Dynamic planning and control methodology for strategic and operational construction project management

This paper introduces the system's perspective of the dynamic planning and control methodology (DPM), aimed to support both the strategic and the operational aspects of project management. For this objective, a new modeling framework that integrates system dynamics and network-based tools is presented in this paper. The proposed framework adopts system dynamics as a core simulation engine for strategic project management and network-based tools as a wrap layer for operational project management. To implement the DPM framework, a web-based system has been developed within a collaborative environment. The developed system provides great support to both the strategic and operational aspects of project management by integrating familiar network concepts with system dynamics to analyze the overall strategic and operational project performance.     

Decision model for allocating human resources in information system projects

Human resource allocation (HRA) can be viewed as core processes of the project management of information systems. Both in organizations, the business of which is to provide solutions for Information Systems, as in units of companies that work with Information Systems (IS), there are frequent demands for human resources to be allocated to IS projects. However, this is not a simple task and becomes more complex as the numbers of projects and professionals, including the range of expertise required, increase. This paper presents a methodology, based on dynamic programming, to assign human resources to software development projects. The methodology takes into account the complexity of each project and the existing capabilities of staff and the skills required for the project. A simulation is used to demonstrate the decision model.     

An Automated Modeling System for Simulating Earthmoving Operations

Resource-based modeling (RBM) is a general methodology for automating the modeling process of construction simulation. This paper substantiates the RBM concepts and develops an automated modeling system for simulating earthmoving operations (RBM-earth). Focusing on the properties involved in earthmoving operations, an atomic model library consisting of eight basic atomic models, an equipment database, miscellaneous linking structures, and the user interface have been developed in RBM-earth. While using RBM-earth to construct a simulation model, the user only needs to select required equipment and to specify project information for the operation. The information will be incorporated automatically into atomic models to generate project-specific atomic models that are then assembled into a working model for the project. The model can be directly experimented by using SLAMSYSTEM. The biggest advantage of RBM-earth is that a flexible project-specific simulation model can be generated in a very little time without requiring the user to be proficient in simulation, as required by many current modeling systems. Therefore, simulation can be made an applicable tool for construction practitioners.     

EPC模式全生命周期视角的风险系统动力学研究

EPC工程总承包模式具有投资效益高、总成本低、设计与施工协调等优势,但同时其投资规模大、采购成本高、前期工作量大的特点为项目的实施带来了相当大的潜在风险。项目管理者要避免工程风险带来的不利影响,就必须熟悉风险在工程全生命周期下的动态变化以及影响机制,并采取有效措施来降低风险的发生。系统动力学仿真模型是诊断和分析多因素风险成因的方法,可有效地处理相互作用的、动态的项目风险。基于EPC模式全生命周期视角,运用Vensim PLE软件绘制出风险全过程结构图,构建EPC模式风险系统动力学（System Dynamics）模型,分析各影响因子间的因果关系及其内在联系,对系统风险反馈信息以及仿真模拟进行分析,从而为项目管理者提供决策依据,降低风险带来的不利影响,提升管理水平。     

ConSERV, a project specific risk management concept

Managing risks in design intensive multi-disciplinary capital projects presents unique problems for decision makers within the project environment. Existing risk management tools, tend to employ axiomatic software and as such do not provide any intelligent risk management capability or lead to better informed decision making processes. ConSERV is being developed as a comprehensive project management methodology able to extract project specific risk issues throughout the project life cycle and apply experiential knowledge by using a knowledge-based system to assist in the management of them. A visual representation of the project risks is obtained by employing a more practical non probabilistic approach. ConSERV will provide project managers with on line decision support, at key stages of the project to assist in the management and control of the project specific risks identified.     

A User-Oriented Approach to Construction Simulation of Buildings

Abstract: This paper describes a modeling approach for construction operations that uses a Form metaphor rather than the familiar network-based icons. The objective is to facilitate the construction of simulation models by nonprogrammers. This paper discusses object orientation in modeling and how the technology may be used to help the user (a nonprogrammer) by facilitating the modeling process and to translate the object-based model into a simulation program. The simulation model development is facilitated by the creation of company-wide "construction operation libraries" limiting model development to the specification of resource interactions. An example demonstrating the application of this approach to a complex construction project and a comparison with CYCLONE are presented.     

基于VISAM模型的施工动态仿真建模方法研究

施工动态仿真的复杂建模过程限制了其在工程领域得到推广并作为辅助管理决策的有效手段.提出了一种新的仿真建模方法,采用真实施工场景下交互式仿真智能体模型来构建仿真系统,在真实施工场景下创建实体模型,设置仿真属性,建立智能体规则库,构建仿真模型拓扑关系,并在高度沉浸感的环境下进行交互式仿真控制,简化了仿真建模过程,提高了施工仿真的直观性和可接受性.     

