世界受控聚变研究的现状和趋势

聚变能是轻原子核聚变产生的能量,是一种取之不尽的、清洁的、廉价的和环境安全的能源,是当今人类开发的最先进的能源。 1952年试制成功的氢弹实际上就是人类开发的第一个核聚变装置,但不是受控装置,只能用于军事。它是惯性约束的内爆形式,利用核裂变去引发核聚变释放聚变能。而人类的最终目标是实现受控聚变。 核聚变的研究途径多种多样,但由于种种原因,目前主要集中在磁约束聚变和惯性     

加拿大核聚变研究概况

加拿大《1980年核能年报》叙述了加拿大的核聚变贡献、核聚变计划、主要聚变装置和今后的发展方向。加拿大现在在聚变研究和发展方面的投资按国民经济平均值计算还不到别的国家的     

受控核聚变：用“人造太阳”点亮能源梦想——专访核工业西南物理研究院院长段旭如

核聚变产生能量的原理与太阳发光发热相似,因此在地球上以探索清洁能源为目的受控核聚变研究装置,又被称为"人造太阳"。受控核聚变是具有前瞻性、创新性、综合性、长周期的大科学工程,意义重大,任重道远。我国受控核聚变研究从20世纪50年代就开始了,通过几代聚变人的攻坚克难,聚变事业进展显著,不懈助推"人造太阳"的诞生。那么,我国受控核聚变研究经历了怎样的历程?取得了哪些成果?未来计划怎样?《中国核电》记者就此专访了我国核聚变专家、中核集团核工业西南物理研究院院长段旭如。     

核聚变能源的开发现状及新进展

受控核聚变能源开发研究的最终目标是建成经济性能优异、安全可靠、无环境污染的聚变电站,成为国民经济发展的支柱性能源。开发核聚变能源,对于我国的可持续发展有着重要的战略和经济意义。本文立足我国"压水堆、快堆、聚变堆"三步走的核能发展战略,简要回顾了世界磁约束受控核聚变能技术开发的历史、现状及进展,介绍了近年ITER、CFETR、DEMO及高温超导等聚变能开发的一些重要的新进展新成果,以及我国聚变能未来的发展战略及路线图。     

日本和印度的轻水电解实验产生多余的能量

【美国《华尔街日报》1992年10月20日报道】一些执着追求“冷聚变”的科学家正在得出结论:不管在他们的实验中正在发生的是什么,反正不是他们原来曾认为的核聚变。决定性的证据是,日本人和印度人在轻水电解实验中,已经测量到额外的热。这使     

序言

正聚变能源是未来的潜在能源,对能源消耗大国——中国具有特殊重要性。以2006年包括中国在内的七个国家与地区共同签署国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)计划为标志,核聚变能研究进入了全球共同合作开发的重要阶段。中国正在筹划建设中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR),其中"聚变堆主机关键系统综合研究设施"被列为国家"十三五"重大科技基础设施,正在实施建设。     

聚变堆用CLAM钢管件冷推弯成形数值模拟及试验研究

为解决CLAM钢的冷成形困难的问题,争取使其早日服役于核聚变环境,利用有限元数值模拟软件对CLAM钢管材的室温冷推弯过程进行了数值模拟,对影响弯头冷成形的工艺参数进行了优化以及对冷成形效果进行预报,由此确定了相对优化的工艺参数;并使用摩擦因子约为0.07的表面涂层对管坯进行润滑处理,结合有限元模拟结果进行了实际冷成形。研究表明,在厚度分布以及表面质量等方面,实验结果和模拟结果吻合,实际成形效果优良。因此,数值模拟的优化计算可以较好地指导聚变堆用难变形材料CLAM钢弯头的室温冷成形。     

核聚变研究50年

分析了国内外核聚变研究成果现状和发展的趋势 ,对国民经济发展过程中的能源需求作了预测 ,对中国的聚变能源战略和历史机遇 (经济、技术体系、地位 )作了讨论 ,介绍了聚变 裂变混合堆并提出了发展聚变 裂变混合堆的总体设想、研究内容和预期目标。     

14MeV快中子反应截面测量的进展

１４ＭｅＶ快中子反应截面测量的进展孔祥忠，王永昌，袁俊谦，胡尚斌，杨景康（兰州大学现代物理系，兰州，７３０００１）随着核聚变技术的不断发展、核聚变能利用接近工程阶段，聚变堆所需核数据越来越重要。聚变堆主要是ｄ－Ｔ反应，产生大量１４ＭｅＶ中子，这些中子...     

研究人员呼吁不要否认冷聚变是产生能量的过程

【美国《华尔街日报》1991年7月4日报道】尽管普遍对冷聚变持怀疑态度,新墨西哥州洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室的研究人员仍坚持冷聚变是“确实”产生能量的现象。在一份即将发表的冷聚娈实验综述中,该实验室的材料学家 Edmund Storms 得出结     

核形变在近垒和垒下能区阈反常和熔合反应中的效应

基于经典的一维势垒穿透模型 ,考虑核静态形变和动力学形变效应 ,建立了联系周边反应和熔合反应的模型———形变 能量相依的多维势垒穿透模型。该模型成功解释了19F 2 0 8Pb体系的一些实验现象 ,并指出动力学极化效应仅在库仑位垒附近起作用 ,而静态形变效应则在垒下能区起主要作用。这一结论说明 :在用冷熔合形成超重核时 ,使用形变的弹靶体系将有利于增强合成的截面     

Study on Physical Basis of Cold Fusion

In order to understand questions about the study on cold fusion in these years,we have studied physical basis of cold fusion .Results show that even though the cold fusion is feasible theoretically in the view of physics,but its reaction ratio is too small to te detected so that it has no prospect for practical usage at present,However,in order to tackle urgent problem of being poor in energy resoureces,we have no choice but to pay more attention to controlled thermal nuclear fusion in a considerably long period of time.     

Measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates,other fusion products,and power in electrochemical cells having Pd cathodes

Results of experiments intended to reproduce cold fusion phenomena originally reported by Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins are presented. These experiments were performed on a pair of matched electrochemical cells containing 0.1×9 cm Pd rods that were operated for 10 days. The cells were analyzed by the following means: (1) constant temperature calorimetry, (2) neutron counting and γ-ray spectroscopy, (3) mass spectral analysis of⁴He in effluent gases, and⁴He and³He within the Pd metal, (4) tritium analysis of the electrolyte solution, and (5) x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the Pd cathode surface. Within estimated levels of accuracy, no excess power output or any other evidence of fusion products was detected.     

Cold fusion—Engineering perspectives

Considerable heat was liberated from a palladium-deuterium (Pd-D) system and this was attributed to cold nuclear fusion of deuterium within the palladium lattice.¹ The primary source of heat in cold fusion was proposed to be the work-of-fracture of cracks in the Pd electrodes, and the mechanism for crack initiation and propagation was identified as deuterium or hydrogen embrittlement.² In this paper, comparable characteristics of cold fusion and embrittlement are established, relevant aspects of the extensive engineering database on hydrogen and deuterium embrittlement are reviewed, some areas of study and applications of the cold fusion process are identified, and parameters for controlling the ignition and heat release from metals are specified.This and related works have been fully sponsored by the author.     

ULTRASOUND INDUCED AND LASER ENHANCED COLD FUSION CHEMISTRY

The standard model of sonoluminescence suggests that the coulomb barrer to deuterium fusion may be overcome by high bubble gas temperatures caused by compression heating if the bubble diameter remains spherical during bubble collapse.However,in the more likely collapse geometry of a pancake shape,the temperature rise in the bubbles is negligible.But the collapsing pancake bubble is fund to significantly increase the frequency of the infrared energy available in the vibrational state of the water molecules at ambient temperature.For a collapse to liquied density,ultraviolet radiation at about 10eV is fund.Although the ultraviolet radiation is of a low intensity,higher intensities may be possible if the bubble collapse is enhanced by visible and infrared lases.Neither hot nor cold fusion is predicted in bubble collapse but the ultraviolet energy at about 10eV developed in the bubble is sufficient to provide the basis for a new field of chemistry called ultrasound induced and laser enhanced cold fusion chemistry.     

Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets

An 80-MeV/c negative muon beam from the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory was used to investigate the stopping of muons inside Pd, Ti, and Y targets saturated with deuterium. Neutron emission from the targets was measured with an array of³He detectors, and in some runs, the temperature of the target was monitored as a function of time, with and without a flux of muons on the target. The neutron rates were also measured for Pd cathodes in an active electrochemical cell similar in design to those used in so-called “cold fusion” experiments, and the electrolyte solution was analyzed for excess tritium. No evidence was found for muon-catalyzed fusion at rates consistent with those claimed in “cold fusion” experiments. Neutron production from catalyzed fusion due to the presence of deuterium in palladium deuteride, PdD_0.7, exposed to muons was determined to be 0.0±0.03 (stat.) ±0.25 (syst.) neutrons per stopped muon.     

Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion

Deterministic methods are used to calculate the neutron and photon sources and spectra that would develop if fusion reactions were occurring in cold fusion experimental devices. The results from the calculations give the neutron and gamma spectra resulting from a 2.45-MeV and a 14.1 MeV neutron source. The neutron source strength from certain (gamma,n) and (alpha,n) reactions are also determined.     

Cold fusion — The heat mechanism

The assumption that deuterium, and not palladium, is the fuel in the Pons-Fleischmann experiments led to high expectations of cold nuclear fusion. The conversion of mechanical energy to heat was neglected in studying the phenomenon. Considerable strain energy is stored in metals when processed from the ore. The initiation, growth, and propagation of cracks in the bulk disturb the energy balance within the metal. Deuterium induces and propagates cracks in metals and alloys, including palladium. The sudden discharge of fracture energy during crack propagation generates considerable heat. The abundance of deuterium in cracked palladium will not continue the heat-generation process. The confident figures-of-merit of cold fusion have been based on the small energy input to the electrolytic cells and do not consider the substantial energy required to process (by melting) the palladium from the ore, or to recycle the cracked electrode samples. In this paper, the work-of-fracture is shown to be the likely mechanism responsible for the excess heat in cold fusion.This and related work have been fully sponsored by the author; Technical Consultant, 2868 Spring Chapel Court, Herndon, Virginia 22071.     

Cold fusion experiment at Department of Nuclear Engineering,National Tsing-Hua University

We have repeated the so-called cold fusion experiment by electrolyzing heavy water, with 0.1M LiOD, with palladium rod as the cathode and platinum wire as the anode. The purpose of our experiment is to dectect the neutrons that are produced from the fusion process of deuterium if fusion does occur. We use one³He detector and one BF₃ detector to detect the thermal neutrons coming out of the water bath that surrounds the heavy water cell. Possible neutron bursts are detected by the³He detector during a period of about 7 h after electrolyzing for 11 days.     

一个低本底中子探测器的效率计算

一、引言自从M.Fleishman和S.Pons报告了他们实现冷核聚变后,引起了科学工作者的极大兴趣并掀起了热潮,我们于1989年4月也开始了这方面的研究工作。我们采用液体闪烁体耦合到光电倍增管来探测中子。ST-451液体闪烁体为φ10.5cm×5cm的圆柱体,用n-γ甄别技术排除γ射线讯号以降低本底。在设置探测阈窗从1.5～3.5 MeV中子能量时,它的平均本底计数为0.025中子/s,在中子源强度为5中子/s时,