The practitioner as researcher: Qualitative case studies in play therapy.

To help clinicians better understand case study research and encourage clinicians to share valuable experiences with others in the field, this article will define case study, identify the components of case studies, review critical considerations in case studies, and provide a recommended template for qualitative case studies. Fifteen case studies published in the International Journal of Play Therapy will be examined to review the process of these case studies, and the potential contribution of the study to illustrate the use of play therapy. Suggestions for further directions in the area of case study methodology in play therapy will be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The two stage case-based reasoning technology research on the basis of the expert decision

In some domain expert’s decision-making is intelligent output by comprehensive analysis and reasoning for the numerous decision-making factors,constraints and the goal in their domain,it is the concentrated expression of domain knowledge.Be aimed at field knowledge induction;sum up the exploration with systematization method,the two stages case-based reasoning(CBR) technology on the basis of the expert decision cased is present.The main idea,according to the characteristic of problem,analysis and decision process of field expert is carried out case-reasoning by two steps,and the field knowledge can be classified,induction and accumulated from different angles by multi case libraries.This technology includes two aspects,first,through two state case-based reasoning mechanisms to achieve area of decision-making process simulation;second,the CBR service in two more cases of library design process.First,two stage case-based reasoning mechanism,the first stage case-based reasoning to analyze the main level,clear nature of the problem,type,degree and character as the main content;the second stage case reasoning takes first order case reasoning result as basis then,the case reasoning,gives to making policy holding out being that purpose is in progress to out a decision-making suggestion once again.Secondly,in many cases the design of the library,to serve two-stage case-based reasoning process,the design of the four case libraries:First, property type case library,is a static case base can be modified,the effect is to performance differences between actual case and plan case of the qualitative distinction,indicate difference type attribute;Second, hierarchic quantization case library,is a static case base can be modified,the effect is to performance differences between actual case and plan case the quantitative distinction between the scope,indicate degree, size that the type issues in some difference etc.Three are that decision-making supports case library,is a static case base can be modified,the effect is similar enumeration all possible decision-makings content, indicate the decision-making that field expert possibility carries out;Four are decision match case library,is a self-study and dynamic case library,the effect is the library recording history decision-making case,is used to gain the decision-making scheme specifically for current reality achievement case is similar,to provide the support making policy,to learn composing in reply the case accumulating the new decision-making at the same time.The method is based on real business needs for research and development obtained after the conclusion,the paper shows through examples of the technology industry has a good adaptability,practicality and effectiveness.     

Preparing to automate the case management process

In this article, the authors discuss case management automation and the preparation that an organization should be making to install such a system successfully. They begin with a discussion of the goals of case management automation, and then review the steps that all facilities with case management programs can undertake to standardize their process, structure their organization, and strategically plan for case management automation. The current status of case management automation efforts also is discussed. The authors conclude by describing the efforts of one organization to develop an integrated case management documentation system.     

明代中期司法运作实态之管窥——以何孝子案为例

何孝子案是发生于明弘治朝的血亲复仇案。就该案自身而言，其诸多细节影响着判决的走向；从司法运作角度论，案件暴露了在高度强化的皇权体制下司法运作模式存在的诸多弊端。该案从案牍材料变为道德教材，则体现了中国古代独特的法律文化。     

Accounting for case manager effects in the evaluation of mental health services.

Three methods of accounting for case manager effects in tests of the efficacy of mental health services are explored. These methods include (1) treating the case manager as a fixed factor, (2) treating the case manager as a random factor, and (3) examining service effects within the case manager. They are demonstrated with data from a nationally known case management program serving individuals with serious and persistent mental illness. Specifically, 3 conceptually distinct types of services provided or brokered by case managers are identified: habilitation-rehabilitation, community support, and traditional psychiatric services. The effectiveness of each in improving clients' adjustment is then examined with multiple regression adjustment strategies and each of the 3 methods to account for case manager effects. The results provide strong support for effects attributable to case managers and some support for the efficacy of habilitation-rehabilitation and community support services beyond the effects of traditional psychiatric services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A survey of epithelial odontogenic tumors and cysts in dogs and cats

