下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉的解剖学研究

目的 测量正常成人下颈椎椎弓根的解剖学参数,探讨下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉内固定技术的可行性。 方法 随机选取80例正常成人颈椎CT影像资料,将扫描数据导入MIMICS 19.0软件。测量C3~C7椎体的椎弓根宽度（OPW）、椎弓根高度（OPH）、内侧皮质骨厚度（MCT）以及颈前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉置钉参数,进行统计学分析。 结果 各节段左右两侧 OPH 和 MCT 参数的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。测量男性的 OPH 和 OPW 参数均大于女性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。C3~C4进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根的对侧1.0~3.0 mm,距椎体上终板平面1.0~3.5 mm;C5进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根同侧或对侧1.0~2.0 mm,距椎体上终板平面3.0~4.0 mm;C6~C7进钉点位于椎体正中矢状面椎弓根的同侧2.0~4.5 mm,距椎体上终板平面4.5~7.0 mm。C3~C7的皮质骨螺钉总体内倾角平均值分别是：39.13°、41.00°、40.91°、37.28°、31.84°,总体矢状角是：90.85°、97.23°、108.97°、111.60°、104.83°。螺钉的直径为3.5 mm,长度选择30 mm,32 mm较为适宜。 结论 下颈椎前路椎弓根皮质骨螺钉内固定技术在理论上具有可行性,并总结出置钉规律,为其下一步的临床应用提供了理论依据。     

螺旋CT对颈椎前路经椎弓根内固定安全性评估

目的 探讨CT扫描在下颈椎前路经椎弓根螺钉安全植入中的意义。 方法　取福尔马林浸泡尸体颈椎6具,16层螺旋CT扫描颈椎(C3~7),三维重建测量前路经椎弓根固定相关解剖学参数,根据扫描参数结果选择植入螺钉椎弓根,C形臂X线机透视定位下经前路植入椎弓根钉,CT扫描三维重建分析螺钉位置(根据Tomasino 法评价植钉安全性)。 结果　测量6具尸体颈椎(C3~7),共60个椎弓根,其中有4个椎弓根宽度小于4.0 mm及1个椎弓根的进钉点太靠近椎体上终板而不能植入螺钉,经前路共植入椎弓根钉55枚。根据Tomasino 法评价：在横断位Grade1:52枚, Grade2:2枚, Grade3:1枚;在斜矢状位Grade1:52枚, Grade2:3枚。 结论　术前个体化的CT扫描重建分析颈椎椎弓根形态为经前路颈椎椎弓根钉的安全植入提供保障。     

C2/3经关节突经椎弓根螺钉固定的影像学测量及可行性分析

目的 测量C_2/3经关节突经椎弓根螺钉相关影像学指标,并分析该置钉技术的可行性。方法 收集120例全颈椎CT薄层扫描数据,其中男性75例,女性45例。设定C_2/3经关节突经椎弓根螺钉的进钉点,即进钉点在枢椎侧块的水平中线与中外1/3垂线交点处,螺钉自枢椎侧块穿C_2/3关节突关节、C₃侧块止于C₃椎弓根下缘。测量C_2/3经关节突经椎弓根螺钉相关影像学数据,包括C₃椎弓根宽度与高度,螺钉通道长度,内倾角度,头倾角度,最狭窄处宽度。并分析各项测量结果之间的关系。结果 C₃椎弓根平均宽度5.48 mm,平均高度6.82 mm,螺钉通道平均长度18.68 mm,平均内倾角度20.46°,平均头倾角度50.1°,最狭窄处平均宽度2.80 mm。C₃椎弓根宽度与高度呈正相关(P=0.000),螺钉通道长度与C₃椎弓根宽度、高度呈正相关(P=0.000;P=0.000),螺钉通道最狭窄...     

