武汉市武昌地区气传致敏花粉调查研究

应用曝片法连续365d收集武昌地区3个调查点的气传花粉,全年共检出花粉48643粒,分属28个科、属。一年中出现2次花粉高峰,即3～4月份,8～9月份。其中优势花粉为悬铃木属（Platanus）、柏科（Cupressaceae）、松属（Pinus）、蒿属（Artemisia）等;最主要的致敏花粉为蒿属、豚草属（Ambrosia）。对影响本地区空气中花粉飘散的因素,几种优势花粉的致敏特点及其临床意义作了初步探讨。     

城市空气花粉的研究进展

通过综述城市空气花粉的研究进展, 总结城市空气花粉的采集方式并进行对比, 分析各主要城市的空气花粉的种属以及时空传播规律以及各地理环境和气候条件与空气花粉的关系,并指出了研究中存在的问题,并对研究前景进行了展望。对研究进展进行总结可知, 城市化所伴随的交通污染, 热岛效应, 城市绿化和硬质地面增多等现象会在一定程度上增强了空气花粉的致敏性, 对空气花粉的飘散起到积极影响, 因此, 能够加剧花粉症的发病情况。而基于空气花粉研究存在的样品采集技术的问题, 原因分析太浅现和不能很好解答科学问题等三大现状, 笔者提出注重相邻城市之间的空气花粉的研究, 与遥感技术相结合进行分析和结合现实问题进行研究等三个未来的研究方向。     

北京城区气传花粉季节分布特征

研究北京城区气传花粉种类、数量及季节消长规律,为防治花粉症及建设合理城市绿地提供有效资料.应用Burkard采样器于2010年12月31日至2011年12月31日对北京城区气传花粉浓度进行监测,并对花粉浓度进行统计学分析.研究结果显示,2011年北京城区的花粉季节从3月20日起始,至10月18日截止,持续213d,占全年天数的58％;全年花粉含量月分布呈现两个高峰,第1个高峰为3-4月,主要花粉为木犀科、杨属、柳属等树木花粉,占全年花粉总量的30％;第2个高峰为8-9月,主要花粉为菊科、藜科及苋科等莠草花粉,占全年花粉总量的50％;2011年度北京城区最具代表性的气传花粉来自于菊科,比重占了收集到气传花粉的35％.研究结果还表明,秋季的气传花粉致敏性强,所以北京花粉症的高发季节主要集中在秋季,以8-9月为最高,其中有95％的病人在此期间出现花粉症症状.花粉浓度及飘散规律受当地植被状况及气候等多种因素影响,因此,北京城区空气中气传花粉飘散种类、数量及季节分布规律的调查结果,可以为本地区花粉症防治及绿化品种的选择提供可靠依据.     

北京西山典型游憩林空气颗粒物不同季节的日变化

以百望山森林公园为例,对北京西山3种典型游憩林一年四季空气颗粒物浓度进行了昼夜观测,结果发现:(1)北京西山3种典型游憩林4种粒径空气颗粒物日变化整体上在4个季度均近似呈"双峰双谷"型,两个高峰时段分别出现在5:00～9:00和19:00之后到凌晨3:00,低谷出现时间是15:00左右和5:00左右,不同季节之间峰、谷出现时间稍有差异.(2)3种游憩林相比较,侧柏林空气颗粒物夜间高峰出现迟,高峰值大,且高峰期持续时间长,故夜间低谷出现时间也延迟.所以郁闭度较大的侧柏林夜间空气颗粒物浓度高于其他两种林型,且在夏、秋季表现得越来越明显.(3)同一游憩林不同粒径空气颗粒物相比,细粒径颗粒物白天高峰和夜间低谷出现时间提前,而白天低谷和夜间高峰却有所滞后.     

武汉市武昌地区气传致敏花粉调查研究

应用曝片法连续３６５ｄ收集武昌地区３个调查点的气传花粉,全年共检同花粉４８６４３粒,分属２８个科,属。一年中出现２次花粉高峰,即３～４月份,８～９月份,其中优势花粉为悬铃木属（Ｐｌａｔａｎｕｓ）柏科（Ｃｕｐｒｅｓｓａｃｅａｅ）,松属（Ｐｉｎｕｓ）蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）等;最主要的致敏花粉为蒿属,豚草属（Ａｍｂｒｏｓｉａ）对影响本地区空气中花粉飘散的因素,几种优势花粉的致敏特点及其临床意义作了初     

