黄河干流水生态系统结构特征沿程变化及健康评价

根据2008年在黄河干流刘家峡以下河段水生态调查资料，分析了黄河干流水生态系统理化性状和生物群落结构的沿程变化；参照20世纪50和80年代水生态调查资料，对比分析了黄河干流水生态系统几十年来的变化情况，并分析了变化的原因；建立黄河水生态系统健康评价指标，对黄河干流各河段的水生态系统健康状况进行了评价，揭示了黄河水生态系的真实状况。研究结果表明：（1）由于自然和人类活动影响的差异，黄河干流水生态系统结构特征沿程分布差异比较大；（2）2008年黄河干流水生态状况与20世纪50、80年代相比，除底栖动物外，其它生物种类和数量均下降明显。（3）黄河水生态系统健康状况不容乐观，干流大部分河段生态系统的结构和功能发生了较大的变化，部分生态功能丧失。     

近十年中国陆地水储量变化及其时空分布规律

利用GRACE重力卫星数据分析了我国及十大流域近十年水储量变化趋势、年变化特征、年内分布特征以及时空分布规律,结合TRMM降水数据分析了水储量与降水的关系。研究结果表明:近十年,中国水储量变化趋势具有空间差异性,西南大部、华北平原及黄河中下游、西北准噶尔盆地一带水储量呈减少趋势,东南部、长江大部分区域、长江黄河源头以及塔里木盆地区域水储量呈增加趋势;中国水储量年变化幅度较小,淮河、海河、珠江、松花江流域振幅较大,西北诸河流域振幅最小,全国除黄河、海河和西北诸河流域外,流域水储量年变化与降水年变化均呈显著正相关,东南诸河、珠江、长江流域相关系数均达0.7以上;年内分布上,我国冬春季水储量亏缺,夏秋季水储量盈余,3月-4月西南诸河及长江流域水储量亏缺严重,7月-9月则盈余较大,华北平原5月-7月水储量有亏缺,其他月份则水储量略为盈余。此外,黄河、长江、东南诸河、西南诸河以及珠江流域水储量与降水量年内分布一致性较好,西北诸河流域2月-4月份水储量与降水一致性较差,其他月份一致性较好,而其它流域则一致性较差。     

多重人类干扰下长江流域的水生态系统健康修复

首先概述了水生态系统健康的定义,即水体的物理、化学和生物组分的完整性。然后介绍了长江流域的主要人类活动干扰和水生态系统健康现状,主要包括水生生物生境的破碎和丧失、污染物的排放和水质问题,以及水生生物资源的衰减现状。最后在水电开发、航运、化工、采矿、农业、城镇化及渔业过度捕捞等多重人类活动干扰下,提出从以下几个方面修复长江流域的水生态系统健康:①腾让并修复水生态空间;②恢复鱼类等水生生物资源;③调整各项人类活动并开展生态修复;④加强长江生态保护法的立法以确保长效的生态修复机制的形成和维护。     

长江中游典型河段底栖动物的物理栖息地模型构建与应用

考虑水生生物生境需求的物理栖息地模型被认为是评估河流流量变化对水生态系统影响的最可信的方法之一。本研究选取长江干流含有河漫滩的监利江段为实例,建立底栖动物各类群的物理栖息地模型,计算变化流量下栖息地适宜面积的时间序列,并据此进行生态流量决策。结果显示长江中游底栖动物最敏感的环境参数是流速,适宜范围为0～0.2 m/s;其次是水深,适宜范围为0～6 m。在考虑敏感环境参数的前提下,得出监利江段底栖动物的最佳生态流量为20 000 m3/s。三峡大坝蓄水后枯水期和平水期底栖动物适宜面积的低值部分减小,丰水期适宜面积增加。为了保护底栖动物栖息地,建议三峡大坝在防洪蓄水的同时能兼顾底栖动物的生态流量需求,调节枯水期和平水期的流量,让监利江段接近4000 m3/s,丰水期接近20 000 m3/s。在枯水年增大枯水期和平水期的流量,平水年增大枯水期的流量,丰水年减少丰水期的流量。本研究方法可以供长江其他河段目标物种的生态流量决策和生态修复方案设计参考。     

黄河干流水生态系统结构特征沿程变化及其健康评价

根据2008年黄河干流刘家峡以下河段水生态调查资料,分析了黄河干流水生态系统理化性状和生物群落结构的沿程变化。参照20世纪50和80年代水生态调查资料,对比了黄河干流水生态系统几十年来的变化情况,并分析了变化的原因。通过建立黄河水生态系统健康评价指标,对黄河干流各河段的水生态系统健康状况进行了评价,揭示了黄河水生态系统的现实状况。研究结果表明:由于自然和人类活动影响的差异,黄河干流水生态系统结构特征沿程分布差异比较大;2008年黄河干流水生态状况与20世纪50、80年代相比,除底栖动物外,其它生物种类和数量均下降明显;黄河水生态系统健康状况不容乐观,干流大部分河段生态系统的结构和功能发生了较大的变化,部分生态功能丧失。     

