食品及食品包装材料中塑化剂的检测研究进展

食品和食品包装材料中塑化剂对人体的危害不可小觑。本文主要介绍了食品及食品包装材料中塑化剂国内外检测标准、样品前处理方法及主要的检测方法。欧盟法规(EU)No 10/2011相对于以往的2002/72/EC对于迁移测试的要求整体趋于严格,生产企业有必要改进生产工艺以应对更新的测试规则。国家现有的标准中对于食品和食品包装材料中塑化剂有一定的要求,目前最常见的研究大部分为食品和食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,但对于其他类型的塑化剂检测结果相对较少,这也将是今后食品和食品包装材料中塑化剂检测研究的一个主要方向。     

塑料包装材料化学物迁移试验中食品模拟物的选用

人们对健康的广泛重视引发了国际社会对食品安全的普遍关注。塑料包装材料化学物向食品的迁移与食品安全息息相关,美国FDA、欧盟EC等就此进行了广泛而深入的理论与试验研究。本文综述了包装材料化学物迁移试验中应用的食品模拟物并对其选用作了分析。     

纳米塑料复合食品包装中的纳米成分及其迁移研究进展

在塑料食品包装中加入纳米材料可以实现很好的机械性、气体阻隔性或抗菌性等优良性能。然而在与食品 接触的过程中这些纳米材料也有可能迁移到食品中,从而对消费者的健康产生威胁,甚至对市场及消费者信心造成 负面影响。对纳米材料进行迁移研究是对其进行风险评估的重要一环,已经得到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文综述 了纳米塑料复合包装的种类、在食品包装中应用较多的纳米材料及其作用,并详细分析了食品包装中纳米材料向食 品或食品模拟物迁移的研究。结果表明：食品包装中纳米材料向食品或食品模拟释放的量较小,但到目前为止,关 于它们是否会以纳米形态释放出来仍然没有达成统一意见。另外,微波处理、塑料助剂的添加可以影响纳米材料的 释放。     

纸质食品包装材料的矿物油迁移研究进展

食品中的矿物油污染物是指石油来源的C10~C50烃类化合物, 包括烷烃矿物油(mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons, MOSH)和芳烃矿物油(mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons, MOAH)2大类。近年来的研究表明, 食品中的矿物油污染物主要来源于食品的回收纸包装材料迁移。本文综述了国外近十年来纸质包装材料的矿物油迁移研究情况, 包括纸质包装材料迁移的矿物油分析方法——液相色谱-气相色谱联用法; 矿物油迁移至食品的2种方式: 气态扩散迁移和包装材料接触迁移; 降低矿物油迁移的技术方法, 即食品包装纸质材料的回收工艺, 向包装纸质中添加活性炭等吸附剂以及增加阻隔层以阻挡矿物油的迁移。旨在为相关企业和机构提供数据与技术参考。     

食品包装材料中有害物质迁移行为的研究进展

食品包装材料在食品安全中发挥了重要的作用。食品包装能有效地保护食品,防止变质,但其中化学物质的迁移,又会给食品质量和安全带来负面影响。因此,对食品包装材料中化学物质的迁移进行研究显得非常必要。本文综述了近几年食品包装材料中有害物质的检测分析、迁移规律以及传质模型;对主要被检物质所采用的检测方法进行了总结,并对塑料与纸基材料中物质的迁移规律和传质模型进行了对比;最后对食品包装材料未来的发展方向进行展望。     

食品包装材料中有害物质迁移的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,食品安全问题得到了广泛的关注。塑料、纸质、玻璃、金属和复合材料等食品包装材料中有害物质的迁移现已成为食品安全隐患的重要组成部分。食品包装材料中添加的功能性助剂以及包装印刷过程中使用含苯、正己烷、卤代烃等有害化工材料为主要原料的油墨、溶剂及辅料的迁移都得到了一定的研究。目前,国内研究多局限于塑料包装材料,而国外的研究相对全面。结合国内外的研究现状,对食品包装材料中有害物质的来源组成及其迁移的研究现状和趋势加以综述,为科研工作者的研究、食品包装行业的质量监控以及食品安全问题的妥善解决提供一定的理论基础和实践参考。     

Migration Phenomenon in Food Packaging. Food–Package Interactions, Mechanisms, Types of Migrants, Testing and Relative Legislation—A Review

The development of convenient and low-cost packages, together with the increased consumer demands for safer products, have resulted in the conduction of extensive research and the publication of numerous studies related to the phenomenon of migration. The large number of synthetic materials used for the manufacture of packages makes the evaluation of the food–package interactions quite complicated. Different parameters such as the nature of the food of interest, the type of food–package contact, the time and temperature of contact, the packaging materials used, the properties of the migrating substances, as well as the amount of potential migrants contained in the packaging materials, can drastically affect the migration rate and extent. Due to the extreme variety of foods used, several food simulants have been suggested and applied for testing the migration phenomenon under various laboratory conditions. The use of many of those simulants is defined by national and international legislation. This review article covers the main migration phenomena, which are related to the most commonly used packaging materials. It is clearly demonstrated that the complexity of the migration phenomena requires more research to establish internationally accepted risk management procedures and standardised testing methods.     

