The coarse acquisition performance of a CDMA overlay system

The coarse acquisition performance of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) overlay system operating in a mobile communications environment is considered. Specifically, a CDMA system supporting communication between several mobile units and one base station shares the frequency band with an existing narrowband user. At the CDMA base station receivers, narrowband interference rejection filters are used to suppress the narrowband user's energy. It is demonstrated that in a nonfading environment the presence of the narrowband user does not severely affect the acquisition performance when the ratio of its bandwidth to the CDMA bandwidth is small. As the ratio becomes larger, the acquisition performance degrades, but the use of the interference rejection filter still significantly decreases the time to acquire. When flat Rician fading is introduced, the acquisition performance of the overlay system degrades, especially when the power in the direct component is small     

On the concentrated stochastic likelihood function in array signal processing

The stochastic likelihood function [(STO)LF] associated with the narrowband signal processing problem can be concentrated with respect to the signal covariance matrix elements and the noise power. Although this is a known fact, no clear-cut derivation of the concentrated (STO)LF appears to be available in the literature. In this short paper we provide a simple, complete proof of the concentrated (STO)LF formula.The work of A. Nehorai was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant no. F49620-93-1-0096, the Office of Naval Research under Grant no. N00014-91-J-1298, and the National Science Foundation under grant no. MIP-9122753. The work of P. Stoica was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Engineering Sciences under contract no. 93-669.     

Adaptive narrow-band interference rejection in a DS spread-spectrumintercept receiver using transform domain signal processing techniques

An intercept receiver which uses a transform-domain-processing filter is described. This receiver detects direct-sequence binary-phase-shift-keyed (DS-BPSK) spread-spectrum signals in the presence of narrowband interference by employing adaptive narrowband interference rejection techniques. The improvement in the system performance over that of conventional detection techniques is shown by presenting the results of experimental measurements of probability of detection versus false alarm for an enhanced total power detector. Also presented are certain results corresponding to detection of the spectral lines generated at twice the carrier frequency, wherein the goal is often not just signal detection, but also carrier frequency estimation. The receiver uses one of two transform-domain-processing techniques for adaptive narrowband interference rejection. In the first technique, the narrowband interference is detected and excised in the transform domain by using an adaptive notch filter. In the second technique, the interference is suppressed using soft-limiting in the transform domain     

Adaptive LMS filters for cellular CDMA overlay situations

This paper extends and complements previous research we have performed on the performance of nonadaptive narrowband suppression filters when used in cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) overlay situations. An adaptive least mean square (LMS) filter is applied to a cellular CDMA overlay in order to reject narrowband interference. An accurate expression for the steady-state tap-weight covariance matrix is derived for the real LMS algorithm for arbitrary statistics of the overlaid interference. Numerical results illustrate that when the ratio of the narrowband interference bandwidth to the spread spectrum bandwidth is small, the LMS filter is very effective in rejecting the narrowband interference. Furthermore, it is seen that the performance of the LMS filter in a CDMA overlay environment is not significantly worse than the performance of an ideal Wiener filter, assuming the LMS filter has had sufficient time to converge     

Local polynomial estimator for narrowband interference suppression in TH-UWB systems

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been considered to offer an innovative solution for future short-range high-speed wireless communications. These systems use very low transmission power, spread over a bandwidth of several gigahertz. The very low transmission power and the large bandwidth used, enable UWB radio systems to co-exist with other narrowband systems over the same frequency band without interfering the narrowband systems. Nevertheless, these narrowband systems may cause interference which may jam the UWB receiver completely. Since standard narrowband interference suppression techniques are not applicable, techniques for interference suppression have to be developed. In this paper, the method of the local polynomial estimator in time-hopping impulse radio (TH-IR) for UWB communication is considered, which should not estimate any parameter of channel. And the narrowband interference (NBI) is modeled as a stationary process. Theoretical analysis of this algorithm reveals that it can eliminate the narrowband interference almost completely and can be computed by simple expression. Moreover, the sampling rate is very low.     