天人合一与黄河生态保护——第四届黄河国际论坛大会主旨演讲

天人合一是我国传统哲学中占主导地位的命题。儒家提倡“泛爱万物”和“仁爱自然”,道家提倡“见素抱朴”,“道法自然”,都体现了人与自然和谐的理念。中国古代文明至今延绵五千年,得益于对水土资源的珍惜和对于自然生态系统的保护。黄河是中华民族的摇篮,孕育了辉煌的中华文明。近半个世纪黄河流域经济发展和黄河治理的成绩为世人瞩目。可是。成就中隐藏着挑战,黄河巨变引发了生态危机。河流断流、水质污染、河流高度人工化和生物多样性下降,导致流域生态系统退化。近年来,黄河实施水量统一调度和调水调沙,对于遏制生态系统退化已经初见成效。河流生态修复的本质就是老子的“道法自然”。黄河生态修复任重道远,建议加强黄河生态监测网络建设;水文情势恢复;水污染防控;鱼类及栖息地保护;湿地保护和上游水电梯级开发规划论证等工作。     

南水北调西线一期调水对黄河梯级发电作用分析

南水北调西线工程是从长江上游干支流调水入黄河上游,缓解黄河流域及邻近地区水资源严重短缺形势的特大型跨流域调水工程。南水北调西线第一期工程从雅砻江、大渡河干支流调水80亿m^3,调水进入黄河干流上游贾曲附近,初步规划向黄河干流河道内补水量20亿m^3。通过分析,调水后影响黄河调入断面下游河段梯级40座,总装机容量29668.3 MW。调水对电站保证出力和发电量等电能指标增加明显。在不考虑电站扩机的情况下,与调水前相比,黄河干流梯级电站可增加保证出力29.0%,多年平均年发电量增加26.8%。在考虑扩机的情况下,与调水前相比,多年平均年发电量可增加29.2%。     

珠江重要河流底栖动物水质生物学评价

2011年和2012年调查了珠江流域66个样点的底栖动物和水化学指标,利用2011年北江11个样点和郁江17个样点的底栖动物群落和水化学指标,采用主成分分析法获得综合环境因子(主成分1和主成分2)。分析36个候选底栖动物参数与环境因子间的相关性,结合参数的分布范围,确定适于珠江流域开展河流生态系统生物学质量评价的3个底栖动物参数:双翅目百分比、刮食者百分比和BI指数,进而构建了珠江流域河流生物学质量评价的综合生物指数及评价等级(清洁、轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染)。66个样点的综合生物指数评价结果显示,珠江流域河流生物学质量以轻度至中度污染为主,占80.3%,清洁占13.6%,重度污染占有6%。研究表明,在珠江流域应用底栖动物开展中大型河流水质生物学评价具有良好的应用前景。     

东江河流生态评价及其修复方略

本文通过对大型无脊椎底栖动物状况的调查对东江河流水生态状况进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了生态修复方略。从上游到河口选12个点采集底栖动物样本,发现东江流域底栖动物生物多样性在上游和中游保持在较高水平,而到下游则迅速降低到零。对增江湾、西枝江牛轭湖等处的取样进行分析并探讨改善东江生态的方法。针对不同生态应力提出了3种生态修复方略:1.创造多样性的生物栖息地,开发和形成一系列类似增江湾那样的缓流滞流区,把已经隔离的牛轭湖和江边湖泊湿地重新与江水连通;2.调整大坝运用方式,采取大坝泄放的流量逐渐增加和减少的方式,给生物发出流速增大和降低的信号,使其得以准备和躲避;3.稳定岸坡、控制侵蚀、保护和发育河边植被。     

Comparison of summer zoobenthic communities in four habitats of a floodplain impoundment:1975 and 1990

The diversity, evenness, similarity, standing crop and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in Navigation Pool 8 of the upper Mississippi River were compared in 1975 and 1990. Macroinvertebrates were collected in midsummer from four habitats: marsh, bay, open water and side channel. These habitat types accounted for 64% of the total habitat area in the impoundment. The community structure changed in all four habitats; the percentage similarities between 1975 and 1990 were lowest in open water (19%), intermediate in bays (44%) and side channels (50%) and highest in marshes (62%). Macroinvertebrate diversity and evenness were not significantly different between 1975 and 1990. The standing crop decreased in all habitat types. The abundance decreased in all habitats except bays between 1975 and 1990. The greatest changes in standing crop and community composition occurred in bays and open water. Because the bays and open water habitat comprise 55% of the total area, it is possible that these declines may signal degradation of the aquatic habitat in the entire reservoir. Changes in macroinvertebrate community structure and standing crop may have been due to unstable sediment conditions caused by erosion of islands, resuspension of sediments and loss of aquatic macrophytes and depth.     