塑料食品包装材料的卫生安全性分析

食品包装材料中有毒有害化学物质的迁移是引起食品污染的重要途径之一。本文主要根据近年来发表的有关食品包装材料领域的相关文献为基础,针对塑料食品包装材料中的加工助剂、油墨和树脂自身中的有毒有害物质等迁移物产生的危害进行了分析,为塑料食品包装材料的质量控制提供参考。     

食品包装油墨迁移研究进展

食品安全越来越受到广泛关注,包装材料中油墨引起的食品质量问题频频发生,本文论述国内外包装油墨安全相关的法规及要求,总结国内外油墨迁移研究现状,为今后的食品包装油墨安全提供法律依据和实验指导。     

食品包装PE材料中荧光增白剂迁移规律的分析

以PE塑料薄膜为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法研究食品包装塑料材料中荧光增白剂在纯水、乙酸、乙醇、植物油4?种不同模拟物中的迁移规律,研究荧光增白剂溶出量与食品接触介质、乙酸质量浓度、乙醇体积分数、浸泡温度以及处理时间等因素的关系。结果表明：纯水基质食品模拟物对香豆素类荧光增白剂有一定溶解性,酸性食品模拟物相比于水模拟物有更强的溶解性,而含醇类食品模拟物和脂肪类食品模拟物对大部分荧光增白剂都具有较好的溶解效果;荧光增白剂的溶出量随着乙酸和乙醇含量的增加而增加;较高的温度对塑料包装材料中荧光增白剂的迁移溶出具有显著影响,并且随着接触时间的延长,塑料包装材料中的荧光增白剂向食品中迁移的可能性也不断增大。     

2019年上海市微波食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移风险监测

目的 评估微波食品包装中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)塑化剂至食品中的迁移风险进行。方法 采集90批次微波加热食品, 依据GB 31604.30-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定和迁移量的测定》, 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测, 并考察样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果 90批次微波加热食品包装中, 共计有18批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂, 检出率为20%。其中15批次样品检出含量在0~10 mg/kg范围内, 最高检出含量为29.86 mg/kg。迁移实验未检出有塑化剂的迁移。结论 2019年上海市微波食品包装引入塑化剂污染的风险较低, 正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

Review of Mechanical Properties,Migration, and Potential Applications in Active Food Packaging Systems Containing Nanoclays and Nanosilver

The incorporation of nanomaterials into a range of polymeric materials shows great potential for developing new active food packaging systems. Although there are many suggested benefits of nanoparticles (NPs) in food packaging, there are also potential risks due to the possibility of such particles migrating into foodstuffs. This has obvious implications for human health and it may also negatively impact on marketing and consumer confidence. This review focuses on 2 particular types of nanomaterials: nanoclays and nanosilver, with a view to examining the effects of these on system mechanical properties (nanoclays) and antimicrobial efficacy (nanosilver). It further reports on the various migration studies, techniques for characterization, and measurement of NPs as well as the potential migration of NPs from packaging into foodstuffs. Assessment of the literature to date suggests there is an urgent need for further research in order to devise better NP detection methods and to determine the likelihood of their migration from packaging materials into foodstuffs.     

Migration and sorption phenomena in packaged foods

Rapidly developing analytical capabilities and continuously evolving stringent regulations have made food/package interactions a subject of intense research. This article focusses on: (1) the migration of package components such as oligomers and monomers, processing aids, additives, and residual reactants in to packaged foods, and (2) sorption of food components such as flavors, lipids, and moisture into packages. Principles of diffusion and thermodynamics are utilized to describe the mathematics of migration and sorption. Mathematical models are developed from first principles, and their applicability is illustrated using numerical simulations and published data. Simulations indicate that available models are system (polymer‐penetrant) specific. Furthermore, some models best describe the early stages of migration/sorption, whereas others should be used for the late stages of these phenomena. Migration‐ and/or sorption‐related problems with respect to glass, metal, paper‐based and polymeric packaging materials are discussed, and their importance is illustrated using published examples. The effects of migrating and absorbed components on food safety, quality, and the environment are presented for various foods and packaging materials. The impact of currently popular packaging techniques such as microwavable, ovenable, and retortable packaging on migration and sorption are discussed with examples. Analytical techniques for investigating migration and sorption phenomena in food packaging are critically reviewed, with special emphasis on the use and characteristics of food‐simulating liquids (FSLs). Finally, domestic and international regulations concerning migration in packaged foods, and their impact on food packaging is briefly presented.     

Food Contamination with Organic Materials in Perspective: Packaging Materials as the Largest and Least Controlled Source? A View Focusing on the European Situation

The comparison of the various sources of food contamination with organic chemicals suggests that in the public, but also among experts, the perception of risk is often distorted. Firstly, neither pesticides nor environmental pollutants contribute the most; the amount of material migrating from food packaging into food may well be 100 times higher. Secondly, control of these large migrants is often lagging behind the standards set up for other sources, since many of the components (particularly those not being "starting materials") have not been identified and, thus, not toxicologically evaluated. Finally, attitudes towards different types of food contaminants are divergent, also reflected by the legal measures: for most sources of food contamination there are strict rules calling for minimization, whereas the European packaging industry has even requested a further increase in the tolerance to as close as possible to the limit set by the toxicologists. This paper calls for a more realistic perception and more coherent legal measures-and improvements in the control of migration from packaging material.     

