Analysis on sensitivity and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

Ｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ(ｌａｎｄｆｏｒｍ ,ｇｅｏｌｏｇｙ ,ｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｙ,ｃｒｅａｔｕｒｅ ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙｅｔｃ .) ,ｈｕｍａｎｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ (ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ,ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ,ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｅｔｃ .)ａｎｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｐａｔｉａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｐｌａｃｅｃａｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｉｔｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｉｔｓｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍ…     

冀西北间山盆地区景观格局变化及优化研究——以河北省怀来县为例

景观格局的改变会对区域生态系统功能产生影响,对其格局进行优化调控是维持区域生态系统功能稳定性的重要手段。研究以怀来县为例,通过解译判读1993、2003和2013年3期遥感影像,分析了研究区景观格局特征,发现研究区景观破碎化程度呈上升趋势,结合各景观类型在地形位上的分布特征和生态系统服务功能,运用最小累积阻力模型构建了生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分,整体连通性指数（dIIC）和可能连通性指数（dPC）评价结果表明河流交汇处及水库周边等区域对景观连通性重要值最大,然后划分了景观生态维持区、景观生态恢复区、景观生态功能强化区和景观生态功能保护区,为该地区景观生态优化提供指导 借鉴。     

基于景观格局的三峡库区生态脆弱性评价

三峡库区是我国的生态环境敏感脆弱区,进行生态脆弱性评价对于掌握其生态脆弱特征和识别生态环境问题具有重要意义. 基于遥感 (RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术,综合考虑景观格局和区域生态2类影响因素,进行三峡库区生态脆弱性评价. 结果表明:①景观类型中,脆弱度由高到低依次为水体、林地、旱地、草地和水田. ②景观破碎度与区域生态脆弱性之间的相关性显著,反映了人类活动对三峡库区生态环境的干扰剧烈. ③三峡库区生态脆弱区可划分为——Ⅰ区(0.171 500≤EVI＜0.191 225),Ⅱ区(0.191 225≤EVI＜0.210 950),Ⅲ区(0.210 950≤EVI＜0.230 675),Ⅳ区(0.230 675≤EVI≤0.250 400). 其中,Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区生态脆弱程度较高,主要分布在水域及其岸边带、高海拔区域和岩溶地貌区域. 特殊的地形地貌是三峡库区生态环境敏感脆弱的重要因素,而人类行为干扰是造成生态环境退化的决定性因子.      

潮白河密云水库流域自然景观的分级和评价

应用卫星遥感技术对潮白河密云水库流域的自然景观进行了自然度分级,并利用景观自然度指数、景观退化程度指数和景观重建程度指数对自然景观进行了评价。结果是研究区景观中度退化,重建程度中等,呈半自然状态。区内景观状态的优劣顺序为:兴隆、怀柔、密云、延庆、滦平、丰宁、崇礼、赤城、沽源。      

土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局演变响应——基于草堂溪流域的样带分析

研究山区土地利用转型背景下乡村景观格局演变与转型,对山区现代化农业可持续发展和景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。以三峡库区草堂溪流域为研究对象,利用ArcGIS 10.2和Fragstats 4.2软件,采用样带梯度分析结合景观格局分析方法,基于地形和社会经济因素,分别在河谷地区和山地丘陵地区设置5条样带,对研究区2000—2018年不同方向样带上景观格局梯度演变和驱动机制进行分析比较。结果表明：（1）景观类型整体变化幅度大致可分为较稳定型、逐年递减型和波动递增型,且景观转型的重点主要体现在耕地收缩、果园扩张和林地恢复性增长。（2）2000—2018年,研究区河谷地区的景观类型逐渐多样化,土地利用集聚,呈现空间集约化;而山地丘陵地区景观类型逐渐单一化,林地恢复。整体上由生产型景观格局转型成生态经济型、生态调节型为主的景观格局。（3）社会经济发展和政府政策导向等因素导致研究区内土地利用发生转型,在土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局也发生了相应的转变。研究结果可为类似山区土地资源的合理利用、生态治理和乡村振兴提供借鉴价值。     

