湖南水府庙水库流域景观格局与水质特征关系分析

以湖南水府庙水库流域为例,在土地利用类型遥感解译结果以及水质监测数据基础上,选用景观和斑块类型2个水平上的景观指数,采用Pearson相关分析法、典范式对应分析法等方法分析了该流域内景观格局特征,并探讨了景观格局与河流水质指标特征之间的关系。结果表明:1)研究区土地利用类型与河流水质指标显著相关,其中,林地面积所占比例与多数污染指标呈显著负相关;耕地、建设用地面积所占比例与各污染指标呈正相关。2)景观格局在景观和斑块类型水平上对水质的影响表现出差异性,其中斑块破碎度在2个水平上对水质的影响均较大;斑块形状的复杂程度与水质指标无明确相关性。3)景观格局在流域尺度上对水质影响的异质性表现在土地利用类型的空间分布以及各种景观类型的空间格局特征对河流中污染物源、汇的贡献和迁移转化影响的差异性。     

基于流域单元的环巢湖综合景观对河流水质的影响

考虑流域特征差异对河流水质的影响,以巢湖流域为研究对象,根据2019年10月至2020年9月河流监测点水质、气象、地形、土壤与遥感影像等数据,通过数字地形分析划分各监测点的流域单元,综合利用相关性分析、冗余分析以及多元回归分析探究了流域单元的综合景观特征（包括土地利用、气候、地形、土壤等）对环巢湖河流水质的影响.结果表明:①环巢湖河流水质空间差异大,主要污染物为总氮与氨氮,大多数河流总氮浓度超过Ⅴ类水质标准,污染严重的区域集中在合肥市区及周边河流以及丰乐河和杭埠河中下游.②流域单元综合景观特征对河流水质有着显著性影响.其中,建筑用地比例、斑块密度、散布与并列指数、香农多样性指数与水质指标呈正相关,而林草地比例、蔓延度指数与水质指标呈负相关.③在不同季节,流域单元的综合景观特征在湿季对河流水质的影响效应要强于干季,这主要是由干湿季降水的差异引起的.     

东江源流域不同空间尺度景观格局对水质影响分析

以东江源流域为研究区,基于水质监测和土地利用类型数据,综合运用景观指数法、相关性分析和冗余分析,研究了2017~2019年水质空间变化特征,揭示了东江源流域景观格局与水质的响应关系.结果表明：①东江源流域水质整体偏好,但寻乌水总氮污染仍旧严重,截至2019年,全部监测点总氮年均浓度都超过Ⅲ类水质标准限值.②景观水平上,水质与景观形状指数、斑块个数和香农多样性指数呈正相关,与最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈负相关.类型水平上,建设用地是东江源流域总氮和总磷输出的主要来源;林地景观形状指数和斑块个数与氨氮呈正相关,林地斑块个数与总磷呈正相关,林地最大斑块指数和聚集度指数与总磷呈负相关;草地斑块个数与总磷呈正相关,草地聚集度指数与总磷呈负相关.③重视监测点2000 m缓冲区范围内景观格局的优化,增强林草地连通性,合理配置城镇污水集中处理设施,强化废弃矿区治理,加强耕地集约化处理,在耕地集中分布区域增强其岸边防护林建设,有助于提高东江源流域水生态功能.     