食品和药品接触材料聚丙烯中添加剂及 物质迁移的液相色谱分析

聚丙烯(PP)塑料被广泛用在食品及药品的包装上,PP中有害物质的迁移现已成为食品及药品安全隐患的重要组成部分,当食品与包装材料直接接触时,残留在PP包装材料里的抗氧剂及分解产物可以迁移到食品中污染食品。由于食品的多样性,因此常用几种食品模拟液来代替食品在实验室各种控制条件下进行迁移试验,因为迁移到模拟液里的添加剂浓度非常小,其浓度的测定常使用灵敏度较高的高效液相色谱法。迁移受到很多因素的影响,比如:接触的时间温度、接触的方式、包装材料的类型、迁移物的性质等。本文综述了聚丙烯包装材料有害物质迁移的研究现状,为我国食品包装行业标准化体系的建立提供一定的理论依据。     

食品接触塑料中化学成分迁移研究方法进展

塑料以其优良的物理化学性能和低廉的价格广泛应用于食品接触制品中。然而食品长期与塑料包装接触可能导致塑料中化学成分向食品中迁移,进而造成食品污染,并最终危害消费者的身体健康。故食品接触塑料中化学成分的迁移行为受到国内外政府机构和科研工作者的广泛关注。本文简述了食品接触塑料迁移实验中食品模拟物的选择、迁移实验条件的设定,以及受限物质的检测方法。并对食品接触塑料中的光引发剂、重金属元素、增塑剂等三类化学成分的迁移规律的研究进行综述。     

Testing nano-silver food packaging to evaluate silver migration and food spoilage bacteria on chicken meat

Migration of nanomaterials from food containers into food is a matter of concern because of the potential risk for exposed consumers. The aims of this study were to evaluate silver migration from a commercially available food packaging containing silver nanoparticles into a real food matrix (chicken meat) under plausible domestic storage conditions and to test the contribution of such packaging to limit food spoilage bacteria proliferation. Chemical analysis revealed the absence of silver in chicken meatballs under the experimental conditions in compliance with current European Union legislation, which establishes a maximum level of 0.010 mg kg^–1 for the migration of non-authorised substances through a functional barrier (Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011). On the other hand, microbiological tests (total microbial count, Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae) showed no relevant difference in the tested bacteria levels between meatballs stored in silver-nanoparticle plastic bags or control bags. This study shows the importance of testing food packaging not only to verify potential silver migration as an indicator of potential nanoparticle migration, but also to evaluate the benefits in terms of food preservation so as to avoid unjustified usage of silver nanoparticles and possible negative impacts on the environment.     

陶瓷、玻璃食品包装中化学物质的检测和迁移研究进展

陶瓷和玻璃食品包装中的化学物质迁移到食品中危害消费者的健康,为此国内外建立了相关的法规来确保陶瓷和玻璃包装使用的安全性。本文对陶瓷和玻璃食品包装中的有害金属元素、欧盟和我国相关法规中的限量标准、与陶瓷接触的食品样品的消解方法、陶瓷和玻璃食品包装中有害金属元素的检测方法和迁移研究予以综述。     

中欧塑料食品包装总迁移量检测方法比较

总迁移量作为塑料包装检测的一个重要指标, 具有十分重要的意义。本文主要综述比较了中欧食品包装总迁移量检测方法, 对其合理性、科学性、可操作性进行研究, 为改进我国食品包装卫生指标检验方法提供一些依据和参考, 以更大程度地保障食品安全。     

A study on the migration of organic pollutants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices

Paper and board are widely used as food packaging materials, mainly for disposable products. As public interest in conservation of natural resources has accelerated in the past several years, the use of recycled paper and board has increased. Recycled fiber materials can be used in certain limits as food contact materials. The safety of recycled fiber-based materials for food contact applications is largely dictated by the ability of post-consumer contaminants to be absorbed into recycled materials and later released by the packaging material and trapped on the food. The present work was undertaken with the aim of investigating the physicochemical behavior of selected model contaminants on paper and board, in contact with foodstuffs thus producing a fundamental set of data about their mobility from recycled paper and board into foods. More specifically, the kinetics of migration of selected model contaminants (surrogates) from contaminated recycled paper packaging samples into dry foodstuffs with different fat content was studied using a method based on solvent extraction and GC-FID quantification. Results showed the ability of selected contaminants of various types and various volatilities to potentially transfer to dry foods. The proportion of substances migrated to food was strongly dependent on the nature of the paper samples, fat content of the food, chemical nature and volatility of the migrant. The highest level of migration of organic pollutants was observed for the substrate with the highest fat content. Furthermore, it is shown that contact time and temperature have a significant effect on migration of model contaminants into foods.