景观生态学在国土空间治理中的应用

鉴于当前国土空间治理面临复杂的人类活动与自然环境相互作用而产生的生态风险与空间利用问题,基于景观生态学学科特质与生态文明建设要求,对当前国土空间治理工作进行梳理,归纳了明确的生态系统服务定位、高效的建成空间结构、适宜且多样的产业发展支撑、多等级的生态系统服务与安全保障等国土空间治理需求。同时,整合区域时空信息的理论基础与分析手段,提出景观生态学在国土空间治理中应落脚于：（1）识别并统一不同空间尺度的治理单元;（2）辨析并评估景观功能的空间分异;（3）构建基于生态风险防范的区域景观格局; （4）识别集约高效的城乡协调发展格局;（5）提出尺度联系的绿色发展架构;（6）明晰多级多样的生态保障方案。     

Applying ecosystem concepts to the planning of industrial areas: a case study of Singapore’s Jurong Island

The application of ecological concepts to the industrial setting has been touched upon by literature across several disciplines. Two emerging ecological planning approaches, landscape ecology and industrial ecology, are applied here to look at alternative ways of planning industrial parks. As an emerging field, landscape ecology provides different viewpoints from the traditional approach of natural conservation, which mainly focuses on the protection of nature. The approach of landscape ecology regards the environment as a land mosaic, a mixture of natural and urban environment, which concerns a manageable human-scale environment across one or two human generations. Industrial ecology, on the other hand, goes beyond the traditional “end of pipe” idea of pollution control and learns from the ecosystem concept. The current paper is an attempt to reconcile these two fields as an integrated approach to the planning of industrial areas. Using a case study of Singapore’s Jurong Island industrial park, two fundamental issues behind the idea of landscape ecology and industrial ecology are raised. If raw materials, energy and by-products are more easily replaced or reused by technology and management, then research on industrial ecology and related knowledge will be crucial for developing natural resource substitution by innovative technology and new ways of environmental management. Where it is difficult to substitute natural resources, the skills of planning and managing natural resources will take priority over other strategies. In this situation, the knowledge of landscape ecology needs to be applied to the prediction, design and evaluation of ecologically optimum resource uses, patterns and processes in the mixture of natural, urban and industrial environment. A new concept, “nurtured landscape”, is proposed for mediating between the natural ecosystem and the urban/industrial environment. The nurtured landscape provides a basis for the development of new ecological technology using landscape to ameliorate the polluting effects of the urban/industrial neighbourhood. The planning of Singapore’s Jurong Island industrial park provides a test of applying the principles of landscape ecology and industrial ecology to the possible transformation of an industrial area.     

中国国家公园建设潜在区域识别研究

国家公园是保护具有国家代表性资源的自然生态区域,建设国家公园体制是中国国土生态安全保障和生态文明体制改革的重要内容。论文基于国际经验、国家公园功能和政策内涵,依据国家公园主导定位和生态系统服务理念,构建了包含6个关键指标的综合评价模型,包括生态系统完整性、生态重要性、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观价值与人文遗产价值,分别进行单一要素层评价和多指标空间叠加分析,再结合中国生态地理区划、生态功能区划和省级行政区管理等因素进行比对和范围遴选提取,初步确定了中国国家公园建设的潜在区域。结果表明,生态系统完整性、生态重要性、生物多样性、原真性的高值集聚区域具有趋同性,生态系统完整性较好的区域,承担着重要的生态功能,生物多样性也较高,原真性保存较好。中国三大阶梯与自然地理区域的叠加分布特征明显,东西部潜在区域的面积差异较大,西部地区的空间连续性较强,潜在区域的跨界性较为明显。初步遴选出55处未来可以重点考虑建设的陆地型国家公园潜在区域。研究可为中国国家公园建设合理布局提供方法参考和理论借鉴。     