On the use of a suppression filter for CDMA overlay

This paper is concerned with a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system operating over a Rayleigh fading channel and sharing a common spectrum with a narrow-band waveform. A suppression filter at the receiver is employed to reduce the narrow-band interference. We evaluate the average up-link bit error rate (BER) performance and investigate how the performance is influenced by various parameters, such as the number of taps of the suppression filter, the number of multiple-access users, the ratio of narrow-band interference bandwidth to the spread-spectrum bandwidth, the interference power to signal power ratio, the ratio of the offset of the interference carrier frequency from the spread-spectrum carrier frequency to the half spread-spectrum signal bandwidth, and so on     

Adaptive interference suppression for CDMA overlay systems

It has been proposed that CDMA systems can be assigned to spectral bands which are presently occupied by narrowband users to further increase spectral capacity. Such CDMA overlay systems could provide new options for efficient utilization of the spectrum with minimal disruption to existing narrowband users, especially if adaptive interference suppression techniques are utilized in the spread spectrum receiver. Previous studies have defined the SNR improvement ratio which can be achieved for tone interferers and for narrowband interferers for which the center frequency of the interference is at the carrier frequency of the CDMA signal. In this paper the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the mobile-to-base link of a CDMA system for a single narrowband user which occupies a significant portion of the CDMA bandwidth is evaluated. It is shown that the narrowband model used in previous studies does not apply in this case, especially for the large, effective, bandwidths which are characteristic of the interferers in the overlay system. The dependence of the BER on the filter order, the bandwidth of the interference, and its center frequency relative to the CDMA carrier frequency are defined. Additionally the increase in BER for a digital implementation of the adaptive suppression filter relative to the optimal Wiener filter is characterized with respect to the adaptive time constant and the quantization errors due to finite wordlength. It is shown that these implementation errors can be made negligible compared to the errors which are characteristic of the optimal Wiener filter. Analytic results are validated by simulation for typical system parameters     

Rejection of frequency sweeping signal in DS spread spectrumsystems using complex adaptive filters

It is already known that the performance of narrowband interference adaptive filtering in DS spread spectrum systems is additionally degraded in the presence of a frequency hopped jamming signal compared to the case with CW interference. Even so, the adaptive filter can be rather efficient because during the hopping interval, while the jamming signal parameters are constant, the filter adjusts its weights; and if the hopping rate is not too high, there are time periods when the interfering signal is suppressed. In order to have a better insight into the performance of these systems, we analyze the DS spread spectrum receiver behavior, when the jamming signal frequency is continuously changing (chirp signal). We find that this is a reasonable step for a jammer that is trying to be more efficient. In such a case, a two-sided filter structure shows worse overall performance than a prediction error structure. As the jamming frequency sweeping rate or bandwidth is increased, the system performance is degraded. The analysis provides an insight into how much the system performance will be degraded as a function of the interfering (frequency sweeping) signal parameters     

基于噪声功率估计的抗窄带干扰接收机自适应PN码捕获技术

在存在强窄带干扰条件下,正确实现伪码捕获是抗干扰接收机的关键技术之一。变换域干扰检测与PN码捕获判决都需要估计接收机背景噪声功率,本文在变换域谱线幅度平方服从指数分布假设下,利用中位数估计理论对存在窄带干扰接收信号的背景噪声功率进行估计,实现干扰检测门限和PN码捕获判决门限的自适应设置。仿真结果表明,文中设计的检测装置可实现强窄带干扰、大动态范围接收机PN码的正确捕获。     

直扩-变换域滤波接收机设计与实现

直接序列扩频具有抗干扰能力强、截获概率低等优点,因此在军用和民用通信中得到广泛的应用,变换域滤波技术可以抑制直扩系统中的强窄带干扰,尤其是时变窄带干扰,干扰信号的功率大大减少了,从而提高了信噪比。直扩接收机中采用变换域滤波技术是提高无线通信设备抗干扰能力的理想方案之一。在原理分析的基础上,给出了直扩-变换域滤波接收机关键模块的具体实现方案。对该接收机的实现具有较高的参考和实用价值。     

直接序列扩频通信中基于循环平稳特性的抗窄带干扰算法研究

从扩频通信接收机等效基带信号的模型出发，分析了接收信号中扩频信号分量和窄带干扰分量的循环平稳性以及接收信号的波特率谱相关性与采样之间的关系，并给出基于频移滤波器窄带干扰抑制接收机的自适应实现结构，理论分析和仿真结果表明，使用频移滤波器的接收机抗窄带干扰性能优于基于线性时不变滤波器的接收机。     

