队列研究在慢性肾脏病流行病学研究中的重要性

近10余年来,慢性肾脏病(CKD)的流行病学研究成为肾脏病领域的热点.在这一趋势的带动下,我国各个地区陆续开展了若干关于CKD患病率的横断面研究,为评估我国CKD患病现状提供了大量数据.来自北京、上海、广州3个大城市的研究显示成年人群中CKD患病率为11.8%～13.0%[1-3],与美国的水平接近.CKD的相关因素包括传统危险因素,如高血压、糖尿病、老年等,此外还有具中国特色的危险因素,如肾毒性药物等.时至今日,在此领域国际上已经鲜见针对患病率的横断面研究,取而代之的是各种队列研究提供的关于CKD危险因素、疾病进展、并发症发生等的诸多证据.我们介绍队列研究这一流行病学研究的经典方法,并阐述开展队列研究的注意事项.     

Analytical study of burns in Kashmir

Kashmir Valley is part of Jammu and Kashmir State. It is surrounded on all sides by the Pirpanchal range of mountains, and as a result of this position it is cold in the valley for about three-quarters of the year. The population of the Kashmir Valley is 31 30 090 and that of the Srinagar district is 7 21 078. The people of the valley use a ‘Kangri’ which is a portable unguarded heater to keep themselves warm. Burns being common in the area it prompted the undertaking of an analytical study of 100 burn cases admitted to the Medical College Hospital, Srinagar, Kashmir. The pattern of cases referred to or admitted directly in our hospital reflect the percentage of burn injuries sustained in Kashmir Valley since it is the only provincial hospital of its kind in the Valley having facilities for the undertaking of plastic surgery.     

Morphological study of osteosarcomas in children

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary osteal tumor in children. Our study evaluates morphological aspects of osteosarcomas during last 20 years. We present the results of study that includes 32 cases of classical osteosarcomas that had been diagnosed and treated at the "Sf. Maria" Hospital from Iasi (Romania). The diagnosis is based on usually histopathological methods applied to bioptic and surgical exeresis pieces. Male sex is most involved (56%). Patients' age is between 12-15 years in 68% of total cases. In 50% cases the tumour was localized in distal femoral metaphysis. Histological forms were: osteoblastic (66%), chondroblastic (18%), fibroblastic (16%). Enneking's staging was: II A (6.25%), II B (81.25%), and III (12.5%). Metastasis appeared in 75% cases' evolution. Concluding, 25% of studied patients had a favourable evolution during a 5 years period. Survival rate at 2 years was 39%.     

瑞芬太尼临床作用的研究进展

瑞芬太尼是一种较理想的阿片类药物，虽已在临床上得到广泛应用，但其临床应用研究资料仍在不断丰富，本文简要叙述其在临床相关作用的研究及麻醉、镇痛、镇静方面的进展。     

Bacteriologic study of paronychia in children

Pus specimens from 33 children with paronychia of the finger were studied using aerobic and anaerobic techniques. Anaerobic organisms were isolated in pure culture in 9 patients (27 percent) and aerobes only in 9 patients (27 percent); mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora was present in 15 patients (46 percent). A total of 118 isolates were recovered, accounting for 3.6 isolates per specimen. The predominant anaerobic organisms were Bacteroides species, gram-positive anaerobic cocci, Fusobacterium species and Bifidobacterium species. The predominant aerobic organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, gamma hemolytic streptococci, Eikenella corrodens, group A beta hemolytic streptococci, alpha hemolytic streptococci, Klebseilla pneumoniae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Candida albicans was recovered in 6 instances. Seventeen beta lactamase-producing organisms were recovered from 15 children (45 percent). The study demonstrates the mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of paronychia in pediatric patients.     

吸入性损伤的研究进展

Inhalation injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with serious burns. The improvement in the understanding of smoke inhalation injury had been obtained in the last half century in China. The models of steam and smoke inhalation injury had been reproduced and a series of experimental studies had been performed .It was found that chemical bronchotracheitis, pulmonary edema and alveolar collapse(atelectasis) were the primary pathologic findings after inhalation injury. The second inflammatory response would play an important role in the development of acute respiratory failure. The roles of some cytokines, inflammatory cells and pulmonary surfactants in the development of inhalation injury had been elucidated. The etologic factors and the pathophysiologic changes in inhalation injury had been illustrated clearly. These basic science investigations had led to the advances in protective strategies for the complications of inhalation injury. Now the morbidity and mortality of inhalation injury have decreased markedly in China.     

骨关节炎遗传学研究进展

流行病学研究证实遗传因素在骨关节炎发病中具有重要作用.研究发现,骨关节炎遗传度为50%或更高,其遗传学病因仍未清晰.该文就骨关节炎家族性研究、双生子研究、候选基因及症状性骨关节炎的遗传作用等方面的研究进展作一简要综述.     

Histological study of epikeratophakia in primates

Two primate corneas were analyzed histologically 22 and 25 months after epikeratophakia surgery. Keratocytes had migrated from the host cornea into the lenticule through the surgical disruption of the host Bowman's membrane; the lenticule with the wider connection to the host cornea appeared to have more complete keratocyte repopulation. The lenticule stroma and host Bowman's membrane were continuously apposed along the interface, with a basement membrane-like material composed of collagen fibrils and amorphous matrix filling the interstices.