Multiobjective optimisation algorithm for sewer network rehabilitation

Understanding of deterioration mechanisms in sewers helps asset managers in developing prediction models for estimating whether or not sewer collapse is likely. Effective utilisation of deterioration prediction models along with the development and use of life cycle maintenance cost analysis contribute to reducing operation and maintenance costs in sewer systems. This article presents a model for life-cycle maintenance planning of deteriorating sewer network as a multi-objective optimisation problem that treats the sewer network condition and service life as well as life-cycle maintenance cost (LCMC) as separate objective functions. The developed model utilises Markov chain model for the prediction of the deterioration of the network. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to automatically locate an appropriate maintenance scenario that exhibits an optimised tradeoff among conflicting objectives. Monte Carlo simulation is used to account for LCMC uncertainties. The optimisation algorithm provides an improved opportunity for asset managers to actively select near-optimum maintenance scenario that balances life-cycle maintenance cost, condition and service life of deteriorating sewer network. A case study is used to demonstrate the practical features of developed methodology.     

How to make the structured design process work

The principles of implementing a model for project management and systems development are discussed. Consideration is given to the problems that arise in implementing structured techniques i.e. structured systems analysis and structured systems design, and a proven methodology is recommended, which gives the organization the basic foundation for success in systems development. It also contains a model for project management which includes a guide to the execution of quality and funding reviews throughout the life cycle.     

BIM技术在PKPM建筑工程软件系统中的应用

随着计算机运算速度、图形处理能力及图形学理论的发展,CAD软件已经有了质的飞跃,CAD技术正在从原来简单的辅助绘图(Drafting)向成为真正能够辅助设计(Design)的工具发展,网络化、集成化、智能化和标准化已成为新一代CAD软件的重要特征,而三维建筑信息模型(BIM)正是实现以上目标的基础。PKPM通过核心三维数据模型,将建筑项目的各个环节连接起来,率先实现了信息数据化、数据模型化、模型通用化的BIM理念,进而实现了建筑模型数据在全寿命周期的充分利用。PKPM系统涵盖了规划、建筑、结构、设备以及算量造价、施工管理、乃至企业管理各个方面。在建筑全生命周期内,实现了建筑各个专业之间的信息充分互用,提高建筑信息的复用率,从而达到降低建筑成本,提高生产效率的目的。     

A multi-objective optimisation approach for sustainable pavement management

Addressing the multidimensional challenges involved in advancing the sustainability of pavement systems requires the development of optimisation-based decision support system (DSS) for pavement management with the capability to identify optimally sustainable pavement maintenance and rehabilitations (M&R) strategies. The main objective of this research work is to develop a multi-objective optimisation framework that hosts a comprehensive and integrated pavement life cycle costs–life cycle assessment model that covers the pavement’s whole life cycle, from the extraction and production of materials to construction and maintenance, transportation of materials, work-zone traffic management, usage and end-of-life. The capability of the proposed DSS is analysed in a case study aiming at investigating, from a full life cycle perspective, the extent to which a number of pavement engineering solutions are efficient in improving the environmental and economic aspects of pavement sustainability, when applied in the management of a road pavement section. Multiple bi-objective optimisation analyses considering accordingly agency costs, user costs and greenhouse gas emissions were conducted based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Pareto fronts were obtained for each analysis, originating a set of non-dominated maintenance and rehabilitation solutions. Posteriorly, a multi-criteria decision analysis method was used to find the best compromise solution for pavement management.     

Simulation-based methodology for project scheduling

This paper describes a discrete-event simulation that incorporates the critical path method (CPM) in generating comprehensive information for construction project scheduling or planning. An activity-based graphical model able to consider complexities in construction, for example, unbalanced logical dependencies, unbalanced resource involvements and repetitive activity operation is proposed. An activity scanning (AS)-based forward pass algorithm for early-time information and a backward search algorithm for late-time information are developed. The simulation results that include both resource utilization statistics and late-time information (i.e. latest start or finish time and total float (TF)) of every activity for each cycle of operation cannot be easily achieved through traditional simulation or CPM. Illustrations demonstrate the advantages of the activity-based graphical model and the impacts of resource allocation policies on the schedule. The proposed methodology aims at widening the application of construction simulation by providing float time information and enhanced modelling capability.     

