几种典型双相不锈钢组织及性能特点及其对加工过程的影响

本文选择几种典型的双相不锈钢:S32707、S32750、S32205、S31803,在其工件上取样,采取了不同的热处理、热加工和热穿孔以及适当调整化学成分等试验方法,比较和研究了组织和性能特点及其对加工过程的影响。结果表明:两相比例和σ相的析出情况与热穿孔温度和冷变形的退火、固溶处理温度密切相关,S32707的二次相的析出速度和析出量远超于其他双相不锈钢。适当降低Cr、N含量,提高Mo含量,合理控制加热速度,终乳(锻)温度,并注意回炉加热和圆管坯中心钻孔的影响,可提高热加工塑性,防止开裂。试验中的S32707成品无缝管满足相关标准的要求。     

超级双相不锈钢S32760凝固过程Thermo-Calc热力学软件的应用

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件得到S32760（022Cr25Ni7Mo3WCuN）超级双相不锈钢凝固过程中的相图,确定了S32760双相钢是FA （铁素体-奥氏体）凝固模式,通过改变奥氏体和铁素体的形成元素的含量,确定在不同的化学成分下的热加工性能、Cr₂N和σ相析出温度,得到S32760双相钢热加工温度区间随着奥氏体形成元素C、N、Ni、Mn含量的增加而变大,随着铁素体形成元素Si、Cr、Mo含量的增加而减小,而W对热加工性能没有影响。根据热力学计算,确定了最优的化学成分（/%:0.022C,0.30Si,0.80Mn,25.60Cr,6.20Ni,0.54Cu,3.50Mo,0.54W,0.27N）,S32760双相钢最佳热塑性温度为1195℃, Cr₂N相的析出温度为1050℃, σ相析出温度为1020℃,热加工区间为145℃,并且通过了后续的现场实践验证。     

Cr、Mo对超低碳双相不锈钢的σ-相析出行为和耐点蚀性能的影响

通过Thermo-Calc热力学计算、金相和电化学方法分析和研究了1 050~1120℃固溶的00Cr21Ni2Mn5N、00Cr22Ni5Mo3N、00Cr25Ni7Mo3N、00Cr27Ni7Mo5N四种典型超低碳双相不锈钢在5001~100℃时效后σ相的析出规律和σ相含量对四种双相不锈钢点蚀电位的影响。结果表明,σ相析出量随着时效温度的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并且随着双相不锈钢中铬-钼含量（/%）依次20.98-0.03,22.41-3.16,25.30-3.46,26.69-4.74递增时,σ相析出量峰值递增,依次为4.9%,22.5%,27.0%,40.5%,同时σ相完全溶解温度提高,依次为660,950,1 060,1100℃;σ相析出量越大超低碳双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能越低,4种钢的σ相析出峰值对应的E_b100值依次为-94.0,100.1,260.2,117.7 mV。     

冷却速率对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相 不锈钢析出相的影响

 利用热膨胀仪测定了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的CCT曲线,结合金相法、显微硬度法、X射线衍射法分析了冷却速率对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢σ析出相的影响。结果表明,00Cr25Ni7Mo4N双相不锈钢热处理或热加工温度应控制在1050 ℃以上;冷却速率越小,σ相析出量越多,显微硬度也越高;钢在冷却过程中要以大于4800 ℃/h的冷却速率通过600～1000 ℃区域,从而避免σ脆性相的析出。     

固溶处理对超级双相不锈钢S32750组织和性能的影响

研究了950～1 200℃60 min水冷的固溶处理对超级双相不锈钢S32750(/%:0.02C、0.49Si、1.03Mn、0.026S、0.001P、25.01 Cr、7.03Ni、3.80Mo、0.29N)12 mm板的组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随固溶温度升高,钢中铁素体相增加,奥氏体相减少;在950℃加热时铁素体中析出大量σ-相,使钢的性能恶化,在1 050～1 100℃固溶处理后,钢中铁素体相和奥氏体相各占50%, S32750钢具有较好的综合力学性能和优良的耐蚀性能。     