近千年淮河流域河湖水系连通演变特征

分析了近千年淮河流域河湖水系的自然演变以及人类活动的扰动,深入探讨了其成因。研究表明:目前淮河流域河湖水系连通格局是人类在抵御黄河洪水和泥沙入侵的抗争中,遵循自然规律的同时兼顾漕运、灌溉等社会发展所需而构建的防洪、排涝、冲沙、灌溉、供水等的工程体系。流域主要干支流和湖泊连通基本受人工所控,自然-人工河网交织,河流-湖泊水量交换频繁,入江入海水道基本畅通,并与黄河、长江、海河等各大水系连通,基本解决了河水出海无路,洪涝灾害频发的问题。河湖水系连通在一定时期内对稳定淮河流域社会安定团结、推动经济发展起着积极作用,但也不可避免地对流域生态环境产生了一定的负面影响。水系连通下流域水资源演变规律、环境生态效应以及对社会经济布局的影响等研究是亟待解决的关键科学问题。     

淮河中上游水生态健康影响因子及其健康评价

在对淮河中上游10个断面水体理化指标、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物及栖息地状况等实地调查和监测的基础上,结合提出的河流水生态健康定义,采用频度统计法和相关性分析法对评价指标进行筛选,并用熵权法确定指标权重,构建水生态健康评价指标体系和健康评价标准体系;运用水生态健康综合指数法和水体水质综合污染指数对河流水生态健康状况进行评价,并根据评价结果提出对策和建议。结果表明:60%的监测断面处于"亚病态"或"病态"水平,其中监测断面D5(槐店闸)处于"病态"水平;综合污染指数表明该河段水体均存在一定程度的污染,其中监测断面D5是"重污染"。研究表明淮河中上游水生态退化较严重,需要加强水生态修复及水环境污染综合治理。     

河流生态健康评价中功能指标分析与计算

通过对包括生境多样性指标、河流水质指标、河口径流指标、森林覆盖率指标、地下水超采率和河流纵向连续性指标等河流生态功能指标进行分析,考虑各项指标在整体评价中的作用确定指标权重,并对各项评价指标进行标准化处理,建立了河流生态健康评价指标体系。据此,利用滦河流域有关成果调查和资料,对滦河河流生态功能进行评价,评价结果介于一般与较差之间。该评价方法考虑了多项影响河流生态功能的因素,因此评价结果能较好地反映河流生态功能,可为河流开发和管理提供参考依据。     

基于黄河鲤栖息地水文-生态响应关系的黄河下游生态流量研究

本研究采用野外生物监测、栖息地同步观测和实验室控制实验等技术手段,应用生物学、鱼类生态学、生态水力学、水文学等多学科理论,基于河流栖息地模拟法,研究了黄河下游指示物种黄河鲤生态学特性及其栖息生境与流速、水深、水温等水文水环境因子之间的关系,将径流条件与目标物种不同生长阶段生物学信息相结合,建立了代表物种繁殖期、越冬期栖息地适宜度指数,构建了黄河下游重点河段河流栖息地模型,建立了指示物种栖息地状况与河川径流条件定量响应关系,提出黄河下游花园口和利津断面繁殖期最小生态流量为300 m³/s和100 m³/s、适宜生态流量为600~700 m³/s和190~250 m³/s。该研究在水生生物习性及其与河川径流响应关系方面实现突破,解决了黄河生态需水研究中关键技术问题。     

Der Einfluss der Ufervegetation auf die Wassertemperatur unter gewässertypspezifischer Berücksichtigung von Fischen und benthischen Evertebraten am Beispiel von Lafnitz und Pinka

This study is based on the results of the transdisciplinary research project BIO_CLIC. The aim of this study was (1) to synthesize and reflect the scientific knowledge, (2) to understand the potential of riparian vegetation on water temperature and (3) to ameliorate the impacts on the aquatic habitats of benthic invertebrates and fish at the rivers Lafnitz and Pinka. These objectives had been achieved by detailed field investigations, the assessment of abiotic environmental parameters (water temperature, riparian vegetation, shading and morphology), the comparison of effects of dynamic processes (incl. water temperature, riparian vegetation, change of river morphology) and biotic habitat use of benthic invertebrates and fish assemblages. The results provide an environmental and biological overview of potential local impacts on water temperature during heat wave periods and additionally taking into account diverse climate scenarios. Three hotspots at each river were selected to characterize specific river types with respect to river morphology, riparian vegetation, thermal regime, as well as the biocoenosis of fish and benthic invertebrates. The temperature regime influences all life stages of fish species and benthic invertebrates. They prefer different temperature regimes along a river continuum that correspond with typical species assemblages. Our evaluation of water temperatures for longitudinal biozenotic zones showed significant differences for shaded and unshaded river reaches. The river type specific mean water temperature for trout and grayling zone in summer is between 11 °C and 16 °C and for barbel and nase above 16 °C. Temperature changes of 2 °C lead to a shift of species composition preferring ?warm-water“ species. River reaches with functioning riparian vegetation are able to mitigate these effects of extreme water temperature increase.     