天津市气传致敏花粉探讨

本文报道1985年4月1日起至1986年3月31日止天津市和平区观察空气甲孢粉飘散的结果。该市全年均有花粉飘散,其中11月起至翌年2月止花粉数量很少,其它月份数量较多。一年中共出现二次高峰,即春季4月和秋季8—9月。春季花粉为木本植物的,如,白蜡树(Fraxinus L.)榆属(Ulmus L.)和杨属(Populus L.)。秋季花粉以草本植物为主,如,藜科(chenopodlaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia L.)、葎草属(Humulus L.)和禾本科(Gramineae)。经结合临床观察,花粉症患者发病日期与植物的开花期基本上是一致的。     

种植密度对东北玉米农田土壤呼吸时空动态的影响

基于东北地区玉米生态系统土壤呼吸的观测数据,阐明了玉米常规密度种植和低密度种植土壤呼吸的日变化特征及其空间差异性,分析了温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰型曲线,土壤呼吸日动态最大峰值出现的时间随测定位置不同而变化;玉米常规密度种植土壤呼吸速率最大峰值出现在12:00—15:00;低密度种植土壤呼吸速率最大峰值出现在11:00—16:00;在生态系统尺度上,测定位置距离玉米植株越远,土壤呼吸速率则越低;玉米常规密度种植土壤呼吸速率高于玉米低密度种植;测定位置不同,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、空气相对湿度的相关系数不同,均达到显著相关(P0.01),其中土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈正相关,与近地表的空气相对湿度呈负相关。     

空气致敏花粉污染研究的最新进展

孢粉是一种重要的空气致敏原,可引起不同程度的花粉症,严重困扰人们的日常生活。目前,对花粉症的研究日趋深入。本文综述了花粉飘散规律及预报,致敏原的确定,分子生物学和免疫治疗方面的最新进展,并提出了展望。     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎群落优势种和主要伴生种树干液流动态特征

运用Granier热扩散探针法(TDP),于2011年5月对黄土丘陵区延安市南郊公路山辽东栎群落优势种(辽东栎)和3个伴生种(山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛)树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度)和土壤水分动态,比较分析辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛的树干液流通量密度日变化动态及其对环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化动态特征总体上反映了气象环境因子变化的昼夜规律性,呈单峰或双峰型曲线,但辽东栎与山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化规律存在一定的差异。辽东栎液流启动时间较早,通常在5:00左右,而山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流启动时间均晚于辽东栎一个小时以上。辽东栎液流达到峰值的时间也较其它树种早,通常出现在9:00前后;细裂槭、桃叶卫矛和山杏液流通量密度达到峰值的时间分别在10:00、11:00和13:00前后。细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化曲线峰值较窄。除此之外,土壤水分状况对伴生种的影响程度要比优势种的大。相关分析表明,树干液流通量密度与太阳辐射和空气水汽压亏缺均呈极显著正相关。优势种与伴生种的液流动态差异可能与树木本身特性以及群落对光能的限制性再分配有关。     

三种林-茶复合林分中环境因子和茶的光合特征参数的日变化规律

对栾树-茶(Koelreuteria paniculata-Camellia sinensis)、香樟-茶(Cinnamomum camphora-Camellia sinensis)和枫香-茶(Liquidambar formosana-Camellia sinensis)3种林-茶复合林分中环境因子的日变化及茶[Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Ktze. ]的光合特征参数日变化和相关性进行了分析研究.结果显示,在3种林-茶复合林分中,光合有效辐射强度和气温的日变化呈单峰曲线,均在12:00达到最高值;空气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈先降后升的日变化趋势,分别在10:00和14:00达到最低值;各环境因子在全天不同时刻均有极显著差异(P<0.01).3种林-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日变化均表现为不对称的双峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00,其中枫香-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日均值最高(0.80 μmol·m-2·s-1);茶的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均在每日的早、晚较低,并在10:00达到最高;胞间CO2浓度日变化整体呈"W"型曲线,每日的早、晚较高,在10:00最低,其中栾树-茶复合林分中茶的胞间CO2浓度的日均值最高;茶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日均值在3种林-茶复合林分间有极显著差异(P<0.01),气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度日均值差异不显著.除气温与茶的净光合速率,以及光合有效辐射强度与茶的胞间CO2浓度、气温和空气相对湿度间相关性不显著外,其余环境因子与茶的净光合速率以及两两指标之间的相关性均达显著或极显著水平.综合分析结果表明,枫香-茶复合林分可改善茶的生长环境,促进茶生长,适合在安徽芜湖推广种植.     