Integrating economic landscape valuation into Mediterranean territorial planning

Recent and rapid landscape changes have occurred over large areas in Mediterranean Basin. Wildfires and human activities are the most important disturbances at landscape-level due to their ecological and socio-economic impacts. The increasing demand which society places on the forest landscapes has led us to develop a tool to identify the economic landscape value around natural protected areas. Our research focused on the integration of social, ecological and economic components of landscape management based on stated social preferences and contingent valuation method (CVM). Landscape value research has been motivated by the need to assist land use planning and environmental management.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided new opportunities to spatially distributed modeling of landscape quality. Correlations were found between the representativeness of the landscape and its sense of belonging, and the contingent rating. Landscape with intensive agricultural practices and mining areas were the least preferred landscapes. There was a notable variation in the economic landscape value attributed to the study area based on the considered CVM scenario, ranging from 1,253,075.1 Euros to 3,650,827.8 Euros. We added the geospatial allocation of willingness to pay according to five landscape quality categories. Our approach could be used to identify priority areas for conservation based on maximizing landscape value, and would be useful in detecting interesting or conflict areas associated with new management and planning alternatives. In this sense, this approach offers managers to seek territorial management strategies to increase economic efficiency in the allocation of resources.     

经济发达地区影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

基于景观生态学的土地生态规划是提升土地生态质量、改善区域生态环境的重要途径,其中关键景观格局因子是土地生态规划的重要基础。论文选取长三角地区经济发达的昆山市作为研究区,以土地生态质量评价所得综合指数为基础,选取14个景观格局指数,通过关联分析测度方法确定两者的相关系数,分别在镇域和不同用地结构的典型代表村探讨影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子。结果表明：1）镇域尺度上,土地生态质量与最大斑块指数（LPI）、面积加权平均斑块面积（AWMPS）呈显著负相关,与香农多样性（SHDI）、平均形状指数（MSI）呈显著正相关;2）不同用地结构类型区影响土地生态质量的关键景观格局因子差异较大,其中建设用地集中区与斑块密度（PD）、边界密度（ED）呈显著正相关,与聚集度指数（AI）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈显著负相关,生态用地集中区与斑块面积（TA）和面积加权平均斑块面积（AWMPS）呈显著正相关,农用地集中区与最大斑块指数（LPI）显著负相关,与分离度指数（SPLIT）和多样性指数（SHDI）呈显著正相关;3）对研究区土地生态规划景观设计时,首先要宏观把握景观的优势类型,注重各景观类型的均衡分布,增加景观复杂度,其次关注不同用地结构类型区的关键景观格局因子,其中建设用地集中区应适当维持景观的破碎度和离散性,生态用地集中区应最大限度保证生态用地面积和优势类型,农用地集中区应当维持其景观类型的多样性以及分布的均衡性。     

The impact of urban planning on land use and land cover in Pudong of Shanghai,China

Functional zones in cities constitute the most conspicuous components of newly developed urban areas,and have been a hot spot for domestic and foreign investors in China,which not only show the expanse of urban space accompanied by the shifts both in landscape(from rural to urban)and land use(from less extensive to extensive),but also display the transformation of regional ecological functions.By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology,the structure of landscapes and landscape ecological planning can be analyzed and evaluated for studying the urban functional zones‘layout.In 1990,the Central Govermment of China declared to develop and open up Pudong New Area so as to promote economic development in Shanghai.Benefited from the advantages of Shanghai‘s location and economy,the government of Pudong New Area has successively built up 7 different functional zones over the past decade according to their functions and strategic goals.Based on the multi-spectral satellite imageries taken in 1990,1997and 2000,a landscape ecolgy analysis was carried out for Pudong New Area of Sanghai ,supported by GIS technology.Green space(including croplands )and built-up areas are the major factors considered in developing urban landscape.This paper was mainly concerned with the different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different functional layouts and development strategies.The rapid urbanization in Pudong New Area resulted in a more homogeneous landscape.Agricultural landscape and suburban landscape were gradually replaced by urban landscape as the degree of urbanization increased.As a consequence of urbanization in Pudong,not only built-up patches,but also newly-built patches and green patches merged into one large patch,which should be attributed to the construction policy of extensive green space as the urban development process in Pudong New Area.The shape of green area of 7 functional zones became more and more regular because of the horticultural needs in Shanghai urban planning.Some suggestions were finally made for the study of future urban planning and layout.     

