火花点火激发均质压燃(SICI)组合燃烧的试验研究

均质混合气压燃(HCCI)燃烧高负荷拓展是内燃机燃烧领域的一个难题.在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上采用EGR、火花点火和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了3种燃烧方式:HCCI、火花点火激发均质压燃(SICI)组合燃烧方式、火花点火(SI)燃烧方式,研究了不同EGR率和点火提前角对SICI燃烧排放特性的影响.结果表明,汽油SICI组合燃烧方式呈现明显的两阶段燃烧特性,调整点燃放热比例可以实现HCCI燃烧向高负荷拓展(最大平均有效压力为0.82 MPa),同时能获得较低的NOx排放和高的热效率.     

火花点火对乙醇燃料SI/HCCI燃烧模式转换平稳性的影响

在一台经过改进的单缸机上分别实现了乙醇燃料均质压燃和火花点燃两种燃烧方式，获得了乙醇燃料两种燃烧方式各自的工作区域，并在不同工况实现了两种燃烧模式相互转换．为了改善SI／HCCI燃烧模式转换时的平顺性，考察了边界条件工况下火花点火对燃烧模式转换的影响．研究结果表明，在HCCI燃烧临界温度附近，引入火花点火能明显改善乙醇HCCI的燃烧稳定性，降低了燃烧循环变动．在SI／HCCI燃烧模式转换过程中，引入火花点火相当于向缸内混合气添加部分额外能量，以点燃混合气，进而改善了HCCI和SI相互转换时的平稳性．     

缸内直喷汽油机SI-HCCI-SI燃烧模式切换的研究

双燃烧模式是车用均质混合气压缩着火（HCCI）发动机理想的运行策略，即在中小负荷下使用HCCI燃烧模式，而在大负荷和高转速下过渡到传统的火花点火（SI）燃烧或柴油机燃烧模式运行。采用可变配气和缸内直喷技术，在一个发动机循环内改变配气策略和喷油策略，实现从SI模式所要求的常规火花点火配气相位向HCCI模式要求的负阀重叠配气相位的跳变，配合缸内直喷策略的调整，实现SI模式和HCCI模式间的切换。通过分步切换的策略，可以提高切换过程的稳定性。燃烧模式切换可在一个发动机工作循环内完成，切换过程平稳迅速可靠，无失火和爆震等异常燃烧现象的发生。     

双燃烧模式发动机性能和排放特性对比的试验研究

在一台经过改进的单缸发动机上实现了乙醇燃料火花点火（SI）燃烧和均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧.获得了两种燃烧方式各自的工作区,定义了乙醇HCCI燃烧的爆震边界和失火边界.研究结果表明,通过进气加热,仅靠空气稀释,乙醇燃料的HCCI燃烧工作上限最大达到了SI工作方式下的50%.与火花点火相比,在乙醇HCCI燃烧的工作区域内,由于采用的是稀混合气,排气温度低,NOx的排放降低幅度达到58%以上.发动机负荷越小,混合气变的更稀,缸内燃烧温度降低,NOx的降低幅度越大,但CO和HC的排放升高.     

多缸HCCI汽油机SIAI/AI燃烧模式切换的试验

HCCI/SI复合燃烧模式是HCCI汽油发动机实用化的运行策略.但不同的空燃比和内部EGR率的需求给HCCI/SI模式切换带来了极大控制难度;同时由于HCCI负荷范围窄,使得燃烧模式切换频率过高,降低了发动机运行稳定性.在一台具备错位双凸轮机构的多缸汽油机上实现了火花点火激发混合气自燃着火(SIAI)燃烧方式,扩展了压燃模式下的负荷范围,研究了SIAI/SI燃烧模式的切换.结果表明,采用压缩冲程燃油喷射配合火花点火策略能够有效地避免燃烧模式切换中的失火现象,提高模式切换的稳定性;同时采用SIAI燃烧方式扩展内部EGR条件下的负荷范围,可以有效地减小模式切换频率.     