A retrospective histologic study of 12 canine and eight feline epithelial odontogenic tumors and cysts was conducted from oral masses (n = 3,917) obtained between 1980 and 1990. No sex or breed predilection was identified. Ameloblastoma was observed in two dogs (case Nos. 1, 2) 6 and 8 months of age. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors were seen in a dog (case No. 3) and in two cats (case Nos. 4, 5) between 8 and 16 years of age. Ameloblastic fibroma (or fibroameloblastoma) was observed in cats (case Nos. 6-10) only. Inductive fibroameloblastoma was observed in four cats (case Nos. 6-9) up to 1 year of age, whereas ameloblastic fibroma was seen in a 14-year-old cat (case No. 10). A single ameloblastic odontoma was identified in a 20-month-old dog (case No. 11). Two complex odontomas occurred in a 6-month-old (case No. 12) and a 4-year-old (case No. 13) dog. Odontogenic cysts were identified in five dogs (case Nos. 14-18) aged 4.5 months to 16 years and in a 1-year-old cat (case No. 19) and have not been previously reported in these species. These cysts were lined by a stratified epithelium reminiscent of the appearance of ameloblastic epithelium. An odontogenic keratocyst with prominent central parakeratotic keratinization was identified in one 9-year-old female dog (case No. 20). Almost all epithelial odontogenic tumors were circumscribed, benign tumors that warranted a good prognosis for survival, although local recurrence may have followed (or may follow) incomplete excision. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors may be locally invasive. Of six odontogenic cysts (case Nos. 14-19), two (case Nos. 15, 18) gave rise to basi-squamous carcinomas. The classification and behavior of epithelial odontogenic tumors and cysts in human beings, dogs, and cats are discussed.     

Overconfidence in case-study judgments.

This study investigated whether psychologists' confidence in their clinical decisions is really justified. It was hypothesized that as psychologists study information about a case (a) their confidence about the case increases markedly and steadily but (b) the accuracy of their conclusions about the case quickly reaches a ceiling. 32 judges, including 8 clinical psychologists, read background information about a published case, divided into 4 sections. After reading each section of the case, judges answered a set of 25 questions involving personality judgments about the case. Results strongly supported the hypotheses. Accuracy did not increase significantly with increasing information, but confidence increased steadily and significantly. All judges except 2 became overconfident, most of them markedly so. Clearly, increasing feelings of confidence are not a sure sign of increasing predictive accuracy about a case. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nursing case management and its role in perinatal risk reduction: development, implementation, and evaluation of a culturally competent model for African American women

The authors outline the need for comprehensive perinatal services management for African American pregnant women, based on social/environmental stressors, and propose a workable model for delivery of services based on case management principles. The implications of case management as an intervention to ameliorate these stressors are discussed. Data from 5 years of comprehensive case management are included to support the effectiveness of case management as an intervention among high-risk women. Steps utilized to develop, implement, and evaluate case management are also discussed.     

Preparing nurses for the acute care case manager role: educational needs identified by existing case managers

BACKGROUND: There is little in the literature about how best to prepare nurses for case manager roles. METHOD: Twenty acute care case managers were asked to identify skills and knowledge that would be of value to nurses new to case manager roles. RESULTS: Community resources, discharge planning, and third party reimbursement were the top three educational needs identified by all case managers. Baccalaureate prepared case managers identified clinical issues to be of value, such as family coping, patient education, quality of life, and social support, while master's prepared nurses identified only system-related issues. CONCLUSION: Educational programs preparing baccalaureate prepared case managers could focus on both clinical and system issues, while programs preparing master's educated case managers could focus primarily on managing system issues. Staff development professionals may also call on experts inside and outside the institution to assist in teaching about health care finance and reimbursement issues.     

中国彩电业应诉美国反倾销的策略分析

美国为了弥补贸易逆差，发起对我国彩电业的倾销指控。针对美国指控我国彩电业的倾销行为，介绍了此案件的背景和我国彩电业出口美国的情况。分析了案件的实质。并就美国对我国彩电业采取的反倾销行为提出了应对的策略。     

General and multicultural case conceptualization skills: A cross-sectional analysis of psychotherapy trainees.

The general and multicultural case conceptualization skills of 91 psychotherapy trainees were evaluated for complexity and expertness across 3 case scenarios. The cases varied in the extent to which culture was presented in the demographic information and presenting concerns. Whereas general case conceptualization skills were found to relate to clinical training, multicultural case conceptualization skills were found to relate to multicultural training. Across cases, advanced trainees demonstrated significantly greater complexity and expertness than beginners. Trainees consistently included more culturally relevant ideas when culture was explicitly stated in the case as a presenting problem, versus when culture was implied. Last, consistently significant differences in the case conceptualizations of White trainees and trainees of color were not found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

渗碳层厚度及碳含量的表征方法

为了衡量渗碳工艺是否合适,需要对渗碳层的厚度及碳含量进行准确测定。实验探索了一种能够快速准确地表征渗碳层厚度及碳含量的方法,并以18CrNiMo7-6钢为例进行了相关测定。首先,利用化学法验证了电子探针法测定渗碳层的准确性。其次,对比了电子探针法与硬度法的结果,两种方法测定渗碳层厚度的结果一致,电子探针法同时给出了不同渗碳层厚度与碳含量的变化曲线。再次,利用金相法观察了渗碳层及基体的微观组织,由于渗碳层厚度超过了金相法的测定范围,无法做出结果对比。综上所述,电子探针法既可以测定渗碳层的厚度,也可同时得到相应厚度渗碳层的碳含量,是准确表征渗碳层的有效方法,可以作为衡量渗碳工艺是否合适的依据。     

Case presentations: A key method for evaluating core competencies in professional psychology?