Diurnal variation in airborne pollen concentrations of the selected taxa in Zagreb, Croatia

The number of individuals allergic to plant pollen has recently been on a constant increase. The knowledge of diurnal distribution and abundance of allergenic pollen types, their patterns and response to source position and weather is useful to correlate hay fever symptoms with the presence of allergenic pollen in the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to determine diurnal distribution of total airborne pollen, pollen of particular allergenic taxa, possible variation in diurnal pollen distribution at measuring sites placed at different heights, and effect of some meteorological parameters on airborne pollen concentrations. A 7-day Hirst-type volumetric pollen trap was used for pollen sampling. Qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis was performed under a light microscope (magnification x400). Total pollen of all plant taxa (Ambrosia sp., Betula sp., Cupressaceae, Urticaceae, Poaceae, Quercus sp., Fraxinus sp., Alnus sp., Corylus sp., Populus sp., Pinus sp., Picea sp.) observed showed a regular diurnal distribution at both sampling sites in both study years, with a rise in the pollen concentration recorded after 4.00 a.m. and 6.00 a.m., respectively. The peak pollen concentration occurred between 12.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m., and the lowest diurnal pollen concentrations were recorded overnight. About 50% of the 24-h pollen concentration were released to the atmosphere between 10.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. The timing and size of diurnal peaks were closely related to high temperature, low humidity and south-west maximum wind direction.     

北京西山典型城市森林内PM_(2.5)动态变化规律

城市森林内PM2.5浓度的状况可以直接反映城市森林对PM2.5的净化效果,也是居民休闲游憩关心的森林环境问题。选择北京西山3种典型的游憩型城市森林,通过对林内PM2.5浓度一年四季昼夜24h内变化的同步观测,分析了不同类型城市森林内PM2.5浓度的季节变化、日变化以及影响因素,结果表明:(1)北京西山3种游憩林内PM2.5浓度多数时候远低于城区对照值,在春、夏、秋三季都达到了国家城市化地区的标准,甚至在春季、秋季还达到了国家一类地区的标准。(2)城市森林在不同季节对PM2.5的净化效果存在差异,林内PM2.5浓度总体上呈现冬季夏季秋季春季的规律。(3)林内PM2.5浓度在一天24h内有很大变化波动,夜间浓度总体上高于白天,日变化曲线近似呈"双峰双谷"型,两个高峰出现在夜晚和早上,两个低谷出现在凌晨和中午前后。一年四季白天低谷出现时间有所不同,春季15:00左右、夏季13:00—17:00、秋季13:00—15:00、冬季9:00—11:00。(4)PM2.5在不同类型游憩林内的变化趋势和浓度值存在一定差异。郁闭度较大的侧柏林夜间PM2.5浓度总体上高于其它两种林型,其高峰和低谷出现时间延迟,高峰值大,高峰期持续时间长,且这种规律在秋季表现得更明显。(5)基于上述研究认为,北京西山城市森林为居民在PM2.5污染比较突出的都市背景下提供了一个相对清洁、健康的森林游憩环境,春季、夏季、秋季全天以及冬季9:00—11:00均是森林中PM2.5状况健康而适宜外出游憩的时段。     

Diurnal rhythm in mRNA expression of genes encoding amino acid transporter and circadian gene cry in intestinal mucosa of piglets

Long chain PUFA contents in plasma and liver both exhibited diurnal rhythms in pigs. However, whether mRNA expression of amino acid transporter and circadian gene Cry in intestinal mucosa is also rhythmic is yet to be known. The purpose of this study aims to investigate the diurnal rhythm in mRNA expression of genes encoding amino acid transporter and whether their rhythm was related to the expression of circadian gene Cry in intestinal mucosa of piglets. Thirty-six piglets (Duroc?×?Landrace?×?Large Yorkshire) at the age of 35 days were selected and fed for three weeks, and then samples were collected at 3:00 am (Clo3), 7:00 am (Clo7), 11:00 am (Clo11), 3:00 pm (Clo15), 7:00 pm (Clo19), and 11:00 pm (Clo23) at the age of 56 days. At each time point, small intestinal mucosa samples were collected from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum for detection of mRNA expression of the amino acid transporters and circadian gene Cry. The results showed that mRNA expression of most amino acid transporters in intestinal mucosa was higher at night and lower during the daytime. Expression of SLC1A2, SLC6A20, SLC7A1, and SLC6A14 in duodenal mucosa reached the peak at Clo3 and Clo7; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC1A2, SLC6A20, and SLC7A1 was similar to Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC6A14 had a similar trend to Cry2. Expression of SLC16A10, SLC1A2, and SLC7A1 in jejunal mucosa reached the peak at Clo7, while SLC6A14 reached the peak at Clo3; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC1A2 showed a similarity with Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC16A10, SLC7A1, and SLC6A14 was similar to Cry2. Expression of SLC6A14, SLC6A20, and SLC7A1 in ileal mucosa reached the peak at Clo3; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC6A20 has a similarity with Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC7A1 and SLC6A14 was similar to Cry2. The results suggested that the mRNA expression of most genes encoding amino acid transporters exhibited diurnal rhythms in the intestinal mucosa of piglets, and SLC7A1, SLC6A14, and SLC1A2 have a similar rhythm with circadian clock genes Cry1 and 2, and they reached the peak at Clo3 and Clo7.     

