中国石油污染源在线监测工作存在问题与建议

介绍了污染源在线监测系统的组成,阐述了污染源在线监测系统在环境监管能力建设、环境监管效能提升及环境保护管理创新中发挥的作用。结合污染源在线监测系统在中国石油环境保护管理工作中的应用实践,分析了目前污染源在线监测工作中存在的认识不足、设备选型不良、运维管理不到位等主要问题,建议提高对污染源在线监测工作的重视程度、开展污染源在线监测设备及第三方运维服务评价、深化污染源在线监测数据应用。     

COD在线监测法与实验室分析法比对研究

化学需氧量(COD)作为环保部重点考核指标之一,其在线监测法的研究受到了广泛关注。通过对实际水样中CODCr在线监测法结果与实验室分析法结果进行比对分析,对在线监测法测定条件进行了优化。采用优化后的在线监测法测定实际水样的CODCr含量,其准确度良好,且在线监测法结果与实验室分析法结果无显著性差异,表明在线监测法测定COD数据真实可靠,可满足对污水处理厂监督管理的要求。     

固定污染源烟气在线监测设备比对监测偏差原因浅析

通过对固定污染源烟气在线监测设备比对监测偏差造成不合格的几个典型问题的剖析,从固定污染源烟气在线监测设备数据有效性的判定开始,就污染源在线监测设备问题、人工比对监测方法不同及工艺上不同工况造成比对监测偏差不合格的原因进行分析,并提出减少和避免类似问题发生的措施,使固定污染源烟气在线监测设备比对监测合格,能更好地服务于生产。     

天津市给水管网水质在线监测系统

分析了给水管网水质在线监测系统的内涵,结合监测度、监测度矩阵、监测点覆盖水量、仪表集成、数据传输、中央控制管理系统等介绍了天津市给水管网水质在线监测系统的建设过程,主要包括在线监测点位置的优选、在线监测系统的集成及其功能,并对下一步系统的拓展进行了展望。     

变压器高压套管末屏在线监测系统设计

为了克服对套管进行固定周期停电检修的检修周期长、检修不精确等问题，探讨了高压套管的在线监测方案，给出了一种套管末端在线监测装置的设计方案，以保证及时发现套管设备绝缘缺陷，对保障电力系统安全运行具有重要意义。根据所设计的套管末端在线监测系统整体结构，介绍了监测系统中在线监测单元结构，以及在线监测单元结构中局部信号调理电路、高速采集电路以及电源功能电路的设计，最后通过测试实验，证明了在线监测系统可以实时监测高压套管运行状态，设计的在线监测装置具有稳定、准确、有效的特点。     

差量控制图在污水厂在线仪表运行管理中的应用

为科学运行管理污水厂的在线监测仪表,制定在线仪表合理校准周期,国内某公司首次引进差量控制图管理在线监测仪表,两年多来通过在线溶解氧仪和污泥浓度计的测试,发现了在线仪表日常管理的不足,并及时采取了相应的改进和优化措施。该方法对发现在线仪表可能存在的监测结果失真问题起着很好的作用,大大提高了在线仪表监测数据的准确性和可靠性。     

油气回收在线监测技术发展现状及改进建议

对国内外加油站油气回收在线监测技术发展及应用现状进行总结介绍,对油气回收在线监测设备工作原理、系统组成以及各关键参数数据采集传输流程进行了说明,针对加油站及销售企业对油气回收在线监测工作重要性认识不足,油气回收在线监测系统安装、验收、运行管理缺少标准规范,在线监测设备防爆计量认证工作未有效开展以及有效运行管理模式尚未建立等问题,提出了切实可行的意见和建议。     

南方某市供水管网水质在线监测管理系统的建立

以南方某市为例，介绍了其供水管网水质在线监测管理系统的建立过程。首先，对系统进行总体设计，确定在线监测点的位置、数量和在线监测指标，选定在线监测仪器和在线数据传输方式。其次，基于管网水质在线监测信息建立了水质在线监测管理系统，可实现数据库连接、列表、查询、统计报表打印、实时监测数据显示等功能。最后，依据统计分析与人工智能的方法建立了三种水质预测模型，并将其与水质在线管理系统集成，实现了对供水管网主要水质指标的在线监测、管理与预测。对该系统采用管网实测数据进行考核、验证，结果令人满意。     

输电线路在线监测可靠性评价方法

输电线路在线监测是实现输电线路状态检测和检修的重要手段.为评价输电线路在线监测可靠性,采用层次分析法建立了以环境因素、监测装置本体、人员因素、管理因素的可靠性评价体系结构,在可靠性评价体系基础上建立了输电线路可靠性多级模糊综合评价模型,对武汉地区一条线路的在线监测的可靠性进行了评估,确定了该条线路的在线监测可靠性等级为差,可靠性差主要是由于装置本体原因引起的.     