乙醇燃料SI-HCCI-SI燃烧模式转换过程的研究

在一台单缸试验机上进行了乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）和火花点燃（SI）两种燃烧模式相互转换的试验研究.结果表明,采用进气热管理系统,可以实现乙醇燃料在两种燃烧方式间的转换.在SI向HCCI转换过程中,由于混合气瞬间变稀,而高温热气进到缸内有一定的时间,转速和平均有效压力下降,经过约4个工作循环后,随着高温热气连续、均匀地进到缸内,实现了连续稳定的HCCI燃烧,因此转速和平均有效压力上升,并且很快达到稳定.在HCCI向SI转换过程中,由于存在火花点火,对混合气的温度不是很敏感,因此过渡时间减少,发动机很快达到稳定状态.     

多缸汽油HCCI发动机燃烧循环变动的研究

在均质混合气压燃(HCCI)发动机研发中多缸不均匀性是一个重要的问题.通过在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上采用两次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式,研究了汽油HCCI发动机在不同燃烧模式下的多缸燃烧循环波动特性.研究结果表明:在汽油机中低负荷典型工况下,HCCI燃烧pi的缸内循环波动率小于2%,缸间循环波动率小于3%;HCCI发动机缸间循环波动主要受进气量的影响,与SI燃烧模式相比,采用稀燃模式的汽油HCCI燃烧缸间循环波动较小,HCCI燃烧的压力升高率和最高燃烧压力的循环波动率较小.     

火花助燃CAI混合燃烧控制

针对汽油机CAI燃烧面临的主要难点--着火时刻控制、运行工况范围狭窄及燃烧模式转换问题,在CAI发动机运行负荷上边界采用火花助燃的方法,可灵活控制CAI发动机在负荷上限运行时的燃烧相位,抑制大负荷时CAI燃烧所遇到的爆震和小负荷时的燃烧不稳,可以拓展CAI运行的工况范围.点火时刻、缸内残余废气率和有效压缩比都对火花助燃CAI燃烧过程有重要的影响.通过对缸内残余废气快速管理,可以有效控制SI和CAI燃烧所占的比例.     

压缩比对汽油HCCI燃烧和排放特性的影响

通过优化动力技术对一台四缸汽油机进行改造设计,实现均质混合气压燃(HCCI),考察了压缩比对汽油机HCCI负荷拓展及冷却液和进气温度对HCCI燃烧排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:提高压缩比可以在更低的进气温度下实现SI/HCCI燃烧模式的切换,CO排放升高,HC排放下降,NOx排放呈下降趋势,且在高负荷工况时下降得更加明显。在压缩比为15时,HCCI汽油发动机可以在1 200~3 600r/min转速范围内实现稳定燃烧,提高压缩比有效拓展了HCCI发动机负荷范围。随着进气温度及冷却液温度的升高,燃烧相位提前,燃烧持续期缩短,缸内压力、放热率及温度升高;缸内循环变动率减小,实现更稳定的HCCI燃烧;CO、HC排放也随之降低,但NOx排放有升高趋势。     

EGR策略对理论空燃比SICI组合燃烧影响的试验研究

均质混合气压燃(HCCI)高负荷拓展是内燃机燃烧领域的一个难题,火花点火激发均质压燃(SICI)组合燃烧可以作为汽油机中高负荷区域的高效燃烧模式,实现HCCI与火花点火(SI)燃烧的衔接。在试验台架上通过改变配气相位及外部EGR循环实现了内外EGR组合策略下的SICI组合燃烧,研究了EGR策略对SI-CI组合燃烧的影响。结果表明,内部EGR有利于压燃的发生,随着内部EGR的增加,压燃比例增加,燃烧速度加快,循环波动减小,CO和UHC排放减少,SICI组合燃烧能够在更高的EGR率条件下稳定工作,理论空燃比SICI组合燃烧的工况范围得到拓展。     