景观类型与景观格局演变对洪泽湖水质的影响

基于Landsat序列遥感影像数据解译进行了景观类型分类,分析了2008—2018年洪泽湖16个监测点位水质数据变化特征,从流域尺度研究了景观类型和景观格局演变对湖区水质的影响机制.研究结果表明,洪泽湖区主要水质风险指标为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,淮安南区域TN和TP浓度较高.2000年之前洪泽湖流域内景观类型主要为旱地（43.3%）,2000年后主要景观类型逐渐转变为水田（37.7%）和建设用地（23.6%）.建设用地、水田、入湖河流、围圩和围网养殖面积与湖区TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,林地和草地面积与TN和TP浓度呈显著负相关.围圩养殖面积对TN浓度变异解释度最高,建设用地面积对TP浓度变异解释度最高,分别为47.6%和43.2%.近20年洪泽湖流域景观破碎度增大,斑块密度指数（PD）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）与湖区TN、TP浓度呈显著正相关.建设用地、围网和围圩养殖面积增加以及景观破碎化增强与湖区TN和TP浓度上升密切相关.减少围圩和围网养殖的面积比例,控制建设用地和水田规模,降低生态空间景观破碎度,是维护和修复洪泽湖水质安全和水生态健康的重要抓手.     

南京市九乡河流域景观格局空间分异对河流水质的影响

定量探讨不同景观格局与水质关系对于指导城市景观规划、保护周边水环境具有重要意义.以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,基于2009年的Quick Bird影像和2009年10月～2010年9月的水质实时监测数据,利用GIS空间分析技术以及统计分析的方法,从景观水平和类型水平2个方面分析了流域景观格局空间分异对河流总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(NH4+-N)的影响.结果表明,流域的大部分景观类型与河流TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度存在显著的相关关系:建设用地和未利用地的面积比例与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度显著正相关,林地的面积比例与这些指标呈显著负相关,而耕地的面积比例与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度相关性不显著;从景观水平上看,流域景观以少数类型大斑块为主或同一类型的斑块高度连接时,河流中TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度较低,水质较好;但针对具体的景观类型有所不同,建设用地、未利用地以及耕地的集中连片分布会引起TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N浓度的上升,而林地的大面积分布则对这些指标具有相反的效应.     

河湟谷地不同时空尺度下土地利用及空间格局对水质的影响

基于青海省河湟谷地湟源县、互助土族自治县和民和回族土族自治县内湟水河各级支流平水期和丰水期实测水质数据,结合遥感技术和数理统计等方法,分析土地利用结构及其空间格局对区域季节性水质的影响.结果表明：①河湟谷地地表水中总氮、总磷浓度偏高,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类水质多集中于河流下游和各支流交汇处.②河湟谷地平水期土地利用对水质的解释率高于丰水期,平水期最优尺度为200 m缓冲区,耕地和城镇为主要的影响因子;丰水期最优尺度为5 km缓冲区尺度,主要的影响因子为林地.③平水期耕地面积占比与总氮、高锰酸盐指数浓度呈正相关,而与总磷浓度呈负相关;城镇面积占比与污染物浓度基本呈正相关;丰水期草地面积占比与河流高锰酸盐指数呈正相关;林地面积占比在两个时期均与污染物浓度呈负相关.耕地、草地和城镇是污染物"源"景观,但耕地在一定程度上也起到拦截污染物的作用;林地是污染物的"汇"景观.④平水期200 m缓冲区尺度下林地空间格局对水质的解释率较高,其中LPI （最大斑块占景观面积比例）和PD （斑块密度）等指标为主要的影响因子,与污染物浓度呈负相关.研究表明,合理规划居民用地和耕地面积占比,提高河岸带周边的林地覆盖率及聚集度,是净化河湟谷地地表水水质的重要措施.     

景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应Meta分析

景观格局决定了陆域污染物的源汇过程,是影响河流水质状况的关键因素.由于尺度效应,不同尺度下景观格局与河流水质关系的研究结果不尽相同.然而,景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应问题尚缺乏系统研究.收集了国内外4 041条研究数据,采用Meta分析法定量分析了不同尺度下景观格局对河流水质的作用特征,识别了影响河流水质的关键时间和空间尺度以及景观指数.结果表明,相对于降水事件、平水期和年际尺度,丰水期下景观格局对河流水质的影响最大;相对于流域尺度,缓冲区尺度的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;丰水期-缓冲区尺度是景观格局影响河流水质的关键时空耦合尺度.与耕地、水域、草地以及流域整体景观相比,林地和城镇用地的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;破碎度是影响河流水质最重要的景观格局因子.在河流水质治理中,应重点考虑缓冲区的景观配置,增加缓冲区林地面积、减少林地和水域的斑块密度和减少城镇用地的面积占比和聚集度,以有效保护河流水质.     