外偏角对颈椎理想椎弓根螺钉置入的影响及变化规律

目的运用CT三维重建技术探讨不同外偏角对颈椎理想椎弓根螺钉置入的影响及变化规律。方法应用CT三维重建技术对60例颈椎(C3～7)模拟进行椎弓根内固定术,并测量外偏角在10°～60°时理想螺钉的直径和长度。结果C3～7椎弓根在外偏角为10°～60°时,随着外偏角度数的增加,理想椎弓根螺钉的直径和长度均先增大到峰值后逐渐减小;在C3～6,外偏角为50°时,理想螺钉的直径达到最大值,分别为(4.3±0.7)、(4.4±0.7)、(4.8±0.8)和(5.3±0.9)mm;C7理想螺钉的直径在外偏角为30°时达到最大值,为(6.3±0.9)mm。在螺钉外偏角为40°时,C3～7理想螺钉的长度达到最大值,分别为(30.2±2.1)、(29.6±2.0)、(30.6±2.5)、(31.7±2.5)和(31.7±2.0)mm。结论应用CT三维重建技术对不同外偏角时理想螺钉的直径和长度测量,可了解理想椎弓根螺钉的形态变化规律,对置入螺钉的形态和进钉角度的选择有指导意义。     

下颈椎弓根CT图像的指标测量

背景:由于颈椎弓根较小的周径,高度的个体差异,周围复杂的解剖结构,在置椎弓根螺钉时易误伤脊髓、椎动脉及神经根,临床应用受到限制。正确的理解椎弓根及其周围结构解剖特点有助于提高经椎弓根螺钉内固定操作的安全性。目的:评价CT测量颈椎椎弓根在颈椎弓根内固定的临床意义。方法:随机选择81例正常成人颈椎CT片进行颈椎骨性指标的研究,测量指标包括13项:椎弓根高度、宽度,椎弓根内侧、外侧、上缘、下缘皮质厚度,椎弓根内松质骨高度、宽度,椎弓根轴线的骨性通道全长,椎弓根的长度1、长度2,椎弓根的内倾角和椎弓根轴线在矢状面上与椎体下终板之间的角度。结果与结论:椎弓根宽度小于高度,C3、C4外径最小,颈椎椎弓根的松质骨内径小,皮质骨比例高。外侧皮质骨较内侧和上、下侧皮质骨均薄。下颈椎椎弓根的三个通道长度变化不显著,内倾角和上下倾角则有一定区别。提示经螺旋CT可以较好的呈现椎弓根内部的情况,为颈椎弓根螺钉内固定提供影像学数据。     

PACS在颈椎后方结构测量及其临床意义

目的　利用图像存储传输系统(PACS)结合CT片测量颈椎后方解剖学结构,为临床颈椎椎弓根置钉提供资料。 方法　利用PACS结合CT片,由5名脊柱外科医师对2000例正常人颈椎椎弓根的矢状位及横断为进行精确测量,得出椎弓根的长度、宽度、高度、向内侧倾斜、向头、尾侧倾斜角度的数据值, 并分别计算各节段左右侧椎弓根测量值的均值和标准差,进行统计学分析。 结果　寰椎入钉点距离一般在后弓中点旁开17～20 mm,在C2～7各椎弓根均有髓腔,C2～7椎弓根的高度大于宽度,C3、C4椎弓根直径最小,仍可置入3.5 mm的螺钉。寰枢椎螺钉在矢状面入钉角向头侧倾斜为正角,下颈椎螺钉向尾侧倾斜为负角,C4接近水平, C5～7负角逐渐增大, C7可达-19°左右。在横断位上测量的椎弓根的进钉角度显示,其中C2最小,下颈椎椎弓根具有变异性,术前利用CT片通过PACS进行精确测量,指导术中准确选钉与安全置钉具有指导性意义。 结论　应用PACS系统结合CT片术前测量,能够指导术中安全置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉,明显减少并发症,是一种值得推广的方法。     

颈椎椎弓根CT测量在椎弓根螺钉内固定中的作用

目的 :测量C3～ 7椎弓根各径线的数据 ,探讨颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉时按照轴线置入的必要性。方法 :8具颈椎标本 ,经螺旋CT(ElscintCTTwinFlash)在 1mm厚度断层扫描后 ,图像输入到计算机软件 (SiliconGraphicsO2工作站 ) ,测量C3～ 7椎弓根各径线的数据 ,根据数据模拟出椎弓根的形态特点 ,分别计算在未考虑螺钉直径与用 3 .0mm螺钉情况下进行置钉的角度安全范围。结果 :在未考虑螺钉直径下置钉 ,C3～ 7在横断面的平均最大安全范围分别是 18.68°、2 0 .41°、2 2 .43°、2 2 .5 0°、2 7.5 5° ,在矢状面分别为2 7.5 5°、3 0 .3 1°、2 7.70°、2 9.0 3°、3 4.88° ,用直径 3 .0mm螺钉置入时 ,在横断面的平均最大安全范围是7.2 5°、8.5 8°、10 .98°、13 .0 9°、15 .49° ,在矢状面是 16.3 5°、18.69°、16.40°、18.2 6°、2 3 .13° ,这些数据的差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入角度的最大安全范围小 ,有必要在置钉时做到真正的精确量化与精细操作 ,严格按照个体化的椎弓根轴线方向置钉。     