The clinical psychology training literature highlights the need to evaluate student competency in core competencies (e.g., assessment, intervention, interpersonal relationships, research, ethics, supervision). One such evaluation method that allows for a broad-based examination of core competencies is the oral case presentation. The oral case presentation is not new to clinical psychology, but the use of this method to evaluate core competencies has not been extensively discussed. We conducted a Web-based survey on the use of case presentations to evaluate students in professional psychology programmes in Canada. Responses were obtained from 20 of 28 Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)-accredited programmes. Respondents reported on the use of the oral case presentations in the evaluation of students and the perceived value of case presentations. The majority of respondents (N = 14) reported that students gave an oral case presentation during the course of training. Most of these programmes required the case presentation in the fourth year (N = 8), a point in time when competency might be best assessed. Only very few programmes (N = 3) reported that the case presentation was evaluated by a committee, with formal guidelines to assess the case presentation. The case presentation was viewed as being helpful for evaluating several different abilities (e.g., case conceptualisation, awareness of metaknowledge, use of research in practice, reflective skills). Overall, the case presentation was positively evaluated, but appears underutilised in Canadian professional psychology programmes to evaluate clinical competency. To encourage further use of this method for formal evaluation, guidelines for presentations and evaluation are provided. Future directions for research are also outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

不同渗碳层深度下重载齿轮钢的疲劳性能

 国家工程研究中心, 北京100081;3. 中国钢研科技集团有限公司科技质量部, 北京 100081)     

Studies on induction hardening of gray iron and ductile iron

The effect of induction case hardening of a gray cast iron (FG 260) and SG iron (600/3) as a function of applied induction power has been studied. The influence of various operating parameters on the penetration depth has been analysed. The case depth as a function of applied power and the associated changes in microstructure has been investigated. The case depth of SG iron was found to be twice than the gray iron due to higher resistivity of the material and increase in depth of penetration. Both hardness and the depth of penetration increased with increase in applied power associated with martensitic case formation. The surface hardness of both the irons varies between 600 to 800 VHN. The core microstructure in both the irons displayed pearlitic matrix. In the case of SG iron, the nodule size, sphericity and nodularity have reduced in the induction hardened case compared to the core.     

Effect of a clinical case manager/clinical nurse specialist on patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of case management by a Clinical Case Manager/Clinical Nurse Specialist (CCM/CNS) on hospitalized length of stay and hospital charge throughout a 12-month period for patients with congestive heart failure. A total of 491 patients were discharged during 1997 with a diagnosis-related group code of 127. Of this number, 88 were case managed by a CCM/CNS. The remaining 403 received the usual management of their care. The group who were case managed by the CCM/CNS demonstrated significantly shorter length of stay (t = 5.40, P < 0.00) and lower hospital charges (t = 4.26, P < 0.00) than the patients with congestive heart failure who were not case managed. Secondary analysis indicated a significant interaction between case management and involvement of a cardiologist in the care of the patient. Patients whose care involved a cardiologist without case management by a CCM/CNS demonstrated significantly greater (alpha = 0.01) length of stay and hospital charges than patients who were case managed by a CCM/CNS or patients whose care did not involve a cardiologist.     

基于案例学习的PC轧机板形智能设定方法

热轧板形模型大都建立在大量简化与假设基础之上,计算精度存在瓶颈。借鉴聚类分析和案例学习等数据挖掘方法,利用历史数据建立热轧板形PC角设定案例库,提出一种热轧板形PC角的智能设定方法。首先,对大量轧制历史数据进行聚类分析,挖掘出带钢板形控制良好的轧制案例,建立一个初始的轧制案例库。接着,在日常生产中不断对该案例库进行迭代学习,将更优秀的轧制案例分层别更新到案例库;使用时,通过相似度计算从案例库中找到与当前带钢最接近的轧制案例,取出其对应的PC角进行在线板形设定。该方法已成功应用于宝钢1580热连轧机组,在线应用表明可以有效提高热轧带钢板形控制精度。     

渗氮层的微观结构对渗层脆性的影响

利用Ｘ射线衍射仪和透射电镜研究了离子渗氮层和普通气体渗氮层的微观结构及其对渗层脆性的影响。结果表明,离子渗氮化合物层中γ′相的含量比普通气体渗氮的要多,且γ′相晶粒较小;离子渗氮扩散层中的碳化物呈粒状,而普通气体渗氮扩散层中的碳化物呈断续的长条状,且分布有一定的方向性。这是离子渗氮的渗层脆性低于普通气体渗氮的重要原因。