在汽油机上实施HCCI的技术策略

均质混合气压燃(HCCI)燃烧方式，是一种克服常规柴油机和汽油机缺点、集常规汽油机和柴油机优点于一体的新概念燃烧。本文分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性，介绍了HCCI发动机实用化所面临的问题，提出了双工作模式的折衷方案：在中低负荷工况实施HCCI，而在大负荷工况和冷起动工况恢复常规发动机工作方式。推荐可变压缩比(VCR)方案、可变废气再循环率(EGR)方案、可变排气门关闭时刻方案，以及废气再循环滚流分层充气方案等。为尽快在汽油机上实施HCCI燃烧方式指出了技术方向。     

Diethyl ether as an ignition improver for biogas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation - An experimental investigation

This paper deals with experimental investigations of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using biogas as a primary fuel and diethyl ether (DEE) as an ignition improver. The biogas is inducted and DEE is injected into a single-cylinder engine. For each load condition, best brake thermal efficiency DEE flow rate is determined. The results obtained in this study are also compared with those of the available biogas-diesel dual-fuel and biogas spark ignition (SI) modes. From the results, it is found that biogas-DEE HCCI mode shows wider operating load range and higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at all loads as compared to those of biogas-diesel dual-fuel and biogas SI modes. In HCCI mode, at 4.52 bar BMEP, as compared to dual-fuel and SI modes, BTE shows an improvement of about 3.48 and 9.21% respectively. Also, nitric oxide (NO) and smoke emissions are extremely low, and carbon monoxide (CO) emission is below 0.4% by volume at best brake thermal efficiency points. Also, in general, in HCCI mode, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are lower than that of biogas SI mode. Therefore, it is beneficial to use biogas-DEE HCCI mode while using biogas in internal combustion engines.     

Characteristics of cyclic heat release variability in the transition from spark ignition to HCCI in a gasoline engine

We study selected examples of previously published cyclic heat-release measurements from a single-cylinder gasoline engine as stepwise valve timing adjustments were made to shift from spark ignited (SI) combustion to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). Wavelet analysis of the time series, combined with conventional statistics and multifractal analysis, revealed previously undocumented features in the combustion variability as the shift occurred. In the spark-ignition combustion mode, the heat-release variations were very small in amplitude and exhibited more persistent low-frequency oscillations with intermittent high-frequency bursts. In the HCCI combustion mode, the amplitude of the heat-release variations again was small and involved mainly low-frequency oscillations. At intermediate states between SI and HCCI, a wide range of very large-amplitude oscillations occurred, including both persistent low-frequency periodicities and intermittent high-frequency bursts. It appears from these results that real-time wavelet decomposition of engine cylinder pressure measurements may be useful for on-board tracking of SI–HCCI combustion regime shifts.     

Active fuel design—A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines feature high thermal efficiency and ultralow emissions compared to gasoline engines. However, unlike SI engines, HCCI combustion does not have a direct way to trigger the in-cylinder combustion. Therefore, gasoline HCCI combustion is facing challenges in the control of ignition and, combustion, and operational range extension. In this paper, an active fuel design concept was proposed to explore a potential pathway to optimize the HCCI engine combustion and broaden its operational range. The active fuel design concept was realized by real time control of dual-fuel (gasoline and n-heptane) port injection, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and intake temperature adjusted. It was found that the cylinderto- cylinder variation in HCCI combustion could be effectively reduced by the optimization in fuel injection proportion, and that the rapid transition process from SI to HCCI could be realized. The active fuel design technology could significantly increase the adaptability of HCCI combustion to increased EGR rate and reduced intake temperature. Active fuel design was shown to broaden the operational HCCI load to 9.3 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). HCCI operation was used by up to 70% of the SI mode load while reducing fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions. Therefore, the active fuel design technology could manage the right fuel for clean engine combustion, and provide a potential pathway for engine fuel diversification and future engine concept.     