"三江源"地区生态修复与环境保护初探

青海省"三江源"地区是我国重要的高原湿地和水源涵养地,也是生态非常脆弱、生态问题突出的地区之一.保护好"三江源"地区的生态与环境不仅对民族地区的经济发展和社会稳定有利,而且对支持长江、黄河、澜沧江中下游地区的可持续发展意义重大.对保护好"三江源"地区的生态与环境,提出了对策和建议.     

人工阶梯 深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用

本文通过野外试验研究了人工阶梯深潭对下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用，试验河段位于西南山区的吊嘎河上150m侵蚀下切严重的河段，布置15级人工阶梯，对水流 (水深、流速、水面宽、流量)、河床底质、河床微地貌和水生底栖动物物种及数量变化进行了5个月监测。试     

Ecological assessment of the Selenga River basin,the main tributary of Lake Baikal,using aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators

The Selenga River is the main tributary of Lake Baikal (Siberian, Russia). In 2015/2016, the water quality at previously identified contaminated hotspot regions in the lower Selenga River basin was evaluated using resident aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities within the Selenga River were found to be relatively sensitive to water pollution as was highlighted by three evaluated biotic indices:Average Score per Taxon (ASPT); Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera density index (EPT); and Trent Biological Index (TBI). The human impact on the Selenga River basin water quality was evident due to the significant decrease of the biotic indices at several sample locations including downstream of the wastewater discharge point of Ulan-Ude city, in the Dzhida River downstream of the confluence of the Modonkul River, and especially in the Modonkul River near to the mining operations at Zakamensk. At the same time, our study revealed a high self-regeneration ability of the aquatic ecosystem throughout the basin; with resident benthic macroinvertebrate communities appearing to recover in both the Selenga River and the Dzhida River within two to five km downstream of the contamination source. The changes in the benthic communities at the Selenga delta sampling sites were shown to occur under the influence of natural factors such as hydrological conditions and benthic sediment type, which significantly changed from the upper to the lower regions of the delta. For the Selenga delta, a typology of benthic macroinvertebrate communities including a map of their spatial distribution is presented.     

基于水生态区的黑河流域水生态健康评价研究

本文以我国西北干旱区典型内陆河流域—黑河流域为例,基于黑河流域水生态区划,以"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型为基础,构建了涵盖13个指标的流域水生态健康评价体系,分析评价了流域内8个水生态区的健康状况。评价表明:黑河流域水生态区中,上游区域水生态健康状况较好,中游次之,中下游极差,下游较差。主要是因为上游地区受到外在污染最轻、人为扰动相对最小;中游地区人口密度相对较大,农业活动等外在扰动相对较多;中下游地区处于荒漠地区,河流、湖库等水体缺乏;而下游地区虽然人口数量少、水体受外来污染影响较小,流域水生态健康性压力相对较轻,但来水量相对不足、水生态系统栖息地条件极为脆弱,致使水生生物栖息地安全状况较差。     

Effects of Land Use on the Composition and Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate Community and Leaf Breakdown Process in Neotropical Streams

Different land uses directly affect the characteristics of a river basin and influence the aquatic biota and ecosystem processes. This study aimed to analyse the community structure and composition of aquatic invertebrates and the role of these organisms in the process of leaf litter breakdown in streams with different land uses. The study was conducted from September to December 2013 in five streams in the Neotropical region. At each stream, we placed 18 bags containing litter for colonization by aquatic invertebrates, and the bags were collected at different exposure times (5, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days). We registered spatial differences in the aquatic invertebrate community structure and composition. There were no significant differences in the activity of invertebrates in the leaf litter breakdown process among streams with different land uses. However, the variability in mass decay rate was lower for the reference stream. This result may have been influenced by habitat quality, availability of organic matter and the structure and composition of benthic community present in the reference stream, which differs significantly among locations with different types of land use. The results of this study shows that human activities, particularly agriculture and urbanization, modify the structure and composition of the benthic community and acts on ecosystem processes, especially in the variability of the processing of allochthonous material invertebrates. However, we reject the hypothesis that land use negatively influences the decomposition of litter, measured by weight loss. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.