) atmosphere. Their microstructures consist of an interconnected mixed oxide network which encapsulates both the iron and cobalt phases. The production technique employed is an innovative process termed reacto-thermitic sintering (RTS), which leads to near full density and near net shape parts utilising conventional uniaxial compaction and mesh belt furnace practices. The RTS technique relies on microscale exothermic reaction between small quantities of added elemental Al and oxides present on the surface of the bulk powder, together with the bulk powder itself. This results in the production of a transient liquid phase which freezes rapidly and consolidates the compact without slumping. In order to generate an interconnected mixed oxide network, experiments were designed such that the Al powder reacts with the cobalt and the surface of the iron powder which is artificially doped with Fe and Cr oxides.

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and energy balance calculations revealed that the Al and the oxide coating reaction does not proceed directly. Instead the main contribution to the exothermic process is the reaction between Al and Co/Fe. The system does not exhibit true RTS behaviour and the interconnected network of mixed Al, Cr, and Fe oxides is created by subsequent reaction of Co-Al and Fe-Al intermetallics with the artificial Fe-Cr oxide coating on the Fe. The microstructure obtained exhibits negligible porosity with the metallic particles on the whole fully encapsulated by the oxide.     

SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3助焊剂对粉末烧结Cu-C-SnO2多孔材料组织与性能的影响

采用常压烧结法制备了铜-石墨-氧化锡（Cu-C-SnO₂）复合多孔材料,对其物相组成和物理性能进行了分析测试,研究了SiO₂-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃系助焊剂对Cu-C-SnO₂多孔材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明,加入适量助焊剂有助于铜-石墨-氧化锡混合粉体烧结;助焊剂加入量（质量分数）在5%以下时,铜-石墨-氧化锡粉末烧结体的透气性和硬度随着助焊剂质量分数的增加而降低,粉末烧结体的导电性和烧结收缩率随着助焊剂质量分数的增加而升高;在730~770℃烧结,烧结温度对铜-石墨-氧化锡混合粉体的烧结工艺特性和烧结体性能影响不大。     

Effects of Al content on porous Fe–Al alloys

Abstract

Porous Fe–Al alloys with the nominal composition ranging from Fe–20 wt-%Al to Fe–60 wt-%Al have been fabricated by Fe and Al elemental powder reactive synthesis. The effects of the Al content on the pore properties of resultant porous Fe–Al alloys were systematically studied. It has been found that the volume expansion, the open porosity and the permeability can be manipulated by varying the Al content and that their maximum values are reached at Fe–45 wt-%Al. Their mechanical properties suggest that they are strong enough for the filtration applications.     

Development of a technology of compaction of increased-density parts using gas drainage methods. IV. Compaction of powder materials without plasticizer

A new compaction method uses a porous female die made of powdered materials without plasticizer. Powders alloyed with carbon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and microtalc were used to produce the porous die. The powder was compacted by a special device, in which the operating surface of the matrix was lubricated through the open pores of the powdered material. Compaction of materials into a porous die ensures highly efficient drainage of gases from the press mold. As a result the density of iron-based compacts increases to 7.4–7.7 g/cm³ and in regard to mechanical properties the sintered materials can compete with those obtained by hot forging.     

Strain hardening behaviour of powder metallurgy alloys

Abstract

A model to describe the strain hardening behaviour of porous alloys, produced by powder metallurgy, is presented. It accounts for the influence of the matrix strain hardening ability, the initial porosity content and the pore geometry, and its predictive ability is verified with reference to sintered iron and an Fe–0·3%C sintered alloy. The necessity to introduce in the model a parameter able to account for the internal notch strengthening effect exerted by pores is emphasised. This parameter is found to be dependent on the sintering degree of the materials.     

Fabrication of aluminium foam through pressure assisted high frequency induction heated sintering dissolution process: an experimental observation

Abstract

A process based on powder metallurgy approach was developed to produce open celled aluminium foam. In the preparation of foam specimens, the Al powder and the NaCl (leaching agent) were dry mixed together in order to prepare a homogeneous mixture. The blended mixture was then subjected to pressure assisted sintering in which a pressure beyond atmospheric level is externally applied to the specimen during high frequency induction heated sintering. The embedded leaching agent was then dissolved in order to leave behind an open celled Al with the same chemical composition as that of the original Al powder. The final material is highly porous and has an interconnected porosity network. The structure of the resulting material has three levels of porosity (i.e. main cells, windows and microporosity). The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that, as the content of NaCl is increased to the volume fraction of 60%, no traces of NaCl presents in the foam.     

Mn含量对粉末冶金铁铜碳低合金钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用铜粉、石墨粉和铁粉为原料,以Fe-74.8Mn-6.9C中间合金粉的形式加入Mn元素,制备粉末冶金Fe-x Mn-(2-x)Cu-0.3C(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1。质量分数,%)低合金钢,研究Mn含量对该合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金组织由铁素体和珠光体构成。加入含Mn中间合金粉对混合原料粉末的压制性能没有明显影响。随Mn含量增加,合金中孔隙的数量增多,尺寸变大;合金密度先升高后降低,Mn含量为0.4%时合金密度最大,达到7.24 g/cm~3;合金硬度先升高后降低,Mn含量为0.6%时硬度最大;合金抗弯强度下降,冲击韧性升高,Mn含量超过0.4%时二者变化均较小。因此Fe-0.6Mn-1.4Cu-0.3C合金具有较好的综合性能,硬度(HRB)和冲击韧性分别达到57.4和8.80 J/cm~2,比Fe-2Cu-0.3C合金分别提高5.3和0.82 J/cm~2,材料呈部分韧性断裂特征。