Modelling cycle to cycle variations in an SI engine with detailed chemical kinetics

This paper presents experimental results and a new computational model that investigate cycle to cycle variations (CCV) in a spark ignition (SI) engine. An established stochastic reactor model (SRM) previously used to examine homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has been extended by spark initiation, flame propagation and flame termination sub-models in order to simulate combustion in SI engines. The model contains a detailed chemical mechanism but relatively short computation times are achieved. The flame front is assumed to be spherical and centred at the spark location, and a pent roof and piston bowl geometry are accounted for. The model is validated by simulating the pressure profile and emissions from an iso-octane fuelled single cylinder research engine that showed low CCV. The effects of key parameters are investigated. Experimental results that show cycle to cycle fluctuations in a four-cylinder naturally aspirated gasoline fuelled SI engine are presented. The model is then coupled with GT-Power, a one-dimensional engine simulation tool, which is used to simulate the breathing events during a multi-cycle simulation. This allows an investigation of the cyclic fluctuations in peak pressure. The source and magnitude of nitric oxide (NO) emissions produced by different cycles are then investigated. It was found that faster burning cycles result in increased NO emissions compared with cycles that have a slower rate of combustion and that more is produced in the early stages of combustion compared with later in the cycle. The majority of NO was produced via the thermal mechanism just after combustion begins.     

Study on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in argon circulated closed cycle hydrogen engine

It is important to improve thermal efficiency and to reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engines. A closed cycle engine system that uses a monatomic molecular gas as the working fluid can be expected to have high thermal efficiency due to the high specific heat ratio of the gas. Several studies have been reported on closed cycle engines with conventional spark ignition or compression ignition. This research newly proposes an argon circulated closed cycle homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine system fueled with hydrogen. In this engine system, effects of in-cylinder gas initial temperature and residual water in recirculated gas on combustion characteristics were investigated. The results show that the system with argon circulation has the wider range of operable conditions and the higher thermal efficiency compared to the case with air as the working fluid.     

Dilution limits of n-butane/air mixtures under conditions relevant to HCCI combustion

The role of a spark discharge in extending the operating limits of homogeneous change compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has been investigated using engine experiments and computational flame modeling. The flammability limits of ultra-dilute n-butane/air mixtures are calculated over ranges of temperature, pressure, and dilution levels relevant to HCCI operation. The results suggest that with the elevated temperatures required to achieve HCCI combustion the in-cylinder charge is capable of supporting a propagating flame over most of the HCCI operating regime. However, under light-load and idle conditions the dilution levels are too large and the spark has no effect on HCCI combustion. Thus, some other mechanism must be found to control combustion phasing under these conditions. Since the true eigenvalue for the flame propagation calculation is the mass burning rate and not the flame speed, these results demonstrate that using an arbitrary flame speed cut-off criteria for determining the dilution limit significantly underestimates the actual flammability ranges.     

异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的试验研究和分析

在一台改制的发动机上进行了异辛烷、乙醇及其混合燃料HCCI燃烧的研究。发动机性能用缸内压力评估,研究用的参数包括放热率、平均指示压力和热效率。试验结果表明,乙醇着火时刻早于异辛烷;在乙醇中加入异辛烷可以推迟着火,并导致平均指示压力和热效率的降低;对某种特定燃料,HCCI燃烧的发生主要取决于进气充量温度,初始充量温度的增加将导致HCCI燃烧提前;充量温度低或发动机转速低时,混合气形成质量差,对HCCI燃烧有不良影响;指示热效率为30%~43%,其值高于火花点火发动机;预燃室的存在有利于稳定的HCCI燃烧;超稀充量运行可以显著降低NOx排放。     

高效车用汽油机的技术进步

论述了车用汽油机的应用现状及其节能的潜力。作为基本指导思想,由热力学基本公式分析得到了提高汽油机热效率的途径是提高压缩比、稀薄燃烧以及降低泵气损失,同时指出应提高燃烧等容度以及降低循环波动。介绍了在进气道喷射汽油机上采取的节能技术,如提高压缩比、VVT、米勒循环以及停缸等。回顾并分析了缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)的发展历程与现状,特别分析对比了稀燃GDI与当量比GDI的优劣。最后,介绍了基于GDI发动机进行的HCCI以及HCII燃烧研究,指出分层混合气与SICI组合燃烧方式是在HCCI核心思想上衍生出来的,可以有效拓宽HCCI运行范围。