旅游业发展规划的环境影响因素识别探讨

2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》,从法律上确立了中国在规划层次上需要环境影响评价.目前旅游规划环境影响评价工作处于初期阶段,其理论与技术性问题需要进一步完善.以哈尔滨市旅游业"十二五"时期发展的总体规划为例,针对旅游业发展规划的环境影响因素识别进行探讨,采用矩阵法识别旅游业发展规划项目与人们活动对哈尔滨市自然资源、景观资源、生态环境、环境敏感区及社会经济文化的可能产生影响环境因素识别探讨,给类似规划的环境影响因素识别工作提供帮助.     

三峡库区稻田土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

以三峡库区(重庆段)12个区县稻田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤Cd、 Hg、 Pb、 As、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Ni含量,采用不同方法评估稻田土壤重金属的污染程度、潜在生态风险和人体健康风险.结果表明,三峡库区稻田土壤8种重金属除Cr外,其它7种重金属平均值均超过三峡库区土壤背景值,且分别有12.32%、 4.35%和2.54%的土壤样品Cd、 Cu和Ni含量超过相关标准的筛选值.8种重金属变异系数为29.08%～56.43%,属于中等及以上强度变异水平,受人为活动影响较大.8种重金属在土壤中均存在污染现象,且有16.30%、 6.52%和2.90%的土壤Cd、 Hg和Pb存在重度污染.同时,土壤Cd和Hg的潜在生态风险较高,整体为中度危害.12个区县中,巫溪县和巫山县污染程度较高,内梅罗综合污染评价为中等污染水平,且综合潜在生态风险也达到中度生态危害水平.健康风险评价结果表明,手口摄入是人体非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径.土壤重金属对成人没有非致癌风险(HI<1),但有12.68%的点位对儿童具有非致癌风险(HI>1).土壤重金属对儿童具有致癌风险(TCR=5.75...     

忻州市土地利用现状的环境敏感区分析

随着新一轮土地利用规划修编展开,针对忻州市土地利用存在的环境问题,利用调查资料和相关研究成果,有效管理土地利用空间向环境敏感地区伸展,减缓环境敏感地区的环境压力和生态胁迫,为市域土地利用方式和分区方案制定提供环境敏感性依据.从规划方案与面临的土地生态问题入手,划分生态环境、水源保护、污染影响、优质农田以及煤矿塌陷五类环境敏感区,并进行忻州市环境敏感地综合评价,明确其空间分布范围.研究结果表明,极高敏感、高敏感区占全市总面积的4%,较高敏感区和一般敏感区分别占10.5%和7.5%,低敏感区和非敏感区分别占40%和38%.通过分析规划土地利用功能分区方案与环境的协调性, 在土地利用规划过程中,提出土地利用方式和空间布局优化对策.     

江苏沿海围垦对辐射沙脊群非使用价值的影响

江苏辐射沙脊群是世界上最大的潮间带辐射状沙脊群,拥有丰富的生物资源和独特的自然景观资源。在江苏沿海大开发的背景下,围垦沿海滩涂迅速进入全面实施阶段,并规划在2020年前完成18104 hm2围填海工程,工程的实施将会使沙脊群生物量减少,生物多样性和自然景观的美学价值降低。本文通过问卷调查的方式量化了2011年沙脊群生物多样性保护和景观保护的支付意愿,利用非使用价值损失评估方法,计算围垦对自然景观的损失为64.07亿元,生物多样性价值损失为8.36~9.31亿元,得出围填海对景观价值的损失明显高于生物多样性价值的损失。同时将沙脊群非使用价值损失纳入沿海围垦的成本效益分析,得到益本比应小于1.50,低于《江苏沿海滩涂围垦开发规划研究报告》的结论(2.15),表明现行的围垦效益分析夸大了经济效益,忽略了生态资源耗损和退化所造成的损失,本文研究反映的围垦开发活动成本效益更趋合理。此研究结果可为江苏省实施海洋生态补偿标准提供依据,对江苏沿海开发和管理有一定的参考意义。     

