2005年安徽省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解安徽省实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后碘缺乏病防治工作现状，掌握碘缺乏病病情的消长趋势。方法按人口比例概率抽样方法确定监测对象，触诊法和B超法检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺大小；用直接滴定法（GB/T13025．7-1999）检测食盐含碘量，用酸消化砷铈接触分光光度法测定尿碘。结果8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为311．7μg／L，其中〈50μg／L的2份，占0．55％；〈100μg／L的29份，占8．03％。8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为3．33％，B超法为3．73％。合格碘盐食用率95．5％，碘盐覆盖率97．6％。儿童智商均值98．22。碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率学生组为86．3％，家庭主妇组为100％。结论安徽省儿童碘营养水平充足：安徽省已达到消除碘缺乏病各项指标。     

2007年新疆乌鲁木齐县碘缺乏病调查分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐县碘缺乏病流行现状及存在问题,为制定科学防治规划提供依据。方法采用人口比例概率抽样方法（PPS）,对8—10岁儿童碘营养状况（包括甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、智商水平）及居民碘盐食用情况进行调查;对五年级学生和家庭主妇进行健康教育调A。结果居民碘盐食用率为97．4％;合格碘盐食用率为100％,居民碘盐中位数34μg／kg;居民碘盐合格率97．4％;810岁儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为9．4％,B超法为6．57％;学生尿碘中位数216．48μg／L,尿碘低于50μg／L的比例占2％,介于50—100μg／L的占6．6％;智商调查对548名学生智商调查,智力落后13人（≤69）,占调查人数的2．4％;五年缀学生州家庭主妇健康教育问卷及格率为60．4％和76．3％。结论乌鲁木齐县居民碘营养状况良好,尿碘水平和碘盐含量达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,甲状腺肿大率达到国家基本消除碘缺乏病标准,五年级学生健康教育不理想,应继续抓好健康教育工作。     

乌鲁木齐县大湾乡学龄前儿童IDD调查报告

为掌握了解学龄前儿童碘营养状况，按照《新疆维吾尔自治区碘缺乏病防治监测实施方案》的通知，我们对乌鲁木齐县大湾乡辖区内4所小学383名5～7岁学龄前儿童进行了IDD调查。经触诊查出甲状腺肿大率为4．96％，男女之间无差异（5．58％、4．35％）；碘盐半定量测定，学龄前儿童自带食用碘盐合格率为82．02％；碘盐覆盖率为100％。销售商店食用盐含碘量合格率为85．71％，居民食用碘盐含量合格率为87．01％，测定水样4份，水碘含量范围2．0～3．85μg／L，均值为2．78μg／L，测定尿样47份，尿碘中位数252．81μg／L，尿碘水平为98．75～596．58μg／L，尿碘均值为274．81μg／L。调查结果显示，学龄前儿童甲肿率、碘盐覆盖率、尿碘中位数、尿碘均值均已达到IDD的基本消除标准。     

河北省高碘地区8～10岁儿童碘营养状况调查

目的调查河北，肯高碘地区8～10岁儿童碘营养状况.方法采用人口比例概率方法抽样，盐碘测定采用直接滴定法，水碘测定采用砷铈接触法，尿碘测定采用过硫酸铵消化-砷铈催化分光光度方法结果检测居民饮用水样85份．水碘中位数为166．0μg／L；测定居民户盐样301份，盐碘中位数为28．8mg／kg，碘盐覆盖率为70．43％；检测8～10岁儿童一次即时尿样363份，尿碘中位数为418．8μg／L，尿碘〉300μg／L为248份，占总数的68．0％：水碘〉150μg／L调查点的儿童尿碘中位数与水碘中位数相关（r=0．539，P〈0．05），而与盐碘中位数不相关，结论河北省高碘地区8～10岁儿童碘营养过剩，碘盐加重了这种状况，应停止供应碘盐。     

2005年福建省消除碘缺乏病进程分析

目的为了解我省实现消除碘缺乏病目标的进程。方法采用容量比例概率法在全省调查了30个县l200名8～10岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率（B超法和触诊法）和智商、387份尿碘，1196份盐碘。结果8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为1．3％（B超法），尿碘中位数为158．1μg／L，〈50μg／L仅占6．6％，居民户合格碘盐食用率为90．9％，轻度智力发育落后的发生率为1．9％。结论我省在2005年实现省级水平消除碘缺乏病的目标，全民食盐加碘措施实施以后出生的儿童，不再受到碘缺乏的危害。     