入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析

以武进港区域为例,通过遥感解译得到土地利用分类数据,以区域7个水质监测断面为中心生成缓冲区,并借助FRAGSTATS软件计算各用地类型面积比例以及斑块数量(NP)、面积加权斑块分型指数(FRAC_AM)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、香农均匀度指数(SHEI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)等5个景观格局指数,从组成属性和空间属性两方面表征景观格局,进而分析景观格局与河流水质的相关关系.结果表明,区域景观格局与河流水质有显著相关关系:建设用地的面积比例与污染指标呈显著正相关,表明建设用地为区域污染物产生和输出的主要用地类型,也是影响河流水质的关键因素;而耕地的面积比例与污染指标呈显著负相关;各景观指数与水质均存在关联,特别是SHDI和SHEI与污染指标体现了明显的负相关,CONTAG与污染指标体现出明显的正相关.     

基于偏最小二乘模型的河流水质对土地利用的响应

流域土地利用类型变化是影响河流水质的重要因素之一.为探究子流域尺度土地利用与河流水质之间的相互关系,本文基于太子河流域遥感影像和水质数据,采用偏最小二乘模型(partial least squares,PLS),分析不同土地利用类型对流域水质的影响程度.选取7个不同子流域土地利用类型面积百分比作为自变量X,总氮(TN)、硝酸根离子(NO_3~-)、氯离子(Cl-)与硫酸根离子(SO_4~(2-))这4个水质参数浓度值作为因变量Y,构建了土地利用类型与河流水质数据的偏最小二乘模型,并使用其余子流域数据对构建的模型进行验证.结果表明,太子河流域不同子流域土地利用类型与河流水质指标TN与NO_3~-之间线性关系显著,决定系数R~20.62.其中,耕地面积变化对水体中TN浓度变化影响明显,居民及工矿建设用地面积变化则对水体中NO_3~-浓度变化影响强烈.但对于Cl-和SO_4~(2-)来说,土地利用类型对其浓度大小有一定影响,但并不是最主要的影响因素.虽然太子河流域未利用地面积百分比极小(1.13%),但是未利用地面积变化对水质参数有较显著影响(影响系数0.24).     

不同雨强条件下河流水质对流域土地利用类型与格局空间响应

以七乡河流域为研究区域,基于2015年4、5、6月3次不同雨强条件下的河流水质实时监测数据,以及区域DEM数据和遥感数据,根据高程与坡度将流域划分5级河流缓冲区,研究不同雨强条件下各缓冲区内土地利用类型、格局与河流水质之间的响应关系.结果表明:1不同空间单元土地利用类型与格局存在差异.低缓区域、中缓区域和高缓区域优势土地利用类型为建设用地;中陡区域和高陡区域林地为优势土地利用类型.2低缓区域是不同雨强条件下,土地利用类型对河流水质影响最大的空间单元.3低缓区域建设用地对水质的影响最大;中缓区域湿地对小雨强时水质影响最大;建设用地对中等雨强和大雨强时水质影响最大.中陡和高缓冲区,建设用地对小雨强时水质影响最大;而中等雨强和大雨强时林地对水质影响最大.4土地利用格局对河流水质影响比较复杂.平均斑块形状指数对低缓区域水质影响最大;斑块密度、平均斑块形状、多样性指数分别是中缓区域3种雨强时对水质影响最大的格局因子;高缓区域3种雨强条件下平均斑块形状指数、多样性指数和斑块密度对水质影响最大;平均斑块形状指数和蔓延度是中陡区域和高陡区域小雨强和大雨强时对水质影响最大,蔓延度和多样性指数是中等雨强时影响最大土地利用格局因子.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.