σ相的析出对双相不锈钢组织性能的影响

σ相是一种富Cr、Mo的金属间化合物,它的存在会使钢的强度提高,塑韧性降低,恶化耐蚀性能。主要从成分、组织、性能等方面对S31803、S32750双相不锈钢σ相的析出行为进行研究。结果表明：Cr、Mo增加了σ相析出的敏感性,而且随时效时间的延长,σ相析出的数量不断增加;而且σ相的析出对材料的塑性、耐蚀性都造成不利影响。     

防止S31803双相钢5 mm热连轧卷板边裂的工艺实践

S31803双相不锈钢(%:0.019C、22.50Cr、5.40Ni、3.15Mo、0.18N)200 mm连铸坯热轧成5 mm卷板易产生边裂。通过控制钢中S含量≤0.005%,加RE-Si-Fe合金变质硫化物,将钢中氧含量由53×100^-6降至26×10^-6,提高铸坯等轴晶比例,控制铸坯加热温度1150～1250℃,有效地防止5 mm热连轧卷板边裂的产生。     

022Cr25Ni7Mo4N的热穿孔和冷加工工艺

通过在AOD冶炼的热轧(直径65 mm)圆管022Cr25Ni7Mo4N钢坯上切取试样,研究不同的热穿孔和冷加工工艺参数对钢中两相(铁素体和奥氏体)的比例、σ相析出和溶解特点及对钢性能的影响.结果表明:σ相析出的敏感温度区为850～900℃,σ相完全溶解温度为1 010℃.结合热穿孔的特点,圆管坯热穿孔的加热温度为1080～1180℃.为避免加热过程中产生裂纹的可能,在σ相析出的温度区内,应避免重复加热或长时间保温.采用合适的热穿孔和冷加工工艺后,无缝钢管成品满足相关标准的要求.     

固溶处理对00Cr27Ni7Mo5N不锈钢的组织及力学性能的影响

 研究了不同固溶处理温度对特超级双相不锈钢00Cr27Ni7Mo5N组织及力学性能的影响。采用光镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度、冲击和拉伸测试等手段研究σ相的析出规律及其对力学性能的影响。运用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算00Cr27Ni7Mo5N相含量随温度的变化,并与测试结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,当固溶温度在800～1050℃之间,00Cr27Ni7Mo5N有大量金属间化合物σ相析出,导致钢的强度和硬度增加,塑韧性显著下降。当固溶温度在1070～1200℃时,钢中σ相溶解,钢的塑韧性提高,硬度下降。1100℃固溶处理时,00Cr27Ni7Mo5N具有最佳的综合力学性能。     

00Cr25Ni6Mo2N无缝钢管管坯生产工艺

研究并实践了00Cr25Ni6Mo2N双相不锈钢的冶炼、锻造／轧制与穿管等加工过程,总结了 00Cr25Ni6Mo2N无缝钢管管坯制造过程中的相比例控制、冶炼工艺、热加工工艺等难点问题,对类似双相不锈 钢的冶炼、加工具有指导意义。     

The 80-year history of duplex stainless steel

80 years has passed since duplex stainless steels were first produced and now they have developed into an integral series with the efforts on R & D and development of technology.In the recent decade, duplex stainless steels have been accepted by more and more customers and increasingly used. The first duplex grade produced in Sweden was 453E(26Cr-5Ni) in the 1930s,and then developed into 329.These two grades were characterized by high carbon content and called the first generation of duplex stainless steels.At that time,it was very difficult to add nitrogen into the steels and maintain the phase equilibrium,thus influencing the application properties,for example,intergranular corrosion post welding. One method to solve this problem is to alter the chemical composition,like adding nitrogen,etc.And that came to reality with the development of AOD and metallurgical theory of stainless steels.New series of duplex grades,called the second and third generations duplex,have successively emerged since the 1980s. These grades are characterized by high amounts of alloying elements,like chromium,molybdenum and nitrogen.Furthermore,super duplex stainless grades,like S32750,S32760 and S32707,were developed for various harsh service environments with their outstanding corrosion resistance and workability.These grades possess corrosion resistance corresponding to super austenitic grades,or close to nickel-base alloys, and are used in ocean-engineering,sea water desalination and oil industries,etc. And the application of duplex stainless steel is expending into other industries.For instance,453E is used in the pulp & paper industry.2205(S32205),a medium-alloyed grade,has become the most typical one in the duplex stainless steel family and widely used in many industries like pulp & paper,chemical and oil.New applications are emerging with better understanding of the duplex grades. Modern duplex stainless steels features most the corrosion resistance and strength,making them most cost-efficient in more and more projects. In this paper,the history of duplex stainless steels is recalled and reviewed from R&D,production to application,and latest grades like S82441 are also introduced.     