城市污水排水管网在线监测、监视复合系统的构建研究

为了及时应对污水排水管网中水质、水量的动态变化对污水处理厂出水水质的影响,笔者提出构建城市污水排水管网在线监测、监视复合系统来解决该问题。建议城市污水排水管网在线监测、监视复合系统由污水排水管网水质、水量在线监测系统和重点区域污染源在线监视系统组成。并提出城市污水排水管网在线监测、监视复合系统的构建原则以及监测站点和监视设备的布置原则。     

Comparison of self-organizing maps classification approach with cluster and principal components analysis for large environmental data sets

Three classification techniques (loading and score projections based on principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and self-organizing maps (SOM)) were applied to a large environmental data set of chemical indicators of river water quality. The study was carried out by using long-term water quality monitoring data. The advantages of SOM algorithm and its classification and visualization ability for large environmental data sets are stressed. The results obtained allowed detecting natural clusters of monitoring locations with similar water quality type and identifying important discriminant variables responsible for the clustering. SOM clustering allows simultaneous observation of both spatial and temporal changes in water quality. The chemometric approach revealed different patterns of monitoring sites conditionally named "tributary", "urban", "rural" or "background". This objective separation could lead to an optimization of river monitoring nets and to a better tracing natural and anthropogenic changes along the river stream.     

Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis

The development of a surface water monitoring network is a critical element in the assessment, restoration, and protection of stream water quality. This study applied principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface water quality-monitoring network in a river where the evaluated variables are monitoring stations. The objective was to identify monitoring stations that are important in assessing annual variations of river water quality. Twenty-two stations used for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters, located at the main stem of the lower St. Johns River in Florida, USA, were selected for the purpose of this study. Results show that 3 monitoring stations were identified as less important in explaining the annual variance of the data set, and therefore could be the non-principal stations. In addition, the PFA technique was also employed to identify important water quality parameters. Results reveal that total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrate and nitrite, orthophosphate, alkalinity, salinity, Mg, and Ca were the parameters that are most important in assessing variations of water quality in the river. This study suggests that PCA and PFA techniques are useful tools for identification of important surface water quality monitoring stations and parameters.     

水源热泵用江水水质综合评价

江水水质是利用江水源热泵技术时必须考虑的重要条件之一,也是影响江水源热泵系统效率的关键因素。通过对江水源热泵换热器结垢的水质影响因素进行分析,确定了主要水质指标及其取值。采用模糊综合评价法,利用实际监测数据,分析了作为水源热泵源水的江水水质类别。针对实际工程应用中需要检测相关国家标准规定的多个指标并同时满足的难度,提出了水质结垢潜能值的概念。作为水源热泵用水质综合评价指标,水质结垢潜能值既考虑了主要水质参数对水源热泵换热器结垢的综合作用,又能够简便快速地为工程应用中的水质判断和系统选择提供直接依据。     

Measurement of protein-like fluorescence in river and waste water using a handheld spectrophotometer

Protein-like fluorescence intensity in rivers increases with increasing anthropogenic DOM inputs from sewerage and farm wastes. Here, a portable luminescence spectrophotometer was used to investigate if this technology could be used to provide both field scientists with a rapid pollution monitoring tool and process control engineers with a portable waste water monitoring device, through the measurement of river and waste water tryptophan-like fluorescence from a range of rivers in NE England and from effluents from within two waste water treatment plants. The portable spectrophotometer determined that waste waters and sewerage effluents had the highest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, urban streams had an intermediate tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, and the upstream river samples of good water quality the lowest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity. Replicate samples demonstrated that fluorescence intensity is reproducible to +/- 20% for low fluorescence, 'clean' river water samples and +/- 5% for urban water and waste waters. Correlations between fluorescence measured by the portable spectrophotometer with a conventional bench machine were 0.91; (Spearman's rho, n = 143), demonstrating that the portable spectrophotometer does correlate with tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity measured using the bench spectrophotometer.     