半干旱区农业开发土地资源生态安全评价——以宁夏孙家滩国家农业科技园区为例

在生态环境脆弱的半干旱区,实施农业开发的核心目的是发展区域经济并维持生态安全,而土地资源生态安全是实现半干旱区可持续发展的重要前提.针对综合指数法、模糊综合法无法同时兼顾生态安全评价指标的模糊性与随机性,以及特尔菲法、层次分析法确定指标权重时主观性过强的问题,本研究将正态云模型与熵权法引入半干旱区农业开发土地资源生态安全评价,并以位于半干旱区的孙家滩国家农业科技园为例,对农业开发前后的土地资源生态安全做定性测度.结果表明:从规划基期年2013年至规划目标年2020年,孙家滩土地资源生态安全综合指数将从1.9762上升至2.1376,生态安全等级将维持在中等.研究表明,正态云模型与熵权法有效地降低了偶然误差,提高了土地资源生态安全评价的准确性.该研究可为半干旱区农业开发土地资源生态安全评价及农业开发规划的编制修改提供一定的借鉴与参考.     

Landscape eco-environmental research on littoral zone in China1

Littoral zone is a special land/ landscape type. As an important kind of land resource in support, the use of littoral zone is vital to eastern coastal areas in China. And the research on littoral zone relates to the key theory of landscape ecology. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, the littoral zone was divided into four types: mud flat, sand beach, bench, and biological flat. The distribution of each type in China is pointed out. As a typical open system, littoral zone has six landscape ecological characteristics: (1) high sensitivity to disturbance; (2) distinct edge effect; (3) spatial aggregation of natural resources; (4) frequently spatial oscillation; (5) obviously spatial heterogeneity; and (6) noticeably spatial differentiation. Some proposals are also put forward on the land use and development of littoral zone for environmental protection and environmental management.     

城市生态资源定量评估

城市生态资源定量评估对区域可持续发展具有重要意义. 以城市特色明显的深圳为例,在分析其生态系统特征基础上,提出了深圳市生态资源测算指标体系和分级标准. 该指标体系包括植被覆盖指数、水面覆盖指数、建设用地指数、未利用地指数和污染物排放指数五大类二级指标,以及林地等17个三级指标. 运用所构建的指标体系对深圳市2007年生态资源状况进行了评估,结果表明,罗湖、盐田、龙岗3个区生态资源优秀,福田、宝安、光明3个区生态资源良好,南山生态资源中等,全市生态资源总体表现良好. 该研究结果与深圳市资源环境实际状况基本一致.      

基于贝叶斯网络的生态用地流失机制研究

从中微观尺度对城市滨江地区生态用地流失进行驱动因素分析,尤其将政策规划等具有重要影响力的因子进行量化分析,可为生态用地开发与保护政策制定提供参考。利用贝叶斯网络模型综合考虑导致生态用地流失的邻域因子、自然因子和政策规划因子,以良好的图形描述方法较为清晰地展示出生态用地变化及其驱动因子之间的过程关系。以南京滨江地区作为典型案例区,研究结果表明：（1）2005—2018年间,南京滨江地区约11.0%的生态用地发生流失,维持稳定的生态用地占比89.0%;（2）政策规划保护力是影响南京滨江地区生态用地流失的主要驱动因素,城镇扩张惯性力次之,二者对生态用地流失的敏感性分别为9.37%和2.53%,而开发阻力的敏感性仅为0.21%;（3）在政策规划因子中,沿江岸线规划对维持生态用地稳定性的作用效果高于土地利用规划,表明要使生态空间得以长期存在,应制定基于生态用地功能目标的保护政策。     

生态规划在浙江杭州武强溪流域环境综合整治中的应用

文章阐述了生态规划的涵义及其国内外的发展情况。从区域背景分析和现状资料介绍入手,对武强溪流域进行生态敏感性分析和生态适宜度评价。在此基础上,对整个区域作出了生态规划,提出设立生态保护区、进行土地的规模利用、因地制宜地进行产业布局和建立人工湿地城镇污水处理系统。最后,分析了在环境综合整治中生态规划优于环境规划之处,并指出了生态规划中的生态敏感性分析方法还不够完善,生态适宜度评价尚有缺陷。