沥青拌和站袋式除尘器内部流场的数值模拟

以沥青拌和站袋式除尘器为研究对象,在三维建模软件Pro/E中建立某3000型沥青搅拌站袋式除尘器的实体模型,并将该模型导入流体力学仿真软件Fluent,运用有限元理论对袋式除尘器内部流场进行数值模拟,得到袋式除尘器内部速度场分布、压力场分布以及迹线图分布情况,在此基础上讨论这些因素对袋式除尘器除尘效率和使用寿命的影响。     

组态视角下治理策略对项目管理绩效影响研究

咨询企业的项目管理能力是全过程工程咨询项目取得成功的重要影响因素。因而业主方改善项目管理绩效不单需要组织间项目治理机制的作用,还要依赖咨询企业的项目管理治理水平。用定性比较分析方法,确定了以业主与咨询企业间的控制权配置、报酬机制、信任、沟通以及咨询企业项目管理治理水平等治理策略为前因变量,以项目管理绩效为结果条件的组态模型,并输出了能有效改善项目管理绩效的5 条等效路径。结果显示:项目管理绩效的改善取决于全过程工程咨询项目不同层级治理策略组合的实施程度。研究结果为业主方提供了全过程工程咨询模式下项目管理绩效改善的新路径。     

地铁车站商业开发的行人交通影响分析

地铁系统能够有效缓解城市交通拥堵问题,但地铁建设费用高昂,且公共交通的行业属性也决定了其不可避免的亏损。地铁车站地下空间的商业开发,是提高地铁运营综合收益、减少亏损的有效手段,但作为城市公共交通系统的骨干,地铁车站的商业开发不能影响其交通功能。因此,有必要在进行商业开发时,评估其对地铁车站交通运行的影响。本文以行人仿真为基础,以实际工程应用为出发点,构建了地铁车站地下空间商业开发的行人交通影响评价方法。该方法以服务水平为评价指标,包含数据分析、模型构建、仿真结果分析、优化改善等步骤。实际工程中的应用表明,该方法能够定量化的反映商业开发对地铁车站交通功能的影响,具有较强的可操作性。     

工程造价全生命周期的动态管理研究

随着我国工程建设项目管理体制的改革与发展,工程造价管理由原来的静态管理发展为动态管理,由原来的阶段管理发展为全生命周期管理,从而以较小的全生命周期成本去完成项目的建设和运营。为此就加强工程造价全生命周期的动态管理进行探讨,以动态有效地控制工程造价。     

多利益方背景下的BIM技术辅助建筑工程项目协同机制探索

建筑工程是一项协同多参与方的组织活动,在项目全寿命周期各个阶段都会有各种信息流的相互传输。目前,由于主客观因素在建筑全寿命周期中经常会出现信息传输的失真,即“信息孤岛”现象,该现象大大制约了项目的高效进展,BIM技术的出现为解决该问题提供了有效工具。在建筑工程项目协同机制进行需求分析的基础上,建立以BIM技术为核心的建筑工程项目协同模型,分析建筑工程项目协同模型运用实际工作中需要注意的问题并提出几点意见,为建筑全寿命周期工作流程再造和提高项目效率提供了基础。     

The effects of schedule-driven project management in multi-project environments

Prior work has affirmed the importance of studying project management in multi-project environments. A challenge in these settings pertains to the need to share skilled resources across concurrent projects when project management is schedule-driven and resource capacity is fully committed. To probe into this problem, we use a system dynamics simulation grounded on in-depth fieldwork with a high-performance truck developer. We simulate the effects of capturing resources allocated originally to one project so as to speed up another product development project that started late. Our central contribution is to illuminate how a schedule-driven project management policy can lead to a vicious cycle that degrades the organization's capability to meet the planned project milestones in the long-term. Whilst capturing resources can ensure that a tardy but ‘business-critical’ project is delivered on time, if the organization has no free resource capacity and is also not recruiting more staff, this practice harms the schedule performance of the projects deprived from resources. Further, the workforce's productivity gradually deteriorates as the frequency with which staff switches back and forth between projects increases. These effects compounded cause delays in all the subsequent projects, irremediably degrading the organization's capability to deliver projects on time reliably.     

基于信息流分析的建设项目可持续性研究

建设项目的可持续性是实现社会可持续发展的重要方面。基于信息流分析方法对建设项目全生命周期所涉及的重要信息进行了深入分析,在此基础上,通过文献分析和专家调查法,指出当前建设项目可持续性实践中在信息流方面存在的主要问题,包括建筑业生产的离散性导致的沟通问题、设计阶段对建设项目可持续性考虑不足、不健全的政策和法律法规、信息自身质量等,并针对这些问题给出了相应的改进方案。研究成果有利于建设项目可持续性的实现。     

Development of HVAC system simulation tool for life cycle energy management Part 1: Concept of life cycle energy management and outline of the developed simulation tool

The importance of LCEM (life cycle energy management) has been recognized from the view of life cycle energy savings for sustainable buildings. The purposes of this research are the proposal of an LCEM framework and development of prototype HVAC system simulation tools for LCEM. In this paper, the necessity of energy simulation tools for LCEM is discussed, and the outline and solution method of the simulation tool are shown.