上海地区河道整治规划的特征识别及有效性评估

在初步识别上海地区水环境特征及其整治阶段的基础上,尝试构建了包含现状调查和问题诊断、河流整治目标设定、河流整治措施制定以及监测、管理和评估等四部分的河流整治规划的技术程序。同时,以近年河道整治工程可行性研究报告为对象,探讨了上海地区河道整治规划的主要特征及其有效性。研究结果表明,上海地区河道整治规划具有以下特征:河流污染源复杂与现状调查系统性的缺乏,在一定程度上制约了河流环境问题的有效识别;社会目标需求高度重视与河流健康缺乏关注,影响了河流系统健康恢复的有效性和可持续性;工程倾向突出与关注水生态修复的并存,体现整治措施的多元化特征;动态评估滞后以及公众参与的缺乏,限制了河流整治效果的长期维护;流域尺度考虑欠缺与干扰程度偏大,阻碍了河流恢复的持续性。     

Application of chemometrics in river water classification

The main aim of this work is focused on water quality classification of the Brda river (Poland) and evaluation of pollution data obtained by the monitoring measurement during the period 1994-2002. The study presents the application of selected chemometric techniques to the pollution monitoring dataset, namely, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The obtained results allowed to determine natural clusters and groups of monitoring locations with similar pollution character and identify important discriminant variables. Chemometric analysis confirmed the classification of water purity of the Brda river made by the Inspection of Environmental Protection but the results showed more differentiation between monitored locations. This enables better evaluation of the water quality in a monitored region. On the basis of the chemometric approach, it was also found that some locations were under the high influence of municipal contamination, and some others under the influence of agriculture (discharges from fields) within the observed time period.     

Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality

Assessment of seasonal changes in surface water quality is an important aspect for evaluating temporal variations of river pollution due to natural or anthropogenic inputs of point and non-point sources. In this study, surface water quality data for 16 physical and chemical parameters collected from 22 monitoring stations in a river during the years from 1998 to 2001 were analyzed. The principal component analysis technique was employed to evaluate the seasonal correlations of water quality parameters, while the principal factor analysis technique was used to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing seasonal variations of river water quality. Analysis shows that a parameter that is most important in contributing to water quality variation for one season may not be important for another season except for DOC and electrical conductance, which were always the most important parameters in contributing to water quality variations for all four seasons.     

Biomonitoring of the genotoxic potential (micronucleus assay) and detoxifying activity (EROD induction) in the River Dadou (France), using the amphibian Xenopus laevis

Within the framework of a general survey of the water quality of the river Dadou (Tarn, France), different physico-chemical parameters were measured and an inventory of the fish population was made along the water course, around the Rassisse dam. With the aim of monitoring the potential genotoxic effects and the detoxifying activities induced in organisms exposed to the river water, two in vivo bioassays were performed in laboratory experiments, using larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. The first was the micronucleus test, using red blood cells, and the second the assay of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction in the liver of exposed animals. Eight water samples were taken from the river and at outlet points from the two major industrial activities of the studied section of the water course: a spar-fluor mine and a water treatment plant. Genotoxic impact and EROD induction were measured in the larvae. The effluent of the filter-washing process from the water treatment plant was found to be particularly genotoxic, even after dilution in pure reconstituted water, but no particular genotoxicity was found, either in Dadou river water, or in the effluents from the mine. On the other hand, most of the water samples tested produced a clear induction of EROD activity compared to the level of enzymatic activity found in the liver of larvae reared in the river water sampled upstream of the industrial activities. These results were interpreted taking into account (i) the high concentrations of pollutants (fluorine and manganese) measured in the river water, (ii) the very low population levels inventoried in the downstream section of the river and (iii) the possible interactions between the substances present in the river water, particularly the classical EROD inducers PAHs and PCBs.     

FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY AT SIXTEEN BEACHES IN SOUTH-WEST WALES

Routine monitoring data from 1993 to 1999 were analysed to elucidate relationships between microbiological water quality and enviranmental conditions at sixteen EC identified bathing waters in South-West Wales. The objective was (a) to gain an understanding of the factors affecting non-compliance with the guideline standard of the EC Bathing Waters Directive, (b) to aid the development of action plans for improved bathing-water quality, and (c) to enable effective targeting of future investigations. The analyses demonstrated relationships between water quality and rainfall, sunshine, tidal range, tidal state, time of sampling, time of year, wind speed, wind direction, state of sea, transparency, river flows, river quality, salinity and temperature. The temporal and spatial variability in water quality shown by this study also highlights the need to ensure that monitoring programmes represent conditions at the times and locations of greatest bathing-water use.     

Hydrology of Pesticides in a Chalk Catchment: Surface Waters

In an extensive study of pesticides in a Chalk catchment, twenty pesticides were selected for study; and this paper reports the findings of an eighteen-month programme of river and rainwater sampling. The results of periodic samples and an intensive river monitoring programme over the duration of a flood event are described.
Both rain and river water within the catchment were found to contain significant numbers of pesticides at varying concentrations. The paper describes the values and temporal variations which were discovered. Higher concentrations and greater numbers of pesticides appeared to be brought down by floods and high river flows; however, even during low flows, some pesticides were persistently found in the river.