胸椎安全置入椎弓根螺钉的解剖特点:正常发育与特发性脊柱侧凸青少年比较

背景:胸椎椎弓根是胸椎手术中最主要的内固定方式,但是缺少椎弓根螺钉置入通道的相关形态的参数测量,缺少正常发育青少年与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者比较的相关报道。目的:比较在正常发育青少年与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎安全置入椎弓根螺钉相关的椎弓根形态特点。方法:使用三维重建CT图像对35例正常发育青少年和35例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的胸椎椎弓根进行测量。测量的参数包括:1临界距离:从椎弓根螺钉入点到椎板腹侧骨皮质的最短距离。2安全距离:从入点到椎管的切线距离(和椎弓根内侧皮质相切)。3椎弓根螺钉长度。4椎弓根宽度。5椎弓根横向角。危险区域定义为安全距离和临界距离之差。结果与结论:正常发育组临界距离为(9.2±1.0)mm,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组为(9.4±1.2)mm。正常发育组安全距离为(14.7±0.8)mm,显著小于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组的(15.4±1.4)mm(P0.001)。正常发育组危险区域为(5.4±0.7)mm,显著小于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组的(6.0±1.0)mm(P0.001)。正常发育组椎弓根螺钉长度为(36.6±4.1)mm,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组椎弓根螺钉长度为(37.1±5.3)mm。正常发育组椎弓根螺钉宽度为(5.8±1.2)mm,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸组椎弓根宽度为(5.7±1.7)mm。两组临界距离、椎弓根螺钉长度和椎弓根宽度之间差异无显著性意义(P=0.382,0.135,0.293)。两组的椎弓根横向角均从T1到T12逐渐减少。提示正常发育青少年和青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者置入椎弓根螺钉的胸椎椎弓根形态相关参数有差别,尤其在胸弯顶点附近区域。     

下颈椎经前路椎弓根置钉的应用解剖学研究

目的　为下颈椎前路椎弓根螺钉内固定技术(anterior transpedicular screw fixation, ATPS）的推广提供相关应用解剖学参数。 方法　随机选取30例成人正常颈椎CT影像学资料,将扫描数据导入MIMICS 13.0软件,测量C3~7椎体相关解剖学参数及颈前路椎弓根内固定（ATPS）的置钉参数,并统计分析。 结果 得到选择最佳进钉点及通过最佳进钉通道所测得的置钉参数。经测量得出,C3~7椎弓根的高度要大于宽度,可以容纳最大直径4.5 mm的螺钉,进钉长度可达30 mm。 结论 ATPS作为一种新的内固定技术可以应用于下颈椎疾患的治疗中。对某些颈椎疾患如肿瘤、严重骨质疏松及颈椎三柱损伤等疾患的治疗,可能提供更好的帮助。     

下颈椎椎弓根的数字化影像学观测

目的:探讨成人下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的相关解剖学参数,为临床选择应用螺钉的直径、长度、角度,进钉点定位及判断手术复位等提供理论依据.方法:采集颈椎CT图像,并依据性别与身高等因素分组,对椎弓根具有临床意义的数据进行测量.结果:椎弓根皮质、松质骨高度、宽度,第3～7颈椎同节段侧别间比较因性别和身高因素差异有统计学意义.男性较女性均宽大,第3～7颈椎总的趋势均逐渐增大.椎弓根轴线骨性长度、椎弓根长同节段侧别间比较与性别和身高因素关系密切,男性第3颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短;女性第4颈椎椎弓根轴线骨性长度最短,第7颈椎椎弓根长度最短.椎弓根外展角度及向头、尾侧倾斜角度,无性别差异.结论:下颈椎椎弓根等骨性结构个体差异较大(性别、身高因素关系密切),但仍是有规律可循的.术中螺钉直径的选择主要取决于下颈椎椎弓根松质骨的宽度,但应注意个体差异,第3～7颈椎均可用3.5mm的螺钉;螺钉长度选用范围29～32 mm,置入角度有明显规律性,是术中螺钉进钉定位、判断手术复位程度的重要依据.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.