Performance Analysis of Narrow-Band Interference Rejection Techniques in DS Spread-Spectrum Systems

Linear least squares estimation (LLSE) techniques can provide an effective means of suppressing narrow-band interference in direct sequence (DS) spread-spectrum systems. In the results presented here, analytical expressions for bit error rate are derived for two DS spread-spectrum systems under the conditions of either tone or narrowband Gaussian interference. It is shown that the most common LLSE filter design can lead to performance inferior to that of various other filter designs. However, results are also presented demonstrating that an LLSE filter design motivated by the structure of the maximum-likelihood receiver leads to consistently superior performance. The performance of a system using this new design criterion is compared with that of an approximation to the maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver for the tone interference model and with that of the exact ML receiver for the Gaussian interference. Finally, it is shown that the bit error rate estimate obtained from application of a Gaussian approximation for the test statistic is overly pessimistic for the systems studied here.     

Interference rejection in FFH systems using least squaresestimation techniques

A fast frequency-hopped (FFH) receiver which uses a prewhitening filter to reject narrowband interference is described. By using an appropriate fractional tap spacing, it is shown that interference can be estimated independently of the desired signal. Bit error rate results are presented for the receiver for linear square-law combining. The results compare favorably to those obtained by a near-optimal automatic gain-control (AGC) combining technique. The performance of the prewhitening filter interference rejection method is shown to be superior to that of a nonparametric self-normalizing receiver. Finally, simulation results for an FFH receiver using the complex least mean-square (LMS) algorithm to update the prewhitening filter coefficients are presented     

Adaptive receiver structures for asynchronous CDMA systems

Adaptive linear and decision feedback receiver structures for coherent demodulation in asynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems are considered. It is assumed that the adaptive receiver has no knowledge of the signature waveforms and timing of other users. The receiver is trained by a known training sequence prior to data transmission and continuously adjusted by an adaptive algorithm during data transmission. The proposed linear receiver is as simple as a standard single-user detector receiver consisting of a matched filter with constant coefficients, but achieves essential advantages with respect to timing recovery, multiple access interference elimination, near/far effect, narrowband and frequency-selective fading interference suppression, and user privacy. An adaptive centralized decision feedback receiver has the same advantages of the linear receiver but, in addition, achieves a further improvement in multiple access interference cancellation at the expense of higher complexity. The proposed receiver structures are tested by simulation over a channel with multipath propagation, multiple access interference, narrowband interference, and additive white Gaussian noise     

An efficient decision feedback with center sampling differential detector for restricted bandwidth fast Rayleigh channels

An efficient decision feedback technique (EDF) is proposed to improve the performance of premodulation Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) signals. Center sampling differential detector (CSDD) over restricted bandwidth (BW) fast Rayleigh channels is employed. The intersymbol interference (ISI) is partially eliminated by using the conventional decision feedback (CDF) technique. In the present modification ISI is drastically eliminated by using EDF technique resulting in the minimization of probability of error. The new receiver structure, is useful in mobile radio (MR) and mobile satellite communications where power efficiency, synchronization and implementation complexity are of primary concern. Numerical results show that the receiver structure under consideration yields a superior performance in narrowband channels where conventional differential detector (CDD) becomes unusable.     

Iterative multiuser detection for turbo-coded FHMA communications

An iterative receiver structure Is proposed for turbo-coded frequency-hop multiple access (FHMA) systems. In FHMA systems, the adjacent channel interference (ACI) is the major contributor of multiple access interference (MAI) if orthogonal hopping patterns are used. The ACI is a function of the tone spacings of the adjacent subchannels and the rolloff factor of the pulse-shaping filter. The calculation of the ACI for a square-root raised-cosine pulse-shaping filter in an FHMA system is presented in this paper. In addition, a low complexity iterative multiuser detector is developed to mitigate the degradation caused by ACI in the FHMA systems. The iterative receiver structure is based on a modified turbo decoding algorithm which makes use of the a posteriori log-likelihood ratio (LLR) information of the systematic bits to obtain the a posteriori information of the turbo-encoded parity bits. Iterations of the receiver/decoder are used as the mechanism to estimate and mitigate the MAI in the FHMA system. The properties of both soft and hard interference suppressors based on the modified turbo decoding algorithm are examined and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Compared to maximum-likelihood multiuser detection, the proposed system is more practical and its complexity is only a linear function of the number of users. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative receiver structure offers significant performance gain in bandwidth efficiency and the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a target bit-error rate (BER) over the noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, the single user performance can be achieved when imperfect power control exists     