2005年河南省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的调查河南省碘缺乏病防治现状，完善可持续防治策略。方法采用人121比例概率抽样法（PPS）分阶段抽样。全省抽取30个县的8～10岁学生1200名，检查甲状腺肿大情况、测验智商、检测尿碘及家中盐样含碘量，并在学生和家庭主妇中进行健康教育问卷调查。结果①全省盐碘均值为29．18mg／kg，碘盐覆盖率为97．67％。②8-10岁学生甲状腺肿大率触诊法为4．56％，B超法为2．75％；智商均值为95．5，标准差为16.3。③检测8-10岁儿童尿样358份，尿碘中位数为315．30斗g／C。④问卷调查602名学生碘缺乏病防治知识，平均分为57．9分，及格率为35．5％。⑤在普及碘盐供应10年后，原划定病区与非病区间儿童甲状腺肿大率（B超法）差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；智商、盐碘、尿碘间差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论①河南省目前各项防治指标达到了碘缺乏病消除标准，但学龄儿童尿碘中位数较高，可以考虑适当下调碘盐含碘量；②儿童智商低下者（智商≤69）仍然高达7.3％，需要加强对孕妇的重点监测，早期发现缺碘，早期补碘；③防治知识知晓率偏低．应加强健康教育工作，增强群众防病意识。     

2005年河北省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的掌握河北省2005年碘缺乏病病情和人群碘营养状况,评价食盐加碘控制碘缺乏病的效果。方法采用人口比例概率抽样方法（PPS）进行抽样。结果采集测定居民户盐样1200份,盐碘中位数为28．6mg／kg,碘盐合格率为90．2％。触诊法和B超法检查8～10岁儿童1200名,肿大率分别为2．75％和2．17％。采集测定8～10岁儿童1次即时尿样362份,尿碘中位数为212．35μg／L。测试8～10岁儿童1200名智商,平均智商为105．3。结论河北省碘缺乏病得到有效控制,但由于受非碘盐的影响,居民碘盐合格率较低;8～10岁儿童的碘营养状况总体上良好。     

乌鲁木齐市红旗幼儿园268名学龄前儿童碘营养状况调查

按国家标准（GB16005）《碘缺乏病（IDD）病区划分标准》，采用触诊法对乌鲁木齐市红旗幼儿园268名学龄前儿童碘缺乏病病情进行了调查并采用酸消化法对水碘、尿碘含量进行了测定：4～6岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为2．37％，尿碘水平为56．22～622．04μg／L；尿碘中位数308．77μg／L，尿碘均值332．51μg／L；4岁以下儿童甲肿率为2．02％．尿碘水平为61．23～743．89μg／L，尿碘均值为316．86μg／L；尿碘中位数为281．12μg／L。从整体看本次测定的尿碘中位数、几何均值均己满足该年龄组儿童生理需要量。但是，部分儿童尿碘水平值仍处于正常值之下，说明一些儿童日摄入碘量不足。由此推断，乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童仍存在轻度碘缺乏，建议继续加强防治碘缺乏病知识的宣传教育，特别是幼教人员和家长对碘缺乏病于预措施的认识。     

2005年山西省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解山西省碘缺乏病病情和人群碘营养状况，评价干预措施落实情况及效果，为决策和下一步的防治工作提供依据。方法采用人口比例概率抽样法（PPS）在全省抽取30个县，每县随机抽取1所小学，每所小学抽取40名8～10岁儿童，采集其家中盐样检测盐碘，调查甲状腺肿大情况（触诊法和B超法），测试智商；在上述40名儿童中随机抽取12名，采集尿样检测尿碘；另外抽取5年级学生20名．学校所在村18～35岁妇女5名，调查健康教育状况。结果居民碘盐覆盖率为98．19％，合格碘盐食用率为93．17％：儿童尿碘中位数为245．4μg／L；儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法为4．8％，B超法为3．6％；儿童智商为108．0±14．0；5年级学生健康教育得分43．9分，家庭主妇健康教育得分83．5分。结论山西省仍属实现碘缺乏病消除目标省份。     

2002年商洛市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解在现行碘盐含量标准条件下碘缺乏病病情势态及重点人群碘营养状态。方法 采用一次性点状调查方式，监测人群为儿童与妇女。结果 8～10岁儿童甲肿率为6．0％；尿碘中位数儿童为287．2μg／L，育龄妇女为278．2μg／L，哺乳妇女为251．3μg／L，孕妇为268．3μg／L；盐碘均数30．5mg／kg，合格率84．25％；饮用水碘中位数3．1μg／L；7～14岁学生智商总体评价为中下水平；健康教育问卷学生组平均61分，家庭主妇组平均68分。结论 商洛市碘缺乏病病情呈稳定下降势态；现行盐碘浓度适合商洛市现状，重点人群碘营养状况良好。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.