无锡惠山三种城市游憩林内细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度变化特征

在2011年秋、冬季和2012年春、夏季的游憩时段内(5:00-19:00),对无锡惠山香樟林、湿地松林和栓皮栎林3种游憩林内PM_2.5质量浓度进行实时监测,并同步观测气象因子,分析了游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的时间变化规律及其影响因素.结果表明: 惠山3种游憩林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于道路,湿地松林和香樟林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于栓皮栎林;3种游憩林和道路的PM_2.5年均浓度低于无锡市背景值.游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的季节变化规律为夏季最低,秋季次之,春季最高;PM_2.5浓度在春、夏、冬季最低的是湿地松林,秋季最低的是香樟林,栓皮栎林在各季节的PM_2.5浓度都较高.PM_2.5浓度在四季的日变化近似于“单峰单谷”型,7:00-9:00和15:00-19:00各出现最大值和最小值.4个季节的湿度和温度与PM_2.5浓度均极显著相关,光照仅在冬季显著影响PM_2.5浓度,较小风速对PM_2.5浓度的影响不大.     

无锡惠山三种城市游憩林内细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度变化特征

在2011年秋、冬季和2012年春、夏季的游憩时段内(5:00—19:00),对无锡惠山香樟林、湿地松林和栓皮栎林3种游憩林内PM_2.5质量浓度进行实时监测,并同步观测气象因子,分析了游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的时间变化规律及其影响因素.结果表明: 惠山3种游憩林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于道路,湿地松林和香樟林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于栓皮栎林;3种游憩林和道路的PM_2.5年均浓度低于无锡市背景值.游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的季节变化规律为夏季最低,秋季次之,春季最高;PM_2.5浓度在春、夏、冬季最低的是湿地松林,秋季最低的是香樟林,栓皮栎林在各季节的PM_2.5浓度都较高.PM_2.5浓度在四季的日变化近似于“单峰单谷”型,7:00—9:00和15:00—19:00各出现最大值和最小值.4个季节的湿度和温度与PM_2.5浓度均极显著相关,光照仅在冬季显著影响PM_2.5浓度,较小风速对PM_2.5浓度的影响不大.     

Monitoring of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ambrosia</Emphasis> pollen concentration in the atmosphere of Bratislava (Slovakia) during years 2002–2007

Ambrosia pollen represents a significant allergenic risk for pollen-sensitive people also in Slovakia. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the monitoring of Ambrosia pollen concentrations and pollen seasons in Bratislava during years 2002–2007. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method using Burkard volumetric spore trap at the height of 10 m above ground level. During six monitored years, a total of 11,334 Ambrosia pollen grains per cubic meter of air were recorded. The highest total ragweed pollen amount was detected in 2002 (2,577 pollen grains of the total annual pollen concentration) and the lowest ragweed pollen concentration (1,213 pollen grains) was determined in 2007. However, mentioned year was represented as the year with the longest pollen season among the all monitored years in Bratislava (41 days). The pollen season peak day of 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was recorded at the beginning of September; in 2003 and 2007 the peak was at the second half of August. The highest daily amount of Ambrosia pollen grains (more than 100 grains per cubic meter of air) was in 2002 (12 days). The results can be utilized to help to prevent symptoms of allergic reactions to Ambrosia pollen and improve quality of life during seasonal allergic diseases in ragweed pollen-sensitive people.     

Diurnal pollen tube growth rate is slowed by high temperature in field-grown Gossypium hirsutum pistils