Lowcycle fatigue behavior on duplex stainless steels

Stainless steels are used predominantly for their corrosion resistance in moderate to highly aggressive environments. For construction purposes, engineers normally select carbon steel due to low cost, long experience, applicable design rules and a large variety of strength classes. However, different stainless steel types can also provide a very wide range of mechanical properties and they have the advantage of not needing surface protection. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) in particular, are austeno-ferritic steels with twice the mechanical strength of conventional austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and have a potential use in construction. In the early 1980’s, a ‘second generation’ of duplex steels was introduced with better weldability mainly through nitrogen alloying. The most common duplex grade today is the UNS S32205/S31803, which is used in a great number of applications in a wide variety of product forms. This grade was the basis for the development of a ‘third generation’ of duplex steels. These higher alloys are called super-duplex stainless steels and identified as UNS S32750/S32760. The cyclic hardening-softening response, the cyclic stress-strain curve and the microstructure evolution of a high nitrogen duplex stainless steel S32750 have been evaluated and the results compared with reference to low and medium nitrogen duplex stainless steels, S32205 and S32900 grades, respectively. The beneficial effects of nitrogen on the cyclic properties of most modern alloys have been analyzed in terms of the flow stress components, i.e. the back and the friction stress. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain the influence of nitrogen atoms on the cyclic behavior of these steels.     

双相不锈钢00Cr25Ni6Mo2N热穿孔工艺的研究

通过对双相不锈钢管00Cr25Ni6Mo2N的加热温度与临界变形量关系的试验,加热温度与双相比关系的试验,双相不锈钢热扭转试验,以及通过大量的热穿孔试验及分析研究得出该钢种最佳的热穿孔加工工艺。     

Hot Ductility of DSS and Its Microstructure Observation During Hot Deformation

By selecting several typical duplex stainless steels (DSS), i. e., 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N, 00Cr21Ni2Mn5N and 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N, as research materials, hot ductility characteristic of DSS was studied by thermal simulation method and microstructure evolution during hot compression was observed through TEM. The results show that the optimum hot ductility temperature range of DSS is 1050–1200°C. 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N exhibits the worst hot ductility and 00Cr21Ni2Mn5N has similar hot ductility to 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N. During hot compression, the dynamic recovery of austenite occurs in DSS while the dynamic recovery and reerystallization of ferrite take place in 00Cr22NioMo3N and 00Cr21Ni2Mn5N, but only the dynamic recovery of ferrite can be observed in 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N.     

钨含量及固溶温度对022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

研究了钨含量及固溶温度对超级双相不锈钢022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN耐点腐蚀性能的影响。通过化学浸泡失重法和电化学极化曲线法，测试了超级双相不锈钢022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN耐点腐蚀性能，并运用Thermo Calc热力学计算辅助分析。结果表明，固溶温度对超级双相不锈钢022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN耐点腐蚀性能影响效果显著，在1 100 ℃时，022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN 的耐腐蚀性能达到最佳；在理想的固溶条件下，钨元素有助于钝化膜的形成，钨含量的增加使得022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN的耐腐蚀性能增强，在钨质量分数为1.5%时，022Cr25Ni7Mo3.5WCuN获得最佳耐腐蚀性能，若钨含量继续增加，打破了α和γ两相的平衡，则耐蚀性能降低。