Mobile GPS carrier phase tracking using a novel intelligent dual‐loop receiver

Carrier phase information is necessary for accurate measurements in global positioning system (GPS) applications. This paper presents a novel intelligent GPS carrier tracking loop with variable‐bandwidth characteristics for fast acquisition and better tracking capability in the presence of dynamic environments. Our dual‐loop receiver is composed of a frequency‐locked loop‐assisted phase‐locked loop structure, the fuzzy controllers (FCs), and the ATAN discriminator functions. The soft‐computing FCs provide the time‐varying loop gains to perform accurate and reliable control of the dual‐loop paradigm. Once the phase dynamic errors become large under kinematic conditions, the fuzzy loop gains increase adaptively and achieve rapid acquisition. On the other hand, when the tracking errors approach zero in the steady state, the loop gains decrease and the corresponding dual‐loop receiver returns to a narrowband system. Four types of carrier phase signals, i.e. phase offset, decaying sinusoidal phase jitter, frequency offset, and frequency ramp offset, are considered to emulate realistic mobile circumstances. Simulation results show that our proposed receiver does achieve a superior performance over conventional tracking loops in terms of faster settling time and wider acquisition range while preventing the occurrence of cycle slips. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polynomial ambiguity resistant precoders: Theory and applications in ISI/multipath cancellation

In this paper, precoding techniques are studied for combating the intersymbol interference (ISI)/multipath effects in communication systems. We introduce a new type-precoder which we term thepolynomial ambiguity resistant (PAR) precoder for its ability to resist signal distortion induced by finite impulse response (FIR) channels. In particular, the precoder allows a receiver to identify an input signal without knowing the channel characteristics at the expense of a minimum amount of bandwidth increase. A family of such precoders, which is linear (no modulo operations), channel independent, and modulation pattern preserving (except for some occasional 0 symbols), is presented. Also presented is a closed-form algorithm that can simultaneously identify the input signals and zero-forcing equalizers.Work supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under Grant No. F49620-97-1-0253 and F49620-98-1-0352, the National Science Foundation CAREER Program under Grant MIP-9703377, and the University of Delaware Research Foundation.Work supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under Grant No. F49620-97-1-0318, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Grant No. N00014-97-1-0475, and the National Science Foundation CAREER Program under Grant MIP-9703074.     

Robust adaptive recovery of spread-spectrum signals with short data records

The problem under consideration is the adaptive reception of a multipath direct-sequence spread-spectrum (SS) signal in the presence of unknown correlated SS interference and additive impulsive noise. An SS receiver structure is proposed that consists of a vector of adaptive chip-based Hampel nonlinearities followed by an adaptive auxiliary-vector linear tap-weight filter. The nonlinear receiver front end adapts itself to the unknown prevailing noise environment providing robust performance over a wide range of underlying noise distributions. The adaptive auxiliary-vector linear tap-weight filter allows rapid SS interference suppression with a limited data record. Numerical and simulation studies under finite-data-record system adaptation show significant improvement in bit-error-rate performance over the conventional linear minimum variance-distortionless-response (MVDR) SS receiver or conventional MVDR filtering preceded by vector adaptive chip-based nonlinear processing.     

Adaptive Rake receiver based on the nonlinear ACM technique

Ultra‐wideband (UWB) system is one of the possible solutions to future short‐range indoor data communications with large frequency bandwidth. However, it must coexist with other narrowband wireless systems that may cause interference to each other, and furthermore a large bandwidth will inevitably result in multi‐path fading. The Rake receiver is applicable to combat multi‐path fading but its performance degrades greatly when the narrowband interference (NBI) is present. Although some optimized Rake receivers were proposed to suppress the NBI, such as the minimum mean square error (MMSE) one, their computational complexities are usually too high to be practically implemented. In this paper, we present a new adaptive Rake receiver which can effectively suppress the NBI, based on the nonlinear Masreliez‐type approximate conditional mean (ACM) technique. Simulation results show that it outperforms the previous schemes and even it achieves almost the same performance as that of a MMSE Rake receiver but with much lower complexity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.