机制砂成分对水工混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性研究

文章利用相同的配合比和原材料，通过加速侵蚀试验探讨了隧洞水工混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能受机制砂成分的影响作用。结果表明：低温条件下，石粉含量较高且含石膏矿物相机制砂配制的混凝土试件发生硫酸盐侵蚀破坏；隧洞水工混凝土细骨料选用机制砂时，必须检验控制机制砂的成分，以保证混凝土耐久性达到工程设计要求。     

机械制造砂石混凝土早期开裂与抗水渗透性影响分析

文章以矿物掺合量、石粉含量、机制砂种类为变量,通过改变单一变量探讨混凝土抗水渗透性、早期开裂受变量变化的影响.结果表明:混凝土早期收缩受弹性模量和集料种类的影响较大,为保证混凝土抗裂性能优先选用弹性模量大的机制砂;机制砂混凝土早期抗开裂性能随石粉含量从1％增大到4％的变化而增强,随石粉含量从4％增大到8％的变化反而减弱...     

石粉含量对大坝碾压混凝土性能的影响

亭子口水利枢纽左岸天然砂石骨料生产系统生产的砂中石粉含量只有10％左右,无法满足碾压混凝土生产需要,需外掺石粉增加石粉含量.通过试验研究了14％、16％、18％、20％不同石粉含量对碾压混凝土的拌和性能、力学性能及耐久性能的影响,并与基准碾压混凝土进行了对比.根据试验研究成果,综合碾压混凝土的各项性能提出,亭子口水利枢纽大坝碾压混凝土用人工混合砂中的石粉含量控制在16％～18％较为适宜.     

沐若水电站大坝碾压混凝土石粉掺和料应用研究

沐若水电站大坝为全断面碾压混凝土重力坝,因当地人工砂的细度模数小,石粉含量高,为降低工程造价,合理利用资源,减少对环境的污染,对石粉作为掺和料进行了一系列现场试验研究。结果表明,只要采用合适的加工工艺控制人工砂的石粉含量在27%以下,以内含的方式按砂质量3%~4%的石粉作为掺和料配制碾压混凝土,就完全可以满足设计对碾压混凝土各项性能指标的要求。此项成果已成功应用于工程实际,取得了较好的效果。     

高摩赞大坝枢纽工程碾压混凝土试验研究

通过不同矿物掺和料的对比试验，对低弹性模量碾压混凝土进行了研究，分析了在混凝土中分别掺入粉煤灰、矿渣和膨润土对混凝土变形性能的影响，立足于工程实际，提供了经济合理的碾压混凝土配合比。     

利用矿渣及石粉配制碾压混凝土在戈兰滩工程的应用研究

通过掺不同比例的矿渣粉和石粉作为掺和料,探讨配制碾压混凝土的可行性。结果表明,用矿渣与石粉作为掺和料配制碾压混凝土的性能与粉煤灰碾压混凝土的性能相近,用矿渣与石粉作为碾压混凝土的掺和料是完全可行的。     

石粉含量对碾压混凝土性能的影响

石粉系指生产人工砂及粗骨料过程中产生的小于0.16 mm的微细颗粒.把混凝土骨料中的微粒冲洗掉,既费时又费力.然而研究表明:砂中含有适当数量的微细颗粒,可以增加碾压混凝土的密实性和可碾性,对碾压混凝土的性能有一定的改善作用,且可降低工程造价.研究了不同石粉含量对碾压混凝土的拌和物性能、力学性能及耐久性能的影响,在试验研究的基础上,提出碾压混凝土中石粉含量的最佳范围.     

不同石粉掺量对碾压混凝土性能的影响分析

针对人工砂细骨料石粉含量较低，必须外掺石粉才能满足工程使用要求的问题，试验探讨了10%、12%、15%、18%、20%不同石粉含量人工砂对碾压混凝土耐久性、拌合性以及力学性能的影响。结果表明：人工混合砂石粉含量为15%～18%时碾压混凝土综合性能达到最优，可为水利枢纽工程和碾压混凝土方案设计提供一定参考。     

景洪水电站碾压混凝土天然砂的级配改善措施

景洪水电站用天然砂生产碾压混凝土，但因天然砂砾料在开采和筛洗过程中，细粉流失严重，成品砂中的细粉含量不能满足碾压混凝土对细骨料的质量要求，最后经研究试验，采用了制备石粉，再进行掺混，满足了碾压混凝土用砂的要求。     

金安桥水电站玄武岩骨料碾压混凝土特性研究

针对金安桥水电站大坝玄武岩骨料碾压混凝土特性,通过对玄武岩微观分析和碾压混凝土的特性研究,配合比设计采用外掺石粉代砂、低VC值、提高外加剂掺量技术路线,有效改善了玄武岩骨料碾压混凝土的工作性能、耐久性能及抗裂性能,保证了金安桥大坝碾压混凝土的质量和快速施工.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.