For Gossypium hirsutum pollination, germination, and pollen tube growth must occur in a highly concerted fashion on the day of flowering for fertilization to occur. Because reproductive success could be influenced by the photosynthetic activity of major source leaves, we hypothesized that increased temperatures under field conditions would limit fertilization by inhibiting diurnal pollen tube growth through the style and decreasing subtending leaf photosynthesis. To address this hypothesis, G. hirsutum seeds were sown on different dates to obtain flowers exposed to contrasting ambient temperatures while at the same developmental stage (node 8 above the cotyledons). Collection and measurement were conducted at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 h on August 4 (34.6 °C maximum air temperature) and 14, 2009 (29.9 °C maximum air temperature). Microclimate measurements included photosynthetically active radiation, relative humidity, and air temperature. Pistil measurements included pistil surface temperature, pollen germination, pollen tube growth through the style, fertilization efficiency, fertilized ovule number, and total number of ovules per ovary. Subtending leaf measurements included leaf temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. Under high temperatures the first measurable pollen tube growth through the style was observed earlier in the day (12:00 h) than under cooler conditions (15:00 h). Also, high temperature resulted in slower pollen tube growth through the style (2.05 mm h⁻¹) relative to cooler conditions (3.35 mm h⁻¹), but there were no differences in fertilization efficiency, number of fertilized ovules, or ovule number. There was no effect of sampling date on diurnal photosynthetic patterns, where the maximum photosynthetic rate was observed at 12:00 h on both dates. It is concluded that, of the measured physiological and reproductive processes, pollen tube growth rate showed the greatest sensitivity to high temperature under field conditions.     

The fluctuations of the allergenic pollen content of the air in Brussels (1982 to 1997)

The pollen content of the air was studied from1982 to 1997 in Brussels. Fluctuations weremainly observed in the tree pollen content whilethe amount of pollen originating from herbaceousplants remained more stable during theinvestigation period.The number of allergenic tree pollen grains didnot rise steadily during this period. We noted,however, the existence of years with high pollenproduction following the physiological biorhythmof the trees. Years with high annual sums for agiven tree pollen type did not coincide withyears with high annual sums for another treepollen type. Variations in annual sums of allergenicherbaceous pollen types were less important thanthose of tree pollen types. No rise, nor cyclicpatterns were observed. The most important allergenic pollen types(Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Gramineae and Artemisia) have been presented in histograms.     

高温天气植被蒸腾与遮荫降温效应的变化特征

开展城市中不同树种植被遮荫与蒸腾降温效应的量化研究是科学优化植被温度调控服务的重要基础。以南京市栖霞区某小型绿地单元为研究区,对高温晴朗天气下不同树种典型植株树干液流进行了观测,采用"单位叶面积上的平均液流速率×叶面积指数"的扩展方法实现了由单株到林分尺度上冠层蒸腾量与蒸腾降温效应的估算,并根据林上、林下太阳辐射值计算了不同树种与整个绿地单元的遮荫降温效应,进而阐明了蒸腾与遮荫降温对总降温效应贡献率的变化特征。研究结果表明:1)3个树种树干液流均呈现昼高夜低的变化趋势,树干液流通常在6:00左右启动,正午前后达到峰值,且存在明显的"午休"现象,而在同一树种内树干液流会随着胸径的增大而显著增大;2)林分尺度上的冠层蒸腾量与蒸腾降温效应均为杨树雪松香樟,杨树峰或谷出现的时间(11:00—19:00)均明显晚于雪松(10:00—15:00)和香樟(9:00—16:00);3)3个树种遮荫降温效应总体上与太阳辐射的日变化规律基本一致,但树种间日平均降温效应的差异较小;4)3个树种与整个小型绿地单元的总降温效应在夜间均非常微弱,且全部为蒸腾降温,而在白天遮荫对总降温的贡献率(60%—75%)则明显高于蒸腾降温(25%—40%)。     

Winds under the Rain Forest Canopy: The Aerodynamic Environment of Gliding Tree Frogs

Movement of air under the canopy of a forest affects the gliding of animals such as frogs, snakes, geckos, and squirrels; the dispersal of pollen, seeds, and spores; as well as convective transport of heat and carbon dioxide. Wind speed profiles were measured under the canopy of a lowland rain forest during the morning, afternoon, and night at three sites in Costa Rica to determine the aerodynamic environment in which tree frogs maneuver while gliding. During the course of a day, average and maximum wind speeds were highest in the morning and midday, and lowest at night. Wind speeds under the canopy were highest near the top of the canopy and were lowest near the canopy floor in the morning and afternoon, and exhibited little variation with respect to height at night. Turbulence intensity (a common measure of gustiness) was constant (ca 1) for all times of day, heights in the canopy, and sites, but the absolute magnitudes of wind gust speeds were higher during the day than at night. Power spectral densities revealed that most of the variation in wind speeds occurred at frequencies that could potentially affect the gliding of tree frogs. Tree frogs (and many other gliding animals), however, glide at night and thereby avoid the higher wind speeds that occur by day. Computer simulations of the dynamic motions of frogs while gliding revealed that the night levels of wind gusts have little effect on the